메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 396-439

Vagina and uterus as drug-absorbing organs

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 85056966344     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (7)

References (221)
  • 4
    • 10644272599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vaginal microbicides for the prevention of HIV transmission
    • chap. 3, ed. S.E. Harding. Andover:Intercept Ltd
    • Malcolm, R.K., et al. 2004. Vaginal microbicides for the prevention of HIV transmission. In Biotechnology and genetic engineering reviews, chap. 3, 21 vols, ed. S.E. Harding. Andover:Intercept Ltd.
    • (2004) Biotechnology and genetic engineering reviews , vol.21
    • Malcolm, R.K.1
  • 5
    • 12344287816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MRI of female genital and pelvic organs during sexual arousal
    • Suh, D.D., et al. 2004. MRI of female genital and pelvic organs during sexual arousal. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol 25:153.
    • (2004) J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol , vol.25 , pp. 153
    • Suh, D.D.1
  • 6
    • 2342624571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lesson learned and dispelled myths:Three-dimensional imaging of the human vagina
    • Barnhart, K.T., E.S. Pretorius, and D. Malamud. 2004. Lesson learned and dispelled myths:Three-dimensional imaging of the human vagina. Fertil Steril 81:1383.
    • (2004) Fertil Steril , vol.81 , pp. 1383
    • Barnhart, K.T.1    Pretorius, E.S.2    Malamud, D.3
  • 7
    • 0034974658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution of a spermicide containing nonoxynol-9 in the vaginal canal and the upper female reproductive tract
    • Barnhart, K.T., et al. 2001. Distribution of a spermicide containing nonoxynol-9 in the vaginal canal and the upper female reproductive tract. Hum Reprod 16:1151.
    • (2001) Hum Reprod , vol.16 , pp. 1151
    • Barnhart, K.T.1
  • 8
    • 0034949619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution of topical medication in the human vagina as imaged by magnetic resonance imaging
    • Barnhart, K.T., et al. 2001. Distribution of topical medication in the human vagina as imaged by magnetic resonance imaging. Fert Steril 76:189.
    • (2001) Fert Steril , vol.76 , pp. 189
    • Barnhart, K.T.1
  • 9
    • 0001406643 scopus 로고
    • Are there cyclic changes in the human vaginal mucosa?
    • Zondek, B., and M. Friedmann. 1936. Are there cyclic changes in the human vaginal mucosa? JAMA 106:1051.
    • (1936) JAMA , vol.106 , pp. 1051
    • Zondek, B.1    Friedmann, M.2
  • 10
    • 0033787718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epithelial cell layer thickness and immune cell populations in the normal human vagina at different stages of the menstrual cycle
    • Patton, D.L., et al. 2000. Epithelial cell layer thickness and immune cell populations in the normal human vagina at different stages of the menstrual cycle. Am J Obstet Gynecol 183:967.
    • (2000) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.183 , pp. 967
    • Patton, D.L.1
  • 11
    • 0001815255 scopus 로고
    • Ultrastructure of the vaginal mucosa
    • E.S.E. Hafez and T.N. Evans, Amsterdam: Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press
    • Burgos, M.H., and R. de Vargas-Linares. 1978. Ultrastructure of the vaginal mucosa. In The human vagina, eds. E.S.E. Hafez and T.N. Evans, 63-93. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press.
    • (1978) Human vagina , pp. 63-93
    • Burgos, M.H.1    De Vargas-Linares, R.2
  • 12
    • 0021832823 scopus 로고
    • Quantitation of vaginal discharge in healthy volunteers
    • Godley, M.J. 1985. Quantitation of vaginal discharge in healthy volunteers. Br J Obstet Gynecol 92:739.
    • (1985) Br J Obstet Gynecol , vol.92 , pp. 739
    • Godley, M.J.1
  • 14
    • 84980109376 scopus 로고
    • Studies in vaginal fluid. Paper 1. Pathological considerations
    • Lissimore, N., and D.W. Currie. 1939. Studies in vaginal fluid. Paper 1. Pathological considerations. Am or Eur J Obstet Gynecol 46:673.
    • (1939) Am or Eur J Obstet Gynecol , vol.46 , pp. 673
    • Lissimore, N.1    Currie, D.W.2
  • 15
    • 0242590262 scopus 로고
    • Intracavity circulation of aqueous material in the human vagina
    • Odeblad, E. 1964. Intracavity circulation of aqueous material in the human vagina. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 43:360.
    • (1964) Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand , vol.43 , pp. 360
    • Odeblad, E.1
  • 16
    • 10644283266 scopus 로고
    • Glycogen and reducing substances in vaginal mucus:Gestational and cyclical variations
    • Lapan, B., and M.M. Friedman. 1950. Glycogen and reducing substances in vaginal mucus:Gestational and cyclical variations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 59:361.
    • (1950) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.59 , pp. 361
    • Lapan, B.1    Friedman, M.M.2
  • 17
    • 0018421985 scopus 로고
    • Alterations in the organic compounds of vaginal secretions caused by sexual arousal
    • Preti, G., G.R. Huggins, and G.D. Silveberg. 1979. Alterations in the organic compounds of vaginal secretions caused by sexual arousal. Fertil Steril 32:47.
    • (1979) Fertil Steril , vol.32 , pp. 47
    • Preti, G.1    Huggins, G.R.2    Silveberg, G.D.3
  • 18
    • 0019126170 scopus 로고
    • Electrolytes in vaginal fluid during the menstrual cycle of coitally active and inactive women
    • Wagner, G., and R.J. Levin. 1980. Electrolytes in vaginal fluid during the menstrual cycle of coitally active and inactive women. J Reprod Fert 60:17.
    • (1980) J Reprod Fert , vol.60 , pp. 17
    • Wagner, G.1    Levin, R.J.2
  • 19
    • 0345677168 scopus 로고
    • Vaginal transduction
    • F.K. Beller and G.F.B. Shumacher, New York: Elsevier/North Holland
    • Wagner G. 1979. Vaginal transduction. In The biology of the fluids of the female genital tract, eds. F.K. Beller and G.F.B. Shumacher, 25-34. New York: Elsevier/North Holland.
    • (1979) Biology of the fluids of the female genital tract , pp. 25-34
    • Wagner, G.1
  • 20
    • 0033023953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A vaginal fluid simulant
    • Owen, H.O., and D.F. Katz. 1999. A vaginal fluid simulant. Contraception 59:91.
