Review on fresh and dried figs: Chemical analysis and occurrence of phytochemical compounds, antioxidant capacity and health effects

Food Research International

Volumn 119, Issue , 2019, Pages 244-267

  Arvaniti, Olga S ^a   Samaras, Yiannis ^a   Gatidou, Georgia ^b   Thomaidis, Nikolaos S ^c   Stasinakis, Athanasios S ^b  

^a Ionian University   (Greece)

^b UNIVERSITY OF THE AEGEAN   (Greece)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

Author keywords

Analysis; Antioxidant capacity; Extraction; Ficus carica; Health benefits; Phenolic compounds

Indexed keywords

ANTIOXIDANTS; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; DRYING; EXTRACTION; FLAVONOIDS; FRUITS; HEALTH; ORGANIC ACIDS; PLANT EXTRACTS;

ANALYSIS; ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY; FICUS CARICA; HEALTH BENEFITS; PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS;

PHENOLS;

ANTIOXIDANT; CHLOROGENIC ACID; FLAVONOID; GALLIC ACID; GLUCOSIDE; HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID DERIVATIVE; PHENOLIC ACID; PHYTOCHEMICAL; PLANT EXTRACT; QUERCETIN; QUERCETIN-3-O-RUTINOSIDE; RUTOSIDE;

CHEMISTRY; DESICCATION; FICUS; FRUIT; HUMAN;

ANTIOXIDANTS; CHLOROGENIC ACID; DESICCATION; FICUS; FLAVONOIDS; FRUIT; GALLIC ACID; GLUCOSIDES; HUMANS; HYDROXYBENZOATES; PHYTOCHEMICALS; PLANT EXTRACTS; QUERCETIN; RUTIN;

