Coenzyme Q10 Stabilizes Mitochondria in Parkinson’s Disease

Molecular Interventions in Lifestyle-Related Diseases

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 127-153

  Ebadi, Manuchair ^a   Wanpen, Sawitri ^a   Shavali, Shaik ^a   Sharma, Sushil ^a   ReFaey, Hesham El ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH DAKOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85060517181     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (113)

1. Ebadi, M. and Pfeiffer, R. (2005) Parkinson's Disease, CRC Press, Boca Raton.
2. Sangchot, P., Sharma, S., Fugere, N., Porter, J., Ebadi, M. (2002). Iron-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial aggregation, and a-synuclein translocation in SK-N-SH cells in culture. Soc Neurosci Abstr 28: 594-619.
3. Sharma, S., Shavali, S., ElRefaey, H., Ebadi, M. (2002). Inhibition of a-synuclein nitration and perinuclear aggregation by antioxidants in metallothionein transgenic and aging RhO (mgko) dopaminergic neurons. FASEB J 16: 696-711.
4. Ebadi, M., Srinivasan, S. K., Baxi, M. (1996). Oxidative stress and antioxidants therapy in Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 48: 1-19.
5. Ebadi, M., Sharma, S., Shavali, S., ElRefaey, H. (2002). Neuroprotective actions of Selegiline. J Neurosci Res 67: 285-289.
6. Ebadi, M., Sharma, S., Shavali, S., Sangchot, P., Brekke, L. (2002). Neuroprotective actions in Parkinson's disease. 45th Annual Meeting of the Western Pharmacological Society and XXV Congreso Nacional de Farmacologia 45: 77.
7. Eve, D., Nisbet, A., Kingsbury, A., Hewson, E., Daniel, S., Lees, A., Marsden, C., Foster, O. (1998). Basal ganglia neuronal nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression in Parkinson's disease. Mol Brain Res 63: 62-71.
8. Ebadi, M., Hiramatsu, M. (2000). Glutathione and metallothionein in oxidative stress of Parkinson's disease. In: Free Radicals in Brain Pathophysiology, Eds., Poli, G., Cadenas, E., Packer, L. New York: Marcel Dekker, pp. 427-465.
9. Heales, S., Bolanos, J., Stewart, V., Brookes, P., Land, J., Clark, J. (1999). Nitric oxide, mithochondria and neurological disease. Biochim Biophys Acta 1410: 215-228.
10. Schulz, J., Matthews, R., Klockgether, T., Dichgans, J., Beal, M. (1997). The role of mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal nitric oxide in animal models of neurodegenerative disease. Mol Cell Biochem 174: 193-197.
11. Dawson, V., Dawson, T. (1998). Nitric oxide in neurodegeneration. Prog Brain Res 118: 215-229.
12. Rose, S., MacKenize, G.M., Jenner, P. (1999). Nitric oxide and basal ganglia degeneration. Adv Neurol 80: 247-257.
13. Gerlach, M., Blum-Degen, D., Lan, J., Riederer, P. (1999). Nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Adv Neurol 80: 239-245.
14. Barthwal, M., Srivastava, N., Dikshit, M. (2001). Role of nitric oxide in a progressive neurodegeneration model of Parkinson's disease in the rat. Redox Rep 6: 297-302.
15. Riobo, N. A., Schopfer, F. J., Boveris, A. D., Cadenas, E., Poderoso, J. J. (2002). The reaction of nitric oxide with 6-hydroxydopamine: implications for Parkinson's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 32: 115-121.
16. Hunot, S., Boissiere, F., Faucheux, F., Brugg, B., Mouatt-Prigent, A., Agid, Y., Hirsch, E. C. (1996). Nitric oxide synthase and neuronal vulnerability in Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 72: 355-363.
17. Tipton, K. F., Singer, T. P. (1993). Advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of the neurotoxicity of MPTP and related compounds. J Neurochem 61: 1191-1206.