    • (1999) Contraception , vol.59 , pp. 91
    • Owen, H.O.1    Katz, D.F.2
  • 21
    • 0014040875 scopus 로고
    • Histidine in human vaginal fluid
    • Dusitsin, N., et al. 1967. Histidine in human vaginal fluid. Obstet Gynecol 29:125.
    • (1967) Obstet Gynecol , vol.29 , pp. 125
    • Dusitsin, N.1
  • 22
    • 0023845364 scopus 로고
    • Comparative study of inactivation of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 by commonly used antiseptic agents
    • Croughan, W.S., and Behbehani, A.M. 1988. Comparative study of inactivation of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 by commonly used antiseptic agents. J Clin Microb 26:213.
    • (1988) J Clin Microb , vol.26 , pp. 213
    • Croughan, W.S.1    Behbehani, A.M.2
  • 23
    • 0000517003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
    • K.K. Holmes, et al., New York: McGraw-Hill
    • Sparling, P.F. 1999. Biology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In Sexually transmitted diseases, eds. K.K. Holmes, et al., 433-449. New York: McGraw-Hill.
    • (1999) Sexually transmitted diseases , pp. 433-449
    • Sparling, P.F.1
  • 24
    • 0032779226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response of gonococcal clinical isolates to acidic conditions
    • Pettit, R.K., S.C. McAllister, and T.A. Hamer. 1999. Response of gonococcal clinical isolates to acidic conditions. J Med Microbiol 48:149.
    • (1999) J Med Microbiol , vol.48 , pp. 149
    • Pettit, R.K.1    McAllister, S.C.2    Hamer, T.A.3
  • 25
    • 0019052614 scopus 로고
    • Effect of pH on the motility and virulence of Treponema pallidum (Nichols) and Treponema paraluis cuniculi in vitro under anaerobic conditions
    • Graves, S., T. Gotv, and F. Trewartha. 1980. Effect of pH on the motility and virulence of Treponema pallidum (Nichols) and Treponema paraluis cuniculi in vitro under anaerobic conditions. Br J Vener Dis 56:269.
    • (1980) Br J Vener Dis , vol.56 , pp. 269
    • Graves, S.1    Gotv, T.2    Trewartha, F.3
  • 26
    • 0021320226 scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of Haemophilus ducreyi in culture
    • Sturn, A.W., and H.C. Zanen. 1984. Characteristics of Haemophilus ducreyi in culture. J Clin Microbiol 19:672.
    • (1984) J Clin Microbiol , vol.19 , pp. 672
    • Sturn, A.W.1    Zanen, H.C.2
  • 27
    • 0025923143 scopus 로고
    • Antibiosis between bacteria isolated from the vagina of women with and without signs of bacterial vaginosis
    • Nagy, E., M. Petterson, and P.-A. Mardh. 1991. Antibiosis between bacteria isolated from the vagina of women with and without signs of bacterial vaginosis. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand 99:739.
    • (1991) Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand , vol.99 , pp. 739
    • Nagy, E.1    Petterson, M.2    Mardh, P.-A.3
  • 28
    • 0022261869 scopus 로고
    • Disinfection and inactivation of the human T lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus
    • Martin, L.S., J.S. McDougal, and S.L. Loskoski. 1985. Disinfection and inactivation of the human T lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus. J Infect Dis 152:400.
    • (1985) J Infect Dis , vol.152 , pp. 400
    • Martin, L.S.1    McDougal, J.S.2    Loskoski, S.L.3
  • 29
    • 0025690508 scopus 로고
    • Acid sensitivity of cell-free and cell-associated HIV-1: Clinical implications
    • Ongradi, J., et al. 1990. Acid sensitivity of cell-free and cell-associated HIV-1: Clinical implications. AIDS Res Human Retrovirol 6:1433.
    • (1990) AIDS Res Human Retrovirol , vol.6 , pp. 1433
    • Ongradi, J.1
  • 30
    • 0029077099 scopus 로고
    • The activity of candidate virucidal agents, low pH and genital secretions against HIV-1 in vitro
    • O’Connor, T.J., et al. 1995. The activity of candidate virucidal agents, low pH and genital secretions against HIV-1 in vitro. Int J Sex Trans Dis AIDS 6:267.
    • (1995) Int J Sex Trans Dis AIDS , vol.6 , pp. 267
    • O’Connor, T.J.1
  • 31
    • 0021136542 scopus 로고
    • Human vaginal pH and sexual arousal
    • Wagner, G., and R. Levin. 1984. Human vaginal pH and sexual arousal. Fertil Steril 41:389.
    • (1984) Fertil Steril , vol.41 , pp. 389
    • Wagner, G.1    Levin, R.2
  • 32
    • 0030978444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vivo semen-associated pH neutralization of cervicovaginal secretions
    • Tevi-Benissan, C., et al. 1997. In vivo semen-associated pH neutralization of cervicovaginal secretions. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 4:367.
    • (1997) Clin Diagn Lab Immunol , vol.4 , pp. 367
    • Tevi-Benissan, C.1
  • 35
    • 0027231209 scopus 로고
    • The normal vaginal flora, H2O2-producing lactobacilli, and bacterial vaginosis in pregnant women
    • Hillier, S.L., et al. 1993. The normal vaginal flora, H2O2-producing lactobacilli, and bacterial vaginosis in pregnant women. Clin Infect Dis 16 (Suppl. 4):S273.
    • (1993) Clin Infect Dis , vol.16 , pp. S273
    • Hillier, S.L.1
  • 37
    • 0029859562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lactobacilli from women with or without bacterial vaginosis and observations on the significance of hydrogen peroxide
    • Fontaine, E.A., E. Claydon, and D. Taylor-Robinson. 1996. Lactobacilli from women with or without bacterial vaginosis and observations on the significance of hydrogen peroxide. Microb Ecol Health Dis 9:135.
    • (1996) Microb Ecol Health Dis , vol.9 , pp. 135
    • Fontaine, E.A.1    Claydon, E.2    Taylor-Robinson, D.3
  • 38
    • 0036740636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial components of vaginal fluid
    • Valore, E.V., et al. 2002. Antimicrobial components of vaginal fluid. Am J Obstet Gynecol 187:561.
    • (2002) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.187 , pp. 561
    • Valore, E.V.1
  • 39
    • 0000289081 scopus 로고
    • The absorption of drugs and poisons through the vagina
    • Macht, D. 1918. The absorption of drugs and poisons through the vagina. J Pharmacol Pathol 10:509.