EID: 85060971563     PISSN: 09639969     EISSN: 18737145     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.01.055     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. Aghel, N., Kalantari, H., Rezazadeh, S., Hepatoprotective effect of Ficus carica leaf extract on mice intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 10 (2011), 63–68.
2. Ajmal, M., Arshad, M.U., Saeed, F., Ahmed, T., Khan, A.U., Bader-ul-Ain, H., Suleria, H.A.R., Exploring the nutritional characteristics of different parts of fig in relation to hypoglycemic potential. Pakistan Journal of Life and Social Sciences 14 (2016), 115–122.
3. Alamgeer, Iman, S., Asif, H., Saleem, M., Evaluation of antihypertensive potential of Ficus carica fruit. Pharmaceutical Biology 55 (2017), 1047–1053, 10.1080/13880209.2017.1278611.
4. Alexandre, E.M.C., Araujo, P., Duarte, M.F., De Freitas, V., Pintado, M., Saraiva, J.A., High-pressure assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from industrial fermented fig by product. Journal of Food Science and Technology 54 (2017), 2519–2531, 10.1007/s13197-017-2697-2.
5. Ali, B., Mujeeb, M., Aeri, V., Mir, S.R., Faiyazuddin, M., Shakeel, F., Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of Ficus carica Linn. Leaves. Natural Product Research 26 (2012), 460–465, 10.1080/14786419.2010.488236.
6. Allahyari, S., Delazar, A., Najafi, M., Evaluation of general toxicity, anti-oxidant activity and effects of Ficus Carica leaves extract on ischemia/reperfusion injuries in isolated heart of rat. Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin 4 (2014), 577–582, 10.5681/apb.2014.085.
7. Al-Turki, S., Shahba, M.A., Stushnoff, C., Diversity of antioxidant properties and phenolic content of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruits as affected by cultivar and location. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment 8 (2010), 253–260.
8. Amessis-Ouchemoukh, N., Ouchemoukh, S., Meziant, N., Idiri, Y., Hernanz, D., Stinco, C.M., Luis, J., Bioactive metabolites involved in the antioxidant, anticancer and anticalpain activities of Ficus carica L., Ceratoniasiliqua L. and Quercus ilex L. extracts. Industrial Crops and Products 95 (2017), 6–17, 10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.10.007.
9. Ammar, S., Del Mar Contreras, M., Belguith-Hadrich, O., Segura-Carretero, A., Bouaziz, M., Assessment of the distribution of phenolic compounds and contribution to the antioxidant activity in Tunisian fig leaves, fruits, skins and pulps using mass spectrometry-based analysis. Food & Function 6 (2015), 3363–3677, 10.1039/c5fo00837a.
10. Bachir Bey, M., Louaileche, H., A comparative study of phytochemical profile and in vitro antioxidant activities of dark and light dried fig (Ficus carica L.) varieties. The Journal of Phytopharmacology 4 (2015), 41–48.
11. Bachir Bey, M., Louaileche, H., Zemouri, S., Optimization of phenolic compound recovery and antioxidant of light and dark fig (Ficus carica L.) varieties. Food Science and Biotechnology 22 (2013), 1613–1619, 10.1007/s10068-013-0258-7.
12. Bachir Bey, M., Meziant, L., Benchikh, Y., Louaileche, H., Deployment of response surface methodology to optimize recovery of dried dark fig (Ficus carica L. var. Azenjar) total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. International Food Research Journal 21 (2014), 1477–1482, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.04.054.
13. Bachir Bey, M., Richard, G., Meziant, L., Fauconnier, M.L., Louaileche, H., Effects of sun-drying on physicochemical characteristics, phenolic composition and in vitro antioxidant activity of dark fig varieties. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 41 (2016), 1–8, 10.1111/jfpp.13164.
14. Barolo, M.I., Ruiz Mostacero, N., Lopez, S.N., Ficus carica L. (Moraceae): An ancient source of food and health. Food Chemistry 164 (2014), 119–127, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.04.112.
15. Bouyahya, A., Abrini, J., Et-Touys, A., Bakri, Y., Dakka, N., Indigenous knowledge of the use of medicinal plants in the North-West of Morocco and their biological activities. European Journal of Integrative Medicine 13 (2017), 9–25, 10.1016/j.eujim.2017.06.004.
16. Brewer, M.S., Natural antioxidants sources, compounds, mechanisms of action and potential applications. Institute of Food Technologists 10 (2011), 221–247, 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2011.00156.x.
17. Bucic-Kojic, A., Planinic, M., Tomas, S., Jokic, S., Mujic, I., Bilic, M., Velic, D., Effect of extraction conditions on the extractability of phenolic compounds from lyophilised fig fruits (Ficus carica L.). Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences 61 (2011), 195–199, 10.2478/v10222-011-0021-9.