18. Gainetdinov, R. R., Fumagali, F., Jones, S. R., Caron, M. G. (1997). Dopamine transporter is required for in vivo MPTP neurotoxicity: evidence from mice lacking the transporter. J Neurochem 69: 1322-1325.
19. Javitch, J. A., D'Amsto, R. J., Strittmatter, S. M., Snyder, S. (1985). Parkinsonism-inducing neurotoxin, N-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine uptake of the metabolite N-methyl-4-phenyl pyridium by dopamine neurons explains selective toxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci 82: 2173-2177.
20. Amara, S. G., Kuhar, M. J. (1993). Neurotransimtter transporters: recent progress. Annu Rev Neurosci 16: 73-93.
21. Reith, M. E., Xu, C., Chen, N. H. (1997). Pharmacology and regulation of the neuronal dopamine transporter. Eur J Pharmacol 324: 1-10.
22. Uhl, G. R., Walther, D., Mash, D., Faucheux, B., Javoy-Agid, F. (1994). Dopamine transporter messenger RNA in Parkinson's disease and control substania nigra neurons. Ann Neurol 35: 494-498.
23. Harrington, K. A., Augood, S. J., Kingsbury, A. E., Foster, O. J., Emson, P. C. (1996). Dopamine transporter (DAT) and synaptic vesicle amine transporter (VMAT2) gene expression in the substantia nigra of control and Parkinson's disease. Brain Res Mol Res 36: 157-162.
24. Speciale, S. G., Liang, C. L., Sonsalla, P. K., Edwards, R. H., German, D. C. (1998). The neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium is sequestered within neurons that contain the vesicular momoamine transporter. Neuroscience 84: 1177-1185.
25. Chang, G. D., Ramirez, V. D. (1986). The mechanism of action of MPTP and MPP+ on endogenous dopamine release from the rat corpus striatum superfused in vitro. Brain Res 368: 134-140.
26. Obata, T., Chiueh, C. C. (1992). In vitro trapping of hydroxyl free radicals in the striatum utilizing intracranial microdialysis perfusion of salicylate: effect of MPTP, MPDP+, and MPP+. J Neural Transm Gen Sect 89: 139-145.
27. Lotharius, J., O'Malley, K. L. (2000). The parkinsonism-inducing drug 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium triggers intracellular dopamine oxidation. A novel mechanism of toxicity. J Biol Chem 275: 38581-38588.
28. Przedborski, S., Jackson-Lewis, V. (1998). Mechanisms of MPTP toxicity. Mov Disord 13: 35-38.
29. Ramsay, R. R., Salach, J. I., Singer, T. P. (1986). Uptake of the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine (MPP+) by mitochondria and its relation to the inhibition of the mitochondrial oxidation of NAD+ -linked substrates by MPP+. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 134: 743-748.
30. Bare, S., Page, G., Fauconneau, B., Barrier, L., Huguet, F. (2001). A new in vitro approach for investigating the MPTP effect on DA uptake. Neurochem Int 38: 243-248.
31. Fonck, C., Baudry, M. (2001). Toxic effects of MPP+ and MPTP in PC12 cells independent of reactive oxygen species formation. Brain Res 905: 199-206.
32. Fonck, C., Baudry, M. (2003). Rapid reduction of ATP synthesis and lack of free radical formation by MPP+ in rat brain synaptosomes and mitochondria. Brain Res 975: 214-221.
33. +) via impairment of energy metabolism. Neurochem Int 35: 393-403.
34. Chagkutip, J., Vaughan, R., Govitrapong, P., Ebadi, M. (2003). 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium-induced down-regulation of dopamine transporter function correlates with a reduction in dopamine transporter cell surface expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 344: 49-54.
35. Kitayama, S., Mitsuhata, C., Davis, S., Wang, J. B., Sato, T., Morita, K., Uhl, G. R., Dohi, T. (1998). MPP+ toxicity and plasma membrane dopamine transporter: study using lines expressing the wild-type and mutant rat dopamine transporter. Biochim Biophys Acta 1404: 305-313.
36. 10) and mitochondria in oxidative stress of Parkinson's disease. Biol Signals Recept 10: 224-253.