    • (1918) J Pharmacol Pathol , vol.10 , pp. 509
    • Macht, D.1
  • 40
    • 0017642075 scopus 로고
    • Systems approach to vaginal delivery of drugs IV: Methodology for determination of membrane surface pH
    • Hwang, S., et al. 1977. Systems approach to vaginal delivery of drugs IV: Methodology for determination of membrane surface pH. J Pharm Sci 66:778.
    • (1977) J Pharm Sci , vol.66 , pp. 778
    • Hwang, S.1
  • 41
    • 0017114709 scopus 로고
    • Systems approach to vaginal delivery of drugs III: Simulation studies interfacing steroid release from silicone matrix and vaginal absorption in rabbits
    • Ho, N.F.H., et al. 1976. Systems approach to vaginal delivery of drugs III: Simulation studies interfacing steroid release from silicone matrix and vaginal absorption in rabbits. J Pharm Sci 65:1576.
    • (1976) J Pharm Sci , vol.65 , pp. 1576
    • Ho, N.F.H.1
  • 42
    • 0017138986 scopus 로고
    • Systems approach to vaginal delivery of drugs II: In situ vaginal absorption of unbranched aliphatic alcohols
    • Hwang, S., et al. 1976. Systems approach to vaginal delivery of drugs II: In situ vaginal absorption of unbranched aliphatic alcohols. J Pharm Sci 65:1578.
    • (1976) J Pharm Sci , vol.65 , pp. 1578
    • Hwang, S.1
  • 43
    • 0016430218 scopus 로고
    • Systems approach to vaginal delivery of drugs I: Development of in situ vaginal drug absorption procedure
    • Yotsuyanagi, T., et al. 1975. Systems approach to vaginal delivery of drugs I: Development of in situ vaginal drug absorption procedure. J Pharm Sci 64:71.
    • (1975) J Pharm Sci , vol.64 , pp. 71
    • Yotsuyanagi, T.1
  • 44
    • 0026829774 scopus 로고
    • Routes of delivery-Case studies. The vaginal route of peptide and protein drug delivery
    • Richardson, J.L., and L. Illum. 1992. Routes of delivery-Case studies. The vaginal route of peptide and protein drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 8:341.
    • (1992) Adv Drug Deliv Rev , vol.8 , pp. 341
    • Richardson, J.L.1    Illum, L.2
  • 45
    • 0029757133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systemic delivery of peptides and proteins across absorptive mucosae
    • Sayani, A.P., and Y.W. Chien. 1996. Systemic delivery of peptides and proteins across absorptive mucosae. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 13:85.
    • (1996) Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst , vol.13 , pp. 85
    • Sayani, A.P.1    Chien, Y.W.2
  • 46
    • 0015514472 scopus 로고
    • The fluid mosaic model of the structure of cell membranes
    • Singer, S.J., and G.L. Nicolson. 1972. The fluid mosaic model of the structure of cell membranes. Science 175:720.
    • (1972) Science , vol.175 , pp. 720
    • Singer, S.J.1    Nicolson, G.L.2
  • 48
    • 0026509879 scopus 로고
    • Effects of luteal estradiol on the secretory transformation of human endometrium and plasma gonadotropins
    • De Ziegler D., et al. 1992. Effects of luteal estradiol on the secretory transformation of human endometrium and plasma gonadotropins. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 74:322.
    • (1992) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.74 , pp. 322
    • De Ziegler, D.1
  • 49
    • 0028038146 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics and endometrial tissue levels of progesterone after administration by intramuscular and vaginal routes: A comparative study
    • Miles, R.A., et al. 1994. Pharmacokinetics and endometrial tissue levels of progesterone after administration by intramuscular and vaginal routes: A comparative study. Fertil Steril 62:485.
    • (1994) Fertil Steril , vol.62 , pp. 485
    • Miles, R.A.1
  • 50
    • 0022336753 scopus 로고
    • On resorption and the effects of vaginally administered terbutaline in women with premature labour
    • Kullander, S., and L. Svanberg. 1985. On resorption and the effects of vaginally administered terbutaline in women with premature labour. Acta Obstet Hynaecol Scand 64:613.
    • (1985) Acta Obstet Hynaecol Scand , vol.64 , pp. 613
    • Kullander, S.1    Svanberg, L.2
  • 51
    • 0029043034 scopus 로고
    • Danazol concentrations in ovary, uterus, and serum and their effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis during vaginal administration of danazol suppository
    • Mizutani, T., et al. 1995. Danazol concentrations in ovary, uterus, and serum and their effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis during vaginal administration of danazol suppository. Fertil Steril 63:1184.
    • (1995) Fertil Steril , vol.63 , pp. 1184
    • Mizutani, T.1
  • 52
    • 0032780414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transvaginal progesterone: Evidence for a new functional ‘portal system’ flowing from the vagina to the uterus
    • Cicinelli, E., and de Ziegler D. 1999. Transvaginal progesterone: Evidence for a new functional ‘portal system’ flowing from the vagina to the uterus. Human Reprod Update 5:365.
    • (1999) Human Reprod Update , vol.5 , pp. 365
    • Cicinelli, E.1    de Ziegler, D.2
  • 53
    • 0030940884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeted drug delivery in gynaecology: The first uterine pass effect
    • Bulletti, C., et al. 1997. Targeted drug delivery in gynaecology: The first uterine pass effect. Hum Reprod 12:1073.
    • (1997) Hum Reprod , vol.12 , pp. 1073
    • Bulletti, C.1
  • 54
    • 0029926270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dynamics of rapid sperm transport through the female genital tract:Evidence from vaginal sonography of uterine peristalsis and hysterosalpingscintigraphy
    • Kunz, G., et al. 1996. The dynamics of rapid sperm transport through the female genital tract:Evidence from vaginal sonography of uterine peristalsis and hysterosalpingscintigraphy. Hum Reprod 11:629.
    • (1996) Hum Reprod , vol.11 , pp. 629
    • Kunz, G.1
  • 55
    • 0032406929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sonographic evidence for the involvement of the utero-ovarian countercurrent system in the ovarian control of directed uterine sperm transport
    • Kunz, G., et al. 1998. Sonographic evidence for the involvement of the utero-ovarian countercurrent system in the ovarian control of directed uterine sperm transport. Hum Reprod Update 4:667.