18. Buenrostro-Figueroa, J.J., Velazquez, M., Flores-Ortega, O., Ascacio-Valdes, J.A., Huerta-Ochoa, S., Aguilar, C.N., Prado-Barragan, L.A., Solid state fermentation of fig (Ficus carica L.) by-products using fungi to obtain phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity and qualitative evaluation of phenolics obtained. Process Biochemistry 62 (2017), 16–23, 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.07.016.
19. Buyuktuncel, E., Porgali, E., Colak, C., Comparison of total phenolic content and total antioxidant activity in local red wines determined by spectrophotometric methods. Food and Nutrition Sciences 5 (2014), 1660–1667, 10.4236/fns.2014.517179.
20. Caliskan, O., Polat, A., Phytochemical and antioxidant properties of selected fig (Ficus carica L.) accessions from ten eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. Scientia Horticulturae 128 (2011), 473–478, 10.1016/j.scienta.2011.02.023.
21. Casacchia, T., Sofo, A., Cultivars: Chemical properties, antioxidant activities and health benefits. 1st edn., 2013, Katya Carbone, New York: USA, (Chapter 3).
22. Chandani, M.V., Parth, V.B., Devang, J.P., Evaluation of anti-acne activity of Ficus carica as an evidence of current usage in herbal formulations. International Journal of Pharm Tech Research 8 (2015), 356–359.
23. Chang, S.K., Alasalvar, C., Shahidi, F., Review of dried fruits: Phytochemicals, antioxidant efficacies, and health benefits. Journal of Functional Foods 21 (2016), 113–132, 10.1016/j.jff.2015.11.034.
24. Crisosto, C.H., Bremer, V., Ferguson, L., Crisosto, G.M., Evaluating quality attributes of four fresh fig (Ficus carica L.) cultivars harvested at two maturity stages. Hortscience 45 (2010), 707–710.
25. Debib, A., Tir-Touili, A., Mothana, R.A., Meddah, B., Sonnet, P., Phenolic content antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of two fruit varieties of Algerian Ficus carica. Journal of Food Biochemistry 38 (2014), 207–215, 10.1111/jfbc.12039.
26. Deepa, P., Sowndhararajan, K., Kim, S., Park, S.J., A role of Ficus species in the management of diabetes mellitus: A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 215 (2018), 210–232, 10.1016/j.jep.2017.12.045.
27. Del Caro, A., Piga, A., Polyphenol composition of peel and pulp of two Italian fresh fig fruits cultivars (Ficus carica L.). European Food Research and Technology 226 (2008), 715–719, 10.1007/s00217-007-0581-4.
28. Duenas, M., Perez-Alonso, J.J., Santos-Buelga, C., Escribano-Bailon, T., Anthocyanin composition in fig (Ficus carica L.). Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 21 (2008), 107–115, 10.1016/j.jfca.2007.09.002.
29. Ersoy, N., Gozlekci, S., Gok, V., Yilmaz, S., Fig (Ficus carica L.) fruit some physical and chemical properties. Acta Horticulturae 1173 (2017), 329–334, 10.17660/ActaHortic.2017.1173.57.
30. Faleh, E., Oliveira, A.P., Valentao, P., Ferchichi, A., Silva, B.M., Andrade, P.B., Influence of Tunisian Ficus carica fruit variability in phenolic profiles and in vitro radical scavenging potential. Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy 22 (2012), 1282–1289, 10.1590/S0102-695X2012005000132.
31. Feng, Y.C., Li, W.L., He, F.M., Kong, T.T., Huang, X.W., Gao, Z.H., Li, H.L., Aqueous two - Phase system as an effective tool for purification of phenolic compounds from fig fruits (Ficus carica L.). Separation Science and Technology 50 (2015), 1785–1793, 10.1080/01496395.2015.1014054.
32. Fiedor, J., Burda, K., Potential role of carotenoids as antioxidants in human health and disease. Nutrients 6 (2014), 466–488, 10.3390/nu6020466.
33. Gharras, H.E., Polyphenols: Food sources, properties and applications - A review. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 44 (2009), 2512–2518, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2009.02077.x.
34. Gond, N., Khadabadi, S., Hepatoprotective activity of Ficus carica leaf extract on rifampicin-induced hepatic damage in rats. Indian Journal of Pharmaceuticals Science 70 (2008), 364–366, 10.4103/0250-474X.43003.
35. Harzallah, A., Bhouri, A.M., Amri, Z., Soltana, H., Hammami, M., Phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of different fruit parts juices of three figs varieties grown in Tunisia. Industrial Crops and Products 83 (2016), 255–267, 10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.12.043.
36. Hashemi, S.A., Abediankenari, S., Suppressive effect of fig (Ficus carica) latex on esophageal cancer cell proliferation. Acta Facultatis Medicae Naissensis 30 (2013), 93–96, 10.2478/v10283-012-0042-2.
37. Heldt, H.W., Piechulla, B., Plant biochemistry. 4th edn., 2011, Academic Press (Chapter 18).
38. Hmid, I., Elothmani, D., Hanine, H., Oukabli, A., Mehinagic, E., Comparative study of phenolic compounds and their antioxidant attributes of eighteen pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cultivars grown in Morocco. Arabian Journal of Chemistry 10 (2017), 2675–2684, 10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.10.011.