37. Ebadi, M., Sharma, S. (2003). Peroxynitrite and mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 5: 319-335.
38. Vaughan, R., Huff, R. A., Uhl, G. R., Kuhar, M. J. (1997). Protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation and functional regulation of dopamine transporters in striatal synaptosomes. J Biol Chem 272: 15541-15546.
39. Zhang, L., Coffey, L. L., Reith, M. E. (1997). Regulation of the functional activity of the human dopamine transporter by protein kinase C. Biochem Pharmacol 53: 677-688.
40. Pristupa, Z. B., McConkey, F., Lui, F., Man, H.Y., Lee, F. J., Wang, Y. T., Niznik, H. B. (1998). Protein kinase-mediated bi-directional trafficking and functional regulation of the human dopamine transporter. Synapse 30: 79-87.
41. Melikian, H. E., Buckley, K. M. (1999). Membrane trafficking regulates the activity of the human dopamine transporter. J Neurosci 19: 7699-7710.
42. Bauman, A. L., Apparsundaram, S., Ramamoorthy, S., Wadzinski, B. E., Vaughan, R., Blakely, R. D. (2000). Cocaine and antidepressant sensitive biogenic amine transporters exist in regulated complexes with protein phosphatase 2A. J Neurosci 20: 7571-7578.
43. Schapira, A. H. V., Mann, V. M., Cooper, J. M., Dexter, D., Daniel, S. F., Jenner, P., Clark, J. B., Marsden, C. D. (1990). Anatomic and disease specifically of NADH CoQ1 reductase (complex-I) deficiency in Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 5: 2142-2145.
44. Langston, J. W., Balard, P., Tetrud, J. W., Irvin, I. (1983). Chronic Parkinsonism in humans due to a product of meperdine-analog synthesis. Science 219: 979-980.
45. Snyder, S. H., D'amato, R. J. (1986). MPTP a neurotoxin relevant to the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. Neurology 36: 250-258.
46. Irvin, I., Langston, J. W. (1993). MPTP and Parkinson's disease. In: Harvey, A. L., Ed. Natural and synthetic neurotoxins. New York: Academic Press: 225-256.
47. Mizuno, Y., Susuki, K., Sone, N., Saitoh, T. (1988). Inhibition of mitochondrial respiration by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in mouse brain in vivo. Neurosci Lett 91: 349-353.
48. Cleeter, M. W., Cooper, J. M., Schapira, A. H. (1992). Irreversible inhibition of mitochondrial complex-I by methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: evidence for free radical involvement. J Neurochem 58: 786-789.
49. Thomas, B., Muralikrishnan, D., Mohanakumar, K.P. (2000). In vivo hydroxyl radical generation in the striatum following systemic administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1236-tetrahydropyridine in mice. Brain Res 852: 221-224.
50. Nagatsu, T. (1997). Isoquinoline neurotoxins in the brain and Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Res 29: 99-111.
51. Musshoff, F., Schmidt, P., Dettmeyer, R., Priemer, F., Witting, H., Madea, B. (1999). A systematic regional study of dopamine and dopamine-derived salsolinol and nonsalsolinol levels in human brain areas. Forensic Sci Int 105: 1-11.
52. Kotake, Y., Tasaki, Y., Makino, Y., Ohta, S., Hirobe, M. (1995). 1-Benzyl-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinoline as a Parkinsonism-inducing agent: a novel endogenous amine in mouse brain and Parkinsonian CSF. J Neurochem 65: 2633-2638.
53. Makino, Y., Ohta, S., Tachikawa, O., Hirobe, M. (1988). Presence of tetrahydroiso-quinoline and 1-methyl-tetrahydroisoquinoline in foods: compounds related to Parkinson's disease. Life Sci 43: 373-378.
54. Niwa, T., Yoshozumi, H., Tatematsu, A., Matsuura, S., Nagatsu, T. (1989). Presence of tetrahydroisoquinoline, a Parkinsonism-related compound in food. J Chromatogr 493: 347-352.