    • (1998) Hum Reprod Update , vol.4 , pp. 667
    • Kunz, G.1
  • 56
    • 0032406185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sperm transport in the female genital tract and its modulation by oxytocin as assessed by hypersalpingoscintigraphy, hysterotonography, electrohysterography and Doppler sonography
    • Wildt, L., et al. 1998. Sperm transport in the female genital tract and its modulation by oxytocin as assessed by hypersalpingoscintigraphy, hysterotonography, electrohysterography and Doppler sonography. Hum Reprod Update 4:655.
    • (1998) Hum Reprod Update , vol.4 , pp. 655
    • Wildt, L.1
  • 57
    • 0026460768 scopus 로고
    • Counter-current transfer between blood vessels in the ovarian adnex
    • Einer-Jensen, N. 1992. Counter-current transfer between blood vessels in the ovarian adnex. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 71:566.
    • (1992) Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand , vol.71 , pp. 566
    • Einer-Jensen, N.1
  • 58
    • 0027429269 scopus 로고
    • Rapid adsorption and local redistribution after vaginal application in gilts
    • Einer-Jensen, N. 1993. Rapid adsorption and local redistribution after vaginal application in gilts. Acta Vet Scand 34:1.
    • (1993) Acta Vet Scand , vol.34 , pp. 1
    • Einer-Jensen, N.1
  • 59
    • 0036904670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uterine first pass effect in postmenopausal women
    • Einer-Jensen, N., et al. 2002. Uterine first pass effect in postmenopausal women. Hum Reprod 17:3060.
    • (2002) Hum Reprod , vol.17 , pp. 3060
    • Einer-Jensen, N.1
  • 60
    • 0034088057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of uterine specificity of vaginal progesterone
    • Cicinelli, E., et al. 2000. Mechanisms of uterine specificity of vaginal progesterone. Hum Reprod 15:159.
    • (2000) Hum Reprod , vol.15 , pp. 159
    • Cicinelli, E.1
  • 61
    • 2342557227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • “First uterine pass effect” is observed when estradiol is placed in the upper but not the lower third of the vagina
    • Cicinelli, E., et al. 2004. “First uterine pass effect” is observed when estradiol is placed in the upper but not the lower third of the vagina. Fertil Steril 81:1414.
    • (2004) Fertil Steril , vol.81 , pp. 1414
    • Cicinelli, E.1
  • 62
    • 0028951181 scopus 로고
    • Intravaginal misoprostol for termination of midtrimester pregnancy
    • Lim, J.M.H., E.B.S. Soh, and S. Raman. 1995. Intravaginal misoprostol for termination of midtrimester pregnancy. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol 35:54.
    • (1995) Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol , vol.35 , pp. 54
    • Lim, J.M.H.1    Soh, E.B.S.2    Raman, S.3
  • 63
    • 0032782621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel vaginal controlled-delivery systems incorporating coprecipitates of nonoxynol-9
    • Digenis, G.A., et al. 1999. Novel vaginal controlled-delivery systems incorporating coprecipitates of nonoxynol-9. Pharmaceut Develop Tech 4:421.
    • (1999) Pharmaceut Develop Tech , vol.4 , pp. 421
    • Digenis, G.A.1
  • 64
    • 0027534390 scopus 로고
    • Placebo-controlled trial of itraconazole for treatment of acute vaginal candidiasis
    • Stein, G.E., and N. Mummaw. 1993. Placebo-controlled trial of itraconazole for treatment of acute vaginal candidiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 37:89.
    • (1993) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.37 , pp. 89
    • Stein, G.E.1    Mummaw, N.2
  • 65
    • 0031827926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravaginal morphine: An alternative route of administration
    • Ostrop, N.J., J. Lamb, and G. Reid. 1998. Intravaginal morphine: An alternative route of administration. Pharmacotherapy 18:863.
    • (1998) Pharmacotherapy , vol.18 , pp. 863
    • Ostrop, N.J.1    Lamb, J.2    Reid, G.3
  • 66
    • 0025788118 scopus 로고
    • Effects of intravaginal application of estriol tablets in women with urge incontinence
    • Enzelsberger, H., et al. 1991. Effects of intravaginal application of estriol tablets in women with urge incontinence. Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde 51:834.
    • (1991) Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde , vol.51 , pp. 834
    • Enzelsberger, H.1
  • 67
    • 0007557930 scopus 로고
    • Vaginal absorption of penicillin
    • Rock, J., R.H. Barker, and W.B. Bacon. 1947. Vaginal absorption of penicillin. Science 105:13.
    • (1947) Science , vol.105 , pp. 13
    • Rock, J.1    Barker, R.H.2    Bacon, W.B.3
  • 69
    • 0032831092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two dosing regimens for preinduction cervical priming with intravaginal dinoprostone pessary: A randomised clinical trial
    • Tan, L.K., and S.K. Tay. 1999. Two dosing regimens for preinduction cervical priming with intravaginal dinoprostone pessary: A randomised clinical trial, Br J Obstet Gynaecol 106:907.
    • (1999) Br J Obstet Gynaecol , vol.106 , pp. 907
    • Tan, L.K.1    Tay, S.K.2
  • 70
    • 0021043627 scopus 로고
    • Disposition of radioactivity following intravaginal administration of 3H-miconazole nitrate
    • Abrams, L.S., and H.S. Weintraub. 1983. Disposition of radioactivity following intravaginal administration of 3H-miconazole nitrate. Am J Obstet Gynecol 147:970.
    • (1983) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.147 , pp. 970
    • Abrams, L.S.1    Weintraub, H.S.2
  • 71
    • 0022516211 scopus 로고
    • Systemic absorption of miconazole from the vagina
    • Daneshmend, T.K. 1986. Systemic absorption of miconazole from the vagina. J Antimicrob Chemother 18:507.
    • (1986) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.18 , pp. 507
    • Daneshmend, T.K.1
  • 72
    • 0028967842 scopus 로고
    • Second trimester abortion by intramuscular 15-methyl-prostaglandin F2-alpha or intravaginal prostaglandin E(2) suppositories-A randomized trial
    • Borgida, A.F., J.F. Rodis, W. Hanlon, A. Craffey, L. Ciarleglio, and W.A. Campbell. 1995. Second trimester abortion by intramuscular 15-methyl-prostaglandin F2-alpha or intravaginal prostaglandin E(2) suppositories-A randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol 85:697.