39. Hoxha, L., Kongoli, R., Evaluation of antioxidant and potential of Albanian fig varieties “Kraps Zi” and “Kraps Bardhe” cultivated in the region of Tirana. Journal of Hygienic Engineering and Design 16 (2016), 70–74.
40. Hoxha, L., Kongoli, R., Hoxha, M., Antioxidant activity of some dried autochthonous Albanian fig (Ficus carica L.) cultivars. International Journal of Crop Science and Technology 1 (2015), 20–26.
41. Ishiwata, K., Yamaguchi, T., Takamura, H., Matoba, T., DPPH radical-scavenging activity and poly phenol content in dried fruits. Food Science and Technology Research 10 (2004), 152–156, 10.3136/fstr.10.152.
42. Issaad, F.Z., Fernandes, I.P.G., Enache, T.A., Mouats, C., Rodrigues, I.A., Oliveira-Brett, A.M., Flavonoids in selected mediterranean fruits: Extraction, electrochemical detection and total antioxidant capacity evaluation. Electroanalysis 29 (2017), 358–366, 10.1002/elan.201600370.
43. Jokic, S., Mujic, I., Bucic-Kojic, A., Velic, D., Bilic, M., Planinic, M., Lukinac, J., Influence of extraction type on the total phenolics, total flavonoids and total colour change of different varieties of fig extracts. Food in Health and Disease, Scientific-Professional Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics 3 (2014), 90–95.
44. Kamal, Y.T., Alam, P., Alqasoumi, S.I., Foudah, A.I., Alqarni, M.H., Yusufoglu, H.S., Investigation of antioxidant compounds in commercial pomegranate molasses products using matrix-solid phase dispersion extraction coupled with HPLC. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal 26 (2018), 839–844, 10.1016/j.jsps.2018.03.015.
45. Kamiloglu, S., Capanoglu, E., Investigating the in vitro bioaccessibility of polyphenols in fresh and sun-dried figs (Ficus carica L.). International Journal of Food Science and Technology 48 (2013), 2621–2629, 10.1111/ijfs.12258.
46. Kamiloglu, S., Capanoglu, E., Polyphenol content in figs (Ficus carica L.): Effect of sun drying. International Journal of Food Properties 18 (2015), 521–535, 10.1080/10942912.2013.833522.
47. Kamiloglu, S., Toydemir, G., Boyacioglu, D., Beekwilder, J., Robert, D., Hall, R.D., Capanoglu, E., A review on the effect of drying on antioxidant potential of fruits and vegetables. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 56 (2015), S110–S129, 10.1080/10408398.2015.1045969.
48. Khoo, H.E., Azlan, A., Tang, S.T., Lim, S.M., Anthocyanidins and anthocyanins: Colored pigments as food, pharmaceutical ingredients, and the potential health benefits. Food & Nutrition Research, 61, 2017, 1361779, 10.1080/16546628.2017.1361779.
49. Konak, R., Kosoglu, I., Yemenıcıoglu, A., Effects of different drying methods on phenolic content antioxidant capacity and general characteristics of selected Turkish fig cultivars. Acta Horticulturae 1173 (2017), 335–340, 10.17660/ActaHortic.2017.1173.58.
50. Lansky, E.P., Paavilainen, H.M., Figs: The genus ficus. Traditional herbal medicines for modern times. 1st edn., 2011 (Kindle edition).
51. Lazreg-Aref, H., Mars, M., Fekih, A., Aouni, M., Said, K., Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of a hexane extract of Tunisian caprifig latex from the unripe fruit of Ficus carica. Pharmaceutical Biology 50 (2012), 407–412, 10.3109/13880209.2011.608192.
52. Li, H., Wang, X., Li, Y., Li, P., Wang, H., Polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of selected China wines. Food Chemistry 112 (2009), 454–460, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.05.111.
53. Maghsoudlou, E., Kenari, R.E., Amiri, Z.R., Evaluation of antioxidant activity of fig (Ficus carica) pulp and skin extract and its application enhancing stability of canola oil. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 41 (2017), 1–11, 10.1111/jfpp.13077.
54. Mahmoudi, S., Khali, M., Benkhaled, A., Benamirouche, K., Baiti, I., Phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of leaf extracts from ten Algerian Ficus carica L. varieties. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 6 (2016), 239–245, 10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.12.010.
55. Marrelli, M., Statti, G.A., Tundis, R., Menichini, F., Conforti, F., Fatty acids, coumarins and polyphenolic compounds of Ficus Carica L. cv Dottato: Variation of bioactive compounds and biological activity of aerial parts. Natural Product Research 28 (2014), 271–274, 10.1080/14786419.2013.841689.
56. Menichini, G., Alfano, C., Provenzano, E., Marrelli, M., Statti, G.A., Somma, F., Conforti, F., Fig latex (Ficus carica L. cultivar Dottato) in combination with UV irradiation decreases the viability of A375 melanoma cells in vitro. Anticancer Agents Medical Chemistry 12 (2012), 959–965, 10.2174/187152012802649987.
57. Meziant, L., Saci, F., Bachir Bey, M., Louaileche, M., Varietal influence on biological properties of Algerian light figs (Ficus carica L.). International Journal of Bioinformatics & Biomedical Engineering 1 (2015), 237–243.