55. Niwa T., Takeda, N., Tatematsu, A., Matsuura, S., Yoshida, M., Nagatsu, T. (1988). Migration of tetrahydroisoquinoline, a possible Parkinsonian neurotoxin, into monkey brain from blood as proved by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr 452: 85-91.
56. Ohta, S., Tachikawa, O., Makino, Y., Tasaki, Y., Hirobe, O. M. (1990). Metabolism and brain accumulation of tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ): a possible Parkinsonism inducing substance in an animal model of a poor debrisoquine metabolizer. Life Sci 46: 599-605.
57. Kotake, Y., Tasaki, Y., Makino, Y., Ohta, S., Hirobe, M. (1995). 1-Benzyl-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinoline as a Parkinsonism-inducing agent: a novel endogenous amine in mouse brain and parkinsoonian CSF. J Neurochem 65: 2633-2638.
58. Kotake, Y., Yoshida, M., Ogawa, M., Tasaki, Y., Hirobe, M., Ohta, S. (1996). Chronic administration of 1-benzyl-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, an endogenous amine in the brain, induces parkinsonism in a primate. Neurosci Lett 217: 69-71.
59. Antkiewicz-Michaluk, L., Mischaluk, J., Mokrosz, M., Romanska, I., Lorenc-Koci, E., Ohta, S., Betulani, J. (2001). Different action on dopamine catabolic pathways of two endogenase 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinolines with similar anti-dopaminergic properties. J Neurochem 78: 100-108.
60. Shavali, S., Ebadi, M. (2003). 1-Benzyl-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (1BnTIQ), an endogenous neurotoxin causing Parkinson's induced dopaminergic cell death through apoptosis. Neurotoxicology 24: 417-424.
61. Lee, H. S., Park, C. W., Kim, Y. S. (2000). MPP+ increases the vulnerability to oxidative stress rather than directly medicating oxidative damage in human neuroblastoma cells. Exp Neurol 165: 164-171.
62. Heikkila, R. E., Manzino, L., Cabbat, F. S., Duvoisin, R. C. (1984). Protection against the dopaminergic neurotoxicity of 1-methyl-4-phentl-1, 2, 5, 6-tetrahydro-pyridine by monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Nature 311: 467-469.
63. Javitch, J. A., Amato, R. J. D., Strittmatter, S. M., Snyder, S. H. (1985). Parkinsonism-inducing neurotoxin MPTP: uptake of the metabolite MPP+ by dopamine neurons explains selective toxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A. 82: 2173-2177.
64. 3H]dopamine uptake into striatal synaptosomes by isoquinoline derivates structurally related to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine. Biochem Pharmacol 52: 29-34.
65. Barc, S., Page, G., Barrier, L., Hugnet, F., Fauconneau, B. Progressive alteration of neuronal dopamine transporter activity in a rat injured by an intranigral injection of MPP+. Brain Res 2002; 941: 72-81.
66. Kawai, H., Kotake, Y., Ohta, S. (2000). Inhibition of dopamine receptors by endogenous amines: binding to striatal receptors and pharmacological effects on locomotor activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 15: 1669-1671.
67. Park, S. U., Ferrer, J. V., Javitvh, J. A., Kuhn, D. M. (2002). Peroxynitrite inactivates the human dopamine transporter by modification of cysteine 342: potential mechanism of neurotoxicity in dopamine neurons. J Neurosci 22: 4399-4405.
68. Mochizuki, H., Goto, K., Mori, H., Mizuno, Y. (1996). Histochemistry detection of apoptotis in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 137: 120-123.
69. Kawai, H., Makino, Y., Hirobe, M., Ohta, S. (1998). Novel endogenous 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives: uptake by dopamine transporter and activity to induce Parkinsonism. J Neurochem 70: 745-751.
70. Kitamura, Y., Kosaka, T., Kakimura, J.I., Matsuoka, Y., Kohno, Y., Nomura, Y., Taniguchi, T. (1998). Protective effects of the antiparkinsonian drugs talipexole and pramipexole against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced apoptotic death in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Mol Pharmacol 54: 1046-1054.