    • (1995) Obstet Gynecol , vol.85 , pp. 697
    • Borgida, A.F.1    Rodis, J.F.2    Hanlon, W.3    Craffey, A.4    Ciarleglio, L.5    Campbell, W.A.6
  • 73
    • 0031796036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics of progesterone in postmenopausal women: 1. Pharmacokinetics following intravaginal administration
    • Mircioiu, C., et al. 1998. Pharmacokinetics of progesterone in postmenopausal women: 1. Pharmacokinetics following intravaginal administration. Eur J Drug Metabol Pharmacokin 23:391.
    • (1998) Eur J Drug Metabol Pharmacokin , vol.23 , pp. 391
    • Mircioiu, C.1
  • 75
    • 0027625507 scopus 로고
    • Novel vaginal drug-release applications
    • Brannonpeppas, L. 1993. Novel vaginal drug-release applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 11:169.
    • (1993) Adv Drug Deliv Rev , vol.11 , pp. 169
    • Brannonpeppas, L.1
  • 76
    • 0026558854 scopus 로고
    • A surface energy analysis of mucoadhesion: Contact angle measurements on polycarbophil and pig intestinal mucosa in physiologically relevant fluids
    • Lehr, C.M., et al. 1992. A surface energy analysis of mucoadhesion: Contact angle measurements on polycarbophil and pig intestinal mucosa in physiologically relevant fluids. Pharm Res 9:70.
    • (1992) Pharm Res , vol.9 , pp. 70
    • Lehr, C.M.1
  • 77
    • 18344403828 scopus 로고
    • Recent developments in hydrophilic polymers
    • Coury, A.J., et al. 1984. Recent developments in hydrophilic polymers. Med Dev Dia Ind 6:28.
    • (1984) Med Dev Dia Ind , vol.6 , pp. 28
    • Coury, A.J.1
  • 79
    • 0037821242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The intravaginal ring
    • M.J. Rathbone, J. Hadgraft, and M.S. Roberts. New York: Marcel Dekker, chap
    • Malcolm, R.K. 2003. The intravaginal ring. In Modified-release drug delivery technology, eds. M.J. Rathbone, J. Hadgraft, and M.S. Roberts. New York: Marcel Dekker, chap. 64.
    • (2003) Modified-release drug delivery technology , pp. 64
    • Malcolm, R.K.1
  • 80
    • 84882445411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The IUD-worth singing about
    • World Health Organization (WHO). 2002. The IUD-worth singing about. WHO Progress in Reproductive Health Research 60:1. Available at: www.who.int /reproductive-health /hrp /progress /60/Progress60.pdf
    • (2002) WHO Progress in Reproductive Health Research , vol.60 , pp. 1
  • 81
    • 85056929481 scopus 로고
    • IUDs. Population Reports
    • Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, Population Information Program. IUDs. Population Reports, 23, 1995. Available at: www.jhuccp.org /pr/b6edsum.stm.
    • (1995) Population Information Program. IUDs , vol.23
  • 82
    • 0028847304 scopus 로고
    • Levonorgestrel-releasing IUD as a method of contraception with therapeutic properties
    • Luukkainen, T., and J. Toivonen. 1995. Levonorgestrel-releasing IUD as a method of contraception with therapeutic properties. Contraception 52:269.
    • (1995) Contraception , vol.52 , pp. 269
    • Luukkainen, T.1    Toivonen, J.2
  • 85
    • 0032588862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GyneFIX. The frameless intrauterine contraceptive implant-An update for interval, emergency and postabortal contraception
    • Wildemeersch, D., et al. 1999. GyneFIX. The frameless intrauterine contraceptive implant-An update for interval, emergency and postabortal contraception. Br J Fam Plan 24.
    • (1999) Br J Fam Plan , pp. 24
    • Wildemeersch, D.1
  • 86
    • 3242794298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A danazol-loaded intrauterine device decreases dysmenorrheal, pelvic pain, and dyspareunia associated with endometriosis
    • Corbellis, L., et al. 2004. A danazol-loaded intrauterine device decreases dysmenorrheal, pelvic pain, and dyspareunia associated with endometriosis. Fertil Steril 82:239.
    • (2004) Fertil Steril , vol.82 , pp. 239
    • Corbellis, L.1
  • 87
    • 4344713481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of endometrial hyperplasia with a danazol-releasing intrauterine device: A prospective study
    • Tamaoka, Y., et al. 2004. Treatment of endometrial hyperplasia with a danazol-releasing intrauterine device: A prospective study. Gynecol Obstet Invest 58:42.
    • (2004) Gynecol Obstet Invest , vol.58 , pp. 42
    • Tamaoka, Y.1
  • 88
    • 85056930257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Report on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic, July 2002. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV /AIDS, Geneva
    • UNAIDS (2002). Report on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic, July 2002. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV /AIDS, Geneva. Available at http://www.unaids.org /html /pub/Global-Reports /Barcelona/BRGlobal_AIDS_Report_en_pdf.pdf.
    • (2002)
  • 89
    • 0031821309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global prevalence and incidence estimates of selected curable STDs
    • Gerbase, A.C., et al. 1998. Global prevalence and incidence estimates of selected curable STDs. Sex Trans Infect Suppl 1:S12.
    • (1998) Sex Trans Infect Suppl , vol.1 , pp. S12
    • Gerbase, A.C.1
  • 90
    • 0033619146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The AIDS epidemic
    • Fauci A.S. 1999. The AIDS epidemic. N Engl J Med 341:1046.
    • (1999) N Engl J Med , vol.341 , pp. 1046
    • Fauci, A.S.1
  • 91
    • 0027058409 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiological synergy: Interrelationships between HIV and infection and other STDs
    • Wasserheit, N.J. 1992. Epidemiological synergy: Interrelationships between HIV and infection and other STDs. Sex Trans Dis 19:61.
    • (1992) Sex Trans Dis , vol.19 , pp. 61
    • Wasserheit, N.J.1
  • 92
    • 0027762607 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of sexually transmitted infections: Physical and chemical barrier methods
    • Stratton P., and N.J. Alexander. 1993. Prevention of sexually transmitted infections: Physical and chemical barrier methods. Infect Dis Clin North Am 7:841.