58. Mujic, I., Dudas, S., Zekovic, Z., Lepojevic, Z., Radojkovic, M., Determination of antioxidant properties of fig fruit extracts (Ficus carica). Acta Horticulturae 940 (2012), 369–376, 10.17660/ActaHortic.2012.940.52.
59. Nakilcioglu, E., Hısıl, Y., Research on the phenolic compounds in Sarilop (Ficus carica L.) fig variety. The Journal of Food 38 (2013), 267–274.
60. Oliveira, A.P., Valentao, P., Pereira, J.A., Silva, B.M., Tavares, F., Andrade, P.B., Ficus carica L.: Metabolic and biological screening. Food and Chemical Toxicology 47 (2009), 2841–2846, 10.1016/j.fct.2009.09.004.
61. Omolola, A.O., Jideani, A.O., Patrick, F., Kapila, P.F., Quality properties of fruits as affected by drying operation. Critical Reviews in Food and Nutrition 57 (2017), 95–108, 10.1080/10408398.2013.859563.
62. Ouchemoukh, S., Hachoud, S., Boudraham, H., Mokrani, A., Louaileche, H., Antioxidant activities of some dried fruits consumed in Algeria. Food Science and Technology 49 (2012), 329–332, 10.1016/j.lwt.2012.07.022.
63. Pande, G., Akoh, C.C., Organic acids, antioxidant capacity, phenolic content and lipid characterisation of Georgia-grown underutilized fruit crops. Food Chemistry 120 (2010), 1067–1075, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.11.054.
64. Patil, V.V., Bhangale, S.C., Patil, V.R., Evaluation of anti-pyretic potential of Ficus carica leaves. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research 2 (2010), 48–50.
65. Pellegrini, N., Serafini, M., Salvatore, S., Del Rio, D., Bianchi, M., Brighenti, F., Total antioxidant capacity of spices, dried fruits, nuts, pulses, cereals and sweets consumed in Italy assessed by three different in vitro assays. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 50 (2006), 1030–1038, 10.1002/mnfr.200600067.
66. Pereira, C., Lopez-Corrales, M., Serradilla, M.J., Del Carmen Villalobos, M., Ruiz-Moyano, S., Martín, A., Influence of ripening stage on bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in nine fig (Ficus carica L.) varieties grown in Extremadura, Spain. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 64 (2017), 203–212, 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.09.006.
67. Peuch, A.A., Rebeiz, C.A., Caltin, P.B., Crane, J.C., Characterization of anthocyanins in figs (Ficus carica L.). Journal of Food Science 40 (1975), 775–779, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1975.tb00554.x.
68. Piga, A., Del Caro, A., Milella, G., Pinna, I., Schirru, S., Vacca, V., HPLC analysis of polyphenols in peel and pulp of fresh figs. Acta Horticulturae 798 (2008), 301–306, 10.17660/ActaHortic.2008.798.43.
69. Pourghayoumi, M., Bakhshi, D., Rahemi, M., Jafari, M., Effect of pollen source on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of dried figs (Ficus carica L.) cvs “Payves” and “Sabz” in Kazerum Iran. Scientia Horticulturae 147 (2012), 98–104, 10.1016/j.scienta.2012.08.026.
70. Puoci, F., Iemma, F., Spizzirri, U.G., Restuccia, D., Pezzi, V., Sirianni, R., Picci, N., Antioxidant activity of a Mediterranean food product: Fig syrup. Nutrients 3 (2011), 317–329, 10.3390/nu3030317.
71. Rahmani, A.H., Aldebasi, Y.H., Ficus carica and its constituents role in management of diseases. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10 (2017), 49–53, 10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i6.17832.
72. Reddy, C.V.K., Sreeramulu, D., Raghunath, M., Antioxidant activity of fresh and dry fruits commonly consumed in India. Food Research International 43 (2010), 285–288, 10.1016/j.foodres.2009.10.006.
73. Robbins, R.J., Phenolic acids in foods: An overview of analytical methodology. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51 (2003), 2866–2887, 10.1021/jf026182t.
74. Rubnov, S., Kashman, Y., Rabinowitz, R., Schlesinger, M., Mechoulam, R., Suppressors of cancer cell proliferation from fig (Ficus carica) resin: Isolation and structure elucidation. Journal of Natural Products 64 (2001), 993–996, 10.1021/np000592z.
75. Saafi, E.B., El-Arem, A., Issaoui, M., Hammami, M., Achour, L., Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of four date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruit varieties grown in Tunisia. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 44 (2009), 2314–2319, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2009.02075.x.
76. Sedaghat, S., Rahemi, M., Effects of physio-chemical changes during fruit development on nutritional quality of fig (Ficus carica L. var. ‘Sabz’) under rain-fed condition. Scientia Horticulturae 237 (2018), 44–50, 10.1016/j.scienta.2018.04.003.
77. Shahidi, F., Ambigaipalan, P., Phenolics and polyphenolics in foods, beverages and spices: Antioxidant activity and health effects - A review. Journal of Functional Foods 18 (2015), 820–897, 10.1016/j.jff.2015.06.018.