71. Muralikrishnan, D., Ebadi, M. (2001). SKF-38393, a dopamine receptor agonist, attenuates 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1-2-3-6-tetrahydropyridine-induced neurotoxicity Brain Res 892: 241-247.
72. 10) and mitochondria in oxidation stress of Parkinson's disease. Biol Signals Recept 10: 224-253.
73. Beal, M.F. (1998). Excitotoxicity and nitric oxide in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Ann Neurol 44: S110-S114.
74. Bredt, D.S. (1999). Endogenous nitric oxide synthesis: biological functions and pathophysiology. Free Radic Res 31: 544-596.
75. Dawson, V. L., Dawson, T. M. (1998). Nitric oxide in neurodegeneration. Prog Brain Res 118: 215-229.
76. Ghafourifar, P., Bringhold, U., Klein, S. D., Richter C. (2001). Mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Biol Signals Recept 10: 56-65.
77. Hirsch, E. C., Hunot, S. (2000). Nitric oxide, glial cells and neuronal degeneration in parkinsonism. Trends Pharmacol Sci 21: 163-165.
78. Smith, K. J., Kapoor, R., and Felts, P. A. (1999). Demyelination: the role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Brain Pathol 9: 69-92.
79. Imam, S. Z., el-Yazal, J., Newport, G. D., Itzhak, Y., Cadet, J. L., Slikker, W., Ali, S. F. (2002). Methamphetamine-induced dopamine neurotoxicity: role of peroxy-nitrite and neuroprotective role of antioxidants and peroxynitrite decomposition catalysts. Ann NY Acad Sci 939: 366-380.
80. Youdim, M. B., Ben-Shachar, D., Eshel, G., Finberg, J. P., Reiderer, P. (1993). The neurotoxicity of iron and nitric oxide: relevance to the etiology of Parkinson's disease. Adv Neurol 60: 259-266.
81. Youdim, M. B., Lavie, L., Riederer, P. (1994). Oxygen free radicals and neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease: a role for nitric oxide. Ann NY Acad Sci 738: 64-68.
82. Torreilles, F., Salman-Tabcheh, S., Guerin, M., Torreilles, J. (1999). Neurodegenerative disorders: the role of peroxynitrite. Brain Res Rev 30: 153-163.
83. 2+ release. Free Radic Biol Med 29: 343-348.
84. Grunewald, T., Beal, M.F. (1999). NOS knockouts and neuroprotection, Nat Med 5: 1354-1355.
85. Sharma, S., Sangchot, P., Ebadi, M. (2002). MT gene manipulation influences striatal mitochondrial ubiquinones and MPTP-induced neurotoxicity in dopaminergic neurons. World Congress of Pharmacology 106-107.
86. Sharma, S., Shavali, S., ElRafaey, H., Ebadi, M. (2002). Inhibition of a-Syn nitration and perinuclear aggregation by antioxidants in metallothionein transgenic and aging RhO (mgko) dopaminergic neurons. FASEB J 16: 686-711.
87. Ebadi, M., Hiramatsu, M., Burke, W. J., Folks, D. G., and el-Sayed, M. A. (1998). MT isoforms provide neuroprotection against 6-hydroxy-dopamine-generated hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions. Proc West Pharmacol Soc 41: 155-158.
88. Sharma, S., Ebadi, M. (2003). Metallothioneon attenuates 3-morpholinosydnon-imine (SIN-1)-induced oxidative stress in dopaminergic neurons. Antioxidants Redox Signaling 5: 251-263.
89. Dawson, T., and Dawson, V. (2002). Neuroprotective and neurorestorative strategies for Parkinson's disease. Nat Neurosci 5: 1058-1061.
90. Crane, F. (2001). Biochemical Functions of Coenzyme Q10. J Am Coll Nutr 20: 591-598.
91. James, A., Murphy, M. (2002). How mitochondrial damage affects cell function. J Biomed Sci 9: 475-487.
92. Shults, C. W., Haas, R. H., Passov, D., Beal, M.F. (1997). Coenzyme Q10 levels correlate with the activities of complexes I and II/III in mitochondria from parkinsonian and nonparkinsonian subjects. Ann Neurol 42: 261-264.