    • (1993) Infect Dis Clin North Am , vol.7 , pp. 841
    • Stratton, P.1    Alexander, N.J.2
  • 93
    • 16844362848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbicides to prevent heterosexual transmission of HIV:T en years down the road
    • Van de Wijgert, J., and C. Coogins. 2002. Microbicides to prevent heterosexual transmission of HIV:T en years down the road. AIDScience 2: 1. Available a t: www.aidscience.org /Articles /aidscience015.asp
    • (2002) AIDScience , vol.2 , pp. 1
    • Van de Wijgert, J.1    Coogins, C.2
  • 94
    • 85056941369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Avert-A guide to HIV and AIDS treatment
    • Avert-A guide to HIV and AIDS treatment. Available at: www.avert.org
  • 95
    • 85056980843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • amfAR Aids Research-Microbicides: A New Weapon Against HIV
    • amfAR Aids Research-Microbicides: A New Weapon Against HIV. Available at: www.amfar.org
  • 96
    • 85056928825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AIDS Action-Policy Facts. Microbicides. March 2002
    • AIDS Action-Policy Facts. Microbicides. March 2002. Available at: www.thebody. com /aac/brochures /microbicides.html.
  • 97
    • 0000337913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thai views of sexuality and sexual behaviour
    • Knodel, J., and M. VanLandingham. 1996. Thai views of sexuality and sexual behaviour. Health Trans Rev 6:179.
    • (1996) Health Trans Rev , vol.6 , pp. 179
    • Knodel, J.1    VanLandingham, M.2
  • 99
    • 85056938675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Joint United Nations Programme of HIV /AIDS
    • AIDS Epidemic Update 2004, Joint United Nations Programme of HIV /AIDS, Available at:www.unaids.org /wad2004/report.html.
    • (2004)
  • 101
    • 85056984554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UNAIDS/WHO, December 2002
    • AIDS Epidemic update (2002). UNAIDS/WHO, December 2002. Available at: www.who.int /hiv/pub/epidemiology /epi2002/en /.
    • (2002)
  • 102
    • 0036884933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbicides: A new approach to preventing HIV and other sexually transmitted infections
    • Stone, A. 2002. Microbicides: A new approach to preventing HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Nat Rev Drug Discov 1:997.
    • (2002) Nat Rev Drug Discov , vol.1 , pp. 997
    • Stone, A.1
  • 103
    • 0015291988 scopus 로고
    • Studies of the development of a vaginal preparation providing both prophylaxis against venereal disease and other genital infections and contraception: II. Effect in vitro of vaginal contraception and non-contraceptive preparations on Treponema pallidum and Neisseria gonorrhoeae
    • Singh, B., J.C. Cutler, and H.M.D. Utidjian. 1972. Studies of the development of a vaginal preparation providing both prophylaxis against venereal disease and other genital infections and contraception: II. Effect in vitro of vaginal contraception and non-contraceptive preparations on Treponema pallidum and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Br J Ven Dis 48:57.
    • (1972) Br J Ven Dis , vol.48 , pp. 57
    • Singh, B.1    Cutler, J.C.2    Utidjian, H.M.D.3
  • 104
    • 0022311629 scopus 로고
    • Inactivation of HTLV-III/LAV-infected cultures of normal human lymphocytes by nonoxynol-9 in vitro
    • Hicks, D., L. Martin, and J. Getchell. 1985. Inactivation of HTLV-III/LAV-infected cultures of normal human lymphocytes by nonoxynol-9 in vitro. Lancet 2:1422.
    • (1985) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 1422
    • Hicks, D.1    Martin, L.2    Getchell, J.3
  • 105
    • 0024372885 scopus 로고
    • In vitro evaluation of condoms with and without nonoxynol-9 as physical and chemical barriers against Chlamydia trachomatis, herpes simplex virus type 2, and human immunodeficiency virus
    • Judson. F.N., et al. 1989. In vitro evaluation of condoms with and without nonoxynol-9 as physical and chemical barriers against Chlamydia trachomatis, herpes simplex virus type 2, and human immunodeficiency virus. Sex Trans Dis 16:51.
    • (1989) Sex Trans Dis , vol.16 , pp. 51
    • Judson, F.N.1
  • 106
    • 0037190597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of COL-1492, a nonoxynol-9 vaginal gel, on HIV-1 transmission in female sex workers: A randomised controlled trial
    • Van Damme, L., et al. 2002. Effectiveness of COL-1492, a nonoxynol-9 vaginal gel, on HIV-1 transmission in female sex workers: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 360:971.
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.360 , pp. 971
    • Van Damme, L.1
  • 107
    • 0026684234 scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of nonoxynol 9 contraceptive sponge use in preventing heterosexual acquisition of HIV in Nairobi prostitutes
    • Kreiss J., et al. 1992. Efficacy of nonoxynol 9 contraceptive sponge use in preventing heterosexual acquisition of HIV in Nairobi prostitutes. JAMA 268:477.
    • (1992) JAMA , vol.268 , pp. 477
    • Kreiss, J.1
  • 108
    • 0032552228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A controlled trial of nonoxynol-9 film to reduce male-to-female transmission of sexually transmitted diseases
    • Roddy, R.E., et al. 1998. A controlled trial of nonoxynol-9 film to reduce male-to-female transmission of sexually transmitted diseases. N Engl J Med 339:504.
    • (1998) N Engl J Med , vol.339 , pp. 504
    • Roddy, R.E.1
  • 109
    • 0002097671 scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial activity of lipids added to human milk, infant formula, and bovine milk
    • Isaacs, C.E., R.E. Litov, and H. Thormar. 1995. Antimicrobial activity of lipids added to human milk, infant formula, and bovine milk. Nutr Biochem 6:362.
    • (1995) Nutr Biochem , vol.6 , pp. 362
    • Isaacs, C.E.1    Litov, R.E.2    Thormar, H.3
  • 110
    • 0003174069 scopus 로고
    • Fatty acids and derivatives as antimicrobial agents
    • J.J. Kabara, St. Louis: American Oil Chemists Society
    • Kabara, J.J. 1978. Fatty acids and derivatives as antimicrobial agents. In The pharmacological effect of lipids, ed. J.J. Kabara, 1-14. St. Louis: American Oil Chemists Society.
    • (1978) Pharmacological effect of lipids , pp. 1-14
    • Kabara, J.J.1
  • 111
    • 0002824581 scopus 로고
    • Combined effects on antibacterial activity of fatty acids and their esters against gram-negative bacteria
    • J.J. Kabara, St. Louis: American Oil Chemists Society
    • Shibasaki, I., and N. Kato. 1978. Combined effects on antibacterial activity of fatty acids and their esters against gram-negative bacteria. In The pharmacological effects of lipids, ed. J.J. Kabara, 15-24. St. Louis: American Oil Chemists Society.
    • (1978) Pharmacological effects of lipids , pp. 15-24
    • Shibasaki, I.1    Kato, N.2
  • 113
    • 0018631017 scopus 로고
    • Effect of antiviral lipids, heat, and freezing on the activity of viruses in human milk
    • Welsh, J.K., M. Arsenakis, R.J. Coelen, and J.T. May. 1979. Effect of antiviral lipids, heat, and freezing on the activity of viruses in human milk. J Infect Dis 140:322.
    • (1979) J Infect Dis , vol.140 , pp. 322
    • Welsh, J.K.1    Arsenakis, M.2    Coelen, R.J.3    May, J.T.4
  • 114
    • 0033007154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydrogels containing monocaprin have potent microbicidal activities against sexually transmitted viruses and bacteria in vitro
    • Thormar, et al. 1999. Hydrogels containing monocaprin have potent microbicidal activities against sexually transmitted viruses and bacteria in vitro. Sex Trans Infect 75:181.
    • (1999) Sex Trans Infect , vol.75 , pp. 181
    • Thormar1
  • 115
    • 0031959804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Killing of Chlamydia trachomatis by novel antimicrobial lipids adapted from compounds in human breast milk
    • Lampe, M.F., et al. 1998. Killing of Chlamydia trachomatis by novel antimicrobial lipids adapted from compounds in human breast milk. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42:1239.
    • (1998) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.42 , pp. 1239
    • Lampe, M.F.1
  • 116
    • 0036129320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AIDS vaccine models: Challenging challenge viruses
    • Fienberg, M.B., and J.P. Moore. 2002. AIDS vaccine models: Challenging challenge viruses. Nat Med 8:207.
    • (2002) Nat Med , vol.8 , pp. 207
    • Fienberg, M.B.1    Moore, J.P.2
  • 117
    • 85056970417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • January, Alliance for Microbicide Development
    • Microbicide Research and Development-Progress Report. January 2002. Alliance for Microbicide Development.
    • (2002)
  • 118
    • 0032921247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cyanovirin-N binds to gp120 to interfere with CD4-dependent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virion binding, fusion, and infectivity but does not affect the CD4 binding site on gp120 or soluble CD4- induced conformational changes in gp120
    • Esser, M.T., et al. 1999. Cyanovirin-N binds to gp120 to interfere with CD4-dependent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virion binding, fusion, and infectivity but does not affect the CD4 binding site on gp120 or soluble CD4- induced conformational changes in gp120. J Virol 73:4360.
    • (1999) J Virol , vol.73 , pp. 4360
    • Esser, M.T.1
  • 119
    • 0033789322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of the interaction between the HIV-inactivating protein cyanovirin-N and soluble forms of the envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp41
    • O’Keefe, B.R., et al. 2000. Analysis of the interaction between the HIV-inactivating protein cyanovirin-N and soluble forms of the envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp41. Mol Pharmacol 58:982.
    • (2000) Mol Pharmacol , vol.58 , pp. 982
    • O’Keefe, B.R.1
  • 120
    • 0035028207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cyanovirin-N defines a new class of antiviral agent targeting N-linked, high-mannose glycans in an oligosaccharide-specific manner
    • Bolmstedt, A.J., et al. 2001. Cyanovirin-N defines a new class of antiviral agent targeting N-linked, high-mannose glycans in an oligosaccharide-specific manner. Mol Pharmacol 59:949.
    • (2001) Mol Pharmacol , vol.59 , pp. 949
    • Bolmstedt, A.J.1
  • 121
    • 85056911804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Society for Womens Health Research
    • Cariati, S. 2002. Invisible condoms for women on the way, Society for Womens Health Research. Available at: http://www.womens-health.org /press /newsservice /011702.htm.
    • (2002) Invisible condoms for women on the way
    • Cariati, S.1
  • 122
    • 0022360891 scopus 로고
    • Immunohistochemical localization of immunoglobins A, G and M in female genital tract
    • Parr, M.B., and E.L. Parr. 1985. Immunohistochemical localization of immunoglobins A, G and M in female genital tract. J Reprod Fert 74:361.
    • (1985) J Reprod Fert , vol.74 , pp. 361
    • Parr, M.B.1    Parr, E.L.2
  • 123
    • 0025847689 scopus 로고
    • Women, HIV, and mucosal immunity
    • Forrest, B.D. 1991. Women, HIV, and mucosal immunity. Lancet 337:835.
    • (1991) Lancet , vol.337 , pp. 835
    • Forrest, B.D.1
  • 124
    • 0036644724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential induction of mucosal and systemic antibody responses in women after nasal, rectal, or vaginal immunization: Influence of the menstrual cycle
    • Kozlowski, P.A., et al. 2002. Differential induction of mucosal and systemic antibody responses in women after nasal, rectal, or vaginal immunization: Influence of the menstrual cycle. J Immunol 169:566.
    • (2002) J Immunol , vol.169 , pp. 566
    • Kozlowski, P.A.1
  • 125
    • 10144232294 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive tract immunity for the control of fertility: New strategies for immunocontraception
    • Upadhyay, S. 1995. Reproductive tract immunity for the control of fertility: New strategies for immunocontraception. Mucos Immun Update 3:7.
    • (1995) Mucos Immun Update , vol.3 , pp. 7
    • Upadhyay, S.1
  • 126
    • 0242546980 scopus 로고
    • Contraceptive vaccine development:Secretory immune response in mice and monkeys
    • Alexander, N.J., D.L. Fulgham, and E. Goldberg, E. 1992. Contraceptive vaccine development:Secretory immune response in mice and monkeys. Vaccine Res 1:331.
    • (1992) Vaccine Res , vol.1 , pp. 331
    • Alexander, N.J.1    Fulgham, D.L.2    Goldberg, E.E.3
  • 127
    • 0030817199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current options for vaccine delivery systems by mucosal routes
    • Mestecky, J., et al. 1997. Current options for vaccine delivery systems by mucosal routes. J Control Release 48:243.
    • (1997) J Control Release , vol.48 , pp. 243
    • Mestecky, J.1
  • 128
    • 0036239761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunization for protection of the reproductive tract: A review
    • Russel, M.W. 2002. Immunization for protection of the reproductive tract: A review. Am J Reprod Immunol 47:265.
    • (2002) Am J Reprod Immunol , vol.47 , pp. 265
    • Russel, M.W.1
  • 129
    • 0032403502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microparticles and polymers for the mucosal delivery of vaccines
    • O’Hagan, D.T. 1998. Microparticles and polymers for the mucosal delivery of vaccines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 34:305.
    • (1998) Adv Drug Deliv Rev , vol.34 , pp. 305
    • O’Hagan, D.T.1
  • 130
    • 0023716749 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of specific antibody responses in mouse vaginal fluid after immunization by various routes
    • Parr, E.L., M.B. Parr, and M. Thapar. 1988. A comparison of specific antibody responses in mouse vaginal fluid after immunization by various routes. J Reprod Immunol 14:165.
    • (1988) J Reprod Immunol , vol.14 , pp. 165
    • Parr, E.L.1    Parr, M.B.2    Thapar, M.3
  • 131
    • 85056933214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Humoral immune responses to microbial infections in the genital tract
    • Russell, M.W., and J. Mestecky. 1998. Humoral immune responses to microbial infections in the genital tract. Microb Infect 34:305.
    • (1998) Microb Infect , vol.34 , pp. 305
    • Russell, M.W.1    Mestecky, J.2
  • 132
    • 0002951357 scopus 로고
    • Mucosal immunity in the female and male reproductive tracts
    • P.L. Ogra, W. Strober, J. Mestecky, J.R. McGhee, M.E. Lamm, and J. Bienenstock, San Diego: Academic Press
    • Parr, M.B., and E.L. Parr. 1994. Mucosal immunity in the female and male reproductive tracts. In Handbook of mucosal immunology, eds. P.L. Ogra, W. Strober, J. Mestecky, J.R. McGhee, M.E. Lamm, and J. Bienenstock, 667. San Diego: Academic Press.
    • (1994) Handbook of mucosal immunology , pp. 667
    • Parr, M.B.1    Parr, E.L.2
  • 134
    • 0030184352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA vaccines for emerging infectious diseases: What if ?
    • Whalen, R.G. 1996. DNA vaccines for emerging infectious diseases: What if ? Emerg Infect Dis 2:168.
    • (1996) Emerg Infect Dis , vol.2 , pp. 168
    • Whalen, R.G.1
  • 135
    • 28444487808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of antibodies in women after vaginal immunization during the mid-proliferative or mid-secretory phase of the menstrual cycle
    • Kozwolski, P.A., M.R. Neutra, T.P. Flanigan, and S. Cu-Uvin. 2000. Induction of antibodies in women after vaginal immunization during the mid-proliferative or mid-secretory phase of the menstrual cycle. FASEB J 14:A1248.
    • (2000) FASEB J , vol.14 , pp. A1248
    • Kozwolski, P.A.1    Neutra, M.R.2    Flanigan, T.P.3    Cu-Uvin, S.4
  • 136
    • 0141682084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prolonged exposure to progesterone prevents induction of protective mucosal responses following intravaginal immunization with attenuated herpes simplex virus type 2
    • Gillgrass, A.E., A.A. Ashkar, K.L. Rosenthal, and C. Kaushic. 2003. Prolonged exposure to progesterone prevents induction of protective mucosal responses following intravaginal immunization with attenuated herpes simplex virus type 2. J Virol 77:9845.
    • (2003) J Virol , vol.77 , pp. 9845
    • Gillgrass, A.E.1    Ashkar, A.A.2    Rosenthal, K.L.3    Kaushic, C.4
  • 137
    • 0037384980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progesterone increases susceptibility and decreases immune responses to genital herpes infection
    • Kaushic, C., A.A. Ashkar, L.A. Reid, and K.L. Rosenthal. 2003. Progesterone increases susceptibility and decreases immune responses to genital herpes infection. J Virol 77:4558.
    • (2003) J Virol , vol.77 , pp. 4558
    • Kaushic, C.1    Ashkar, A.A.2    Reid, L.A.3    Rosenthal, K.L.4
  • 139
    • 0032921381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mucosal vaccination strategies for women
    • Kozlowski, P.A., et al. 1999. Mucosal vaccination strategies for women. J Inf Dis 179:S493.
    • (1999) J Inf Dis , vol.179 , pp. S493
    • Kozlowski, P.A.1
  • 140
    • 0030929465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Commensal bacteria as vectors for mucosal vaccines against sexually transmitted diseases: Vaginal colonization with recombinant streptococci induces local and systemic antibodies in mice
    • Medaglini, D., et al. 1997. Commensal bacteria as vectors for mucosal vaccines against sexually transmitted diseases: Vaginal colonization with recombinant streptococci induces local and systemic antibodies in mice. Vaccine 15:1330.
    • (1997) Vaccine , vol.15 , pp. 1330
    • Medaglini, D.1
  • 141
    • 0034666714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of an HPV 6bL1-specific mucosal IgA response by DNA immunization
    • Schreckenberger, C., et al. 2001. Induction of an HPV 6bL1-specific mucosal IgA response by DNA immunization. Vaccine 19:227.
    • (2001) Vaccine , vol.19 , pp. 227
    • Schreckenberger, C.1
  • 142
    • 0030757875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic immunization: A new era in vaccines and immune therapeutics
    • Chattergoon, M., J. Boyer, and D.B. Weiner. 1997. Genetic immunization: A new era in vaccines and immune therapeutics. FASEB J 11:753.
    • (1997) FASEB J , vol.11 , pp. 753
    • Chattergoon, M.1    Boyer, J.2    Weiner, D.B.3
  • 143
    • 0033979939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of route of vaccination with vaccinia virus expressing HSV-2 glycoprotein D on protection from genital HSV-2 infection
    • Bernstein, D.I. 2000. Effect of route of vaccination with vaccinia virus expressing HSV-2 glycoprotein D on protection from genital HSV-2 infection. Vaccine 18:1351.
    • (2000) Vaccine , vol.18 , pp. 1351
    • Bernstein, D.I.1
  • 145
    • 0033407142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immune responses and protection against vaginal infection after nasal or vaginal immunization with attenuated herpes simplex type-2
    • Parr, E.L., and M.B. Parr. 1999. Immune responses and protection against vaginal infection after nasal or vaginal immunization with attenuated herpes simplex type-2. Immunology 98:639.
    • (1999) Immunology , vol.98 , pp. 639
    • Parr, E.L.1    Parr, M.