78. Singleton, V.L., Orthofer, R., Lamuela-Raventos, R.M., Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Methods in Enzymology 299 (1999), 152–178, 10.1016/S0076-6879(99)99017-1.
79. Slatnar, A., Klancar, U., Stampar, F., Veberic, R., Effect of drying of figs (Ficus carica L.) on the contents of sugars, organic acids and phenolic compounds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59 (2011), 11696–11702, 10.1021/jf202707y.
80. Solomon, A., Golubowicz, S., Yablowicz, Z., Grossman, S., Bergman, M., Gottlieb, H.E., Flaishman, M.A., Antioxidant activities and anthocyanin content of fresh fruits of common fig (Ficus carica). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54 (2006), 7717–7723, 10.1021/jf060497h.
81. Soltana, H., Tekaya, M., Amri, Z., El-Gharbi, S., Nakbi, A., Harzallah, A., Hammami, M., Characterization of fig achenes’ oil of Ficus carica grown in Tunisia. Food Chemistry 196 (2016), 1125–1130, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.10.053.
82. Su, Q., Rowley, K.G., Itsiopoulos, C., O'Dea, K., Identification and quantitation of major carotenoids in selected components of the Mediterranean diet green leafy vegetables, figs, olive oil. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56 (2002), 1149–1154, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601472.
83. Subash, S., Essa, M.M., Al-Asmi, A., Al-Adawi, S., Vaishnav, R., Chronic dietary supplementation of 4% figs on the modification of oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease transgenic mouse model. BioMed Research International, 2014, 2014, 546357, 10.1155/2014/546357.
84. Teixeira, M.D., Patao, F.R., Coelho, V.A., da Costa, C.T., Comparison between sample disruption methods and solid-liquid extraction to extract phenolic compounds from Ficus carica leaves. Journal of Chromatography A 1103 (2006), 22–28, 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.047.
85. Tezcan, G., Tunca, B., Bekar, A., Yalcin, M., Sahin, S., Budak, F., Bilir, A., Ficus carica latex prevents invasion through induction of let-7d expression in GBM cell lines. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 35 (2015), 175–187, 10.1007/s10571-014-0109-y.
86. Turan, A., Celik, I., Antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties of dried fig against oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in rats. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 91 (2016), 554–559, 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.06.009.
87. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard References (2019). https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/ Accessed 16 January 2019.
88. Vaghasiya, M.C., Bhatt Parth, V., Pandya, D.J., Evaluation of anti-acne activity of Ficus carica as an evidence of current usage in herbal formulations. International Journal of Pharm. Tech Research 8 (2015), 356–359.
89. Vallejo, F., Marin, J.G., Tomas-Barberan, F.A., Phenolic compound content of fresh and dried figs (Ficus carica L.). Food Chemistry 130 (2012), 485–492, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.07.032.
90. Van Acker, S.A.B.E., Van Den Berg, D.J., Tromp, M.N.J.L., Griffioen, D.H., Van Bennekom, W.P., Van Der Vijgh, W.J.F., Bast, A., Structural aspects of antioxidant activity of flavonoids. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 20 (1996), 331–342, 10.1016/0891-5849(95)02047-0.
91. Veberic, R., Colaric, M., Stampar, F., Phenolic acids and flavonoids of fig fruit (Ficus carica L.) in northern Mediterranean region. Food Chemistry 106 (2008), 153–157, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.05.061.
92. Viuda-Martos, M., Barber, X., Perez-Alvarez, J.A., Fernandez-Lopez, J., Assessment of chemical, physico-chemical, techno-functional and antioxidant properties of fig (Ficus carica L.) powder co-products. Industrial Crops and Products 69 (2015), 472–479, 10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.03.005.
93. Wang, T., Li, Q., Bi, K., Bioactive flavonoids in medicinal plants: Structure, activity and biological fate. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 13 (2018), 12–23, 10.1016/j.ajps.2017.08.004.
94. Wang, Z., Cui, Y., Vainstein, A., Chen, S., Ma, H., Regulation of fig (Ficus carica L.) fruit color: Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. Frontiers in. Plant Science, 8, 2017, 1990, 10.3389/fpls.2017.01990.
95. Yemis, O., Bakkalbas, E., Artık, N., Changes in pigment profile and surface colour of fig (Ficus carica L.) during drying. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 47 (2012), 1710–1719, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2012.03025.x.
96. Zhishen, J., Mengcheng, T., Jianming, W., The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chemistry 64 (1999), 555–559, 10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00102-2.