93. Chan, T., Teng, S., Wilson, J., Galatt, G., Khan, S., O'Brien, P. (2002). Coenzyme Q cytoprotective mechanisms for mitochondrial complex I cytopathies involves NAD(P)H: Quinone oxidoreductase 1(NQ01). J Free Radic Res 36 (4): 421-427.
94. Blandini, F., Nappi, G., Greenamyre, T. (1998). Quantitative study of mitochondrial complex I in platelets of parkinsonian patients. Mov Disord 13: 11-15 Movement Disorder Society.
95. Ibrahim, W., Bhagavan, H., Chopra, R., Chow, C. (2000). Dietary coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E alter the status of these compounds in rat tissue and mitochondria. J Nutr 130: 2343-2348.
96. 10. Free Radic Biol Med 26: 1375-1382.
97. Matthews, R., Yang, L., Browne, S., Baik, M., Flint-Beal, M. (1998). Coenzyme Q10 administration increases brain mitochondrial concentrations and exerts neu-roprotecive effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci 95: 8892-8897.
98. 10 administration and its potential for treatment of neurodegenerative disease. Biofactors 9: 261-266.
99. 10 as a possible treatment for neurodegeneration diseases. Free Radic Res 36 (4): 455-460.
100. 10 in the central nervous system and its potential usefulness in the treatment of neurodegenerative disease. Mol Aspects Med 18: 169-179.
101. Fariello, R. G., Ghilardi, O., Peschechera, A., Ramacci, M. T., Angelucci, L. (1988). Regional distribution of ubiquinones and tocopherol in the mouse brain: lowest-content of ubiquinols in the substantia nigra. Neuropharmacology 27: 1077-1080.
102. 10 attenuates the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induced loss of striatal dopamine and dopaminergic axons in aged mice. Brain Res 783: 109-114.
103. 10in the etiology and treatment of Parkinson's disease. Biofactors 9: 267-272.
104. 10 in early Parkinson disease: evidence on slowing of the functional decline. Arch Neurol Oct. 59 (10): 1541-1550.
105. 10 therapy in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Mol Aspects Med 18: 237-240.
106. 10 in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm 107: 41-48.
107. Jiménéz-Jiménéz, F. J., Molina, A., de Bustos, F., García-Redondo, A., Gómez-Escalonilla, C., Martínez-Salio, A., Berbel, A., Camacho, A., Zurdo, M., Barce-nilla, B., Enríquez de Salamanca, R., Arenas, J. (2000). Serum levels of coenzyme Q10 in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm 107: 177-181.
108. 10 and remacemide hydrochloride ameliorate motor deficits in a Huntington's disease transgenic mouse model. Neurosci Lett 315: 149-153.
109. 10 and remacemide in transgenic mouse models of Huntington's disease. J Neurosci 22(5): 1592-1599.
110. Ebadi, M., Kumari, M.V.R., Hiramatsu, M., Hao, R., Pfeiffer, R.F., Rojas, P. (1998). Metallothionein, neurotrophins and selegiline in providing neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease. Restor Neurol Neurosci 12: 103-111.
111. Kumari, M.N.R., Hiramatsu, M., Ebadi, M. (1998). Free radicals scavenging actions of metallothionein isoforms I and II. Free Radical Res 29: 93-101.
112. Ebadi, M., Hiramatsu, M., Burke, W.J., Folks, D.G., El Sayed, M.A. (1998). Metallothionein isoforms provide neuroprotection against 6-hydroxydopamine-generated hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions. Proc West Pharmacol Soc 41: 155-158.
113. Ebadi, M., Hiramatsu, M., Kumari, M.V.R., Hao, R., Pfeiffer, R.F. (1999). Met-allothionein in oxidative stress of Parkinson's disease. In: Metallothionein IV (C.D. Klaassen, Ed.) Advances in Life Sciences 341-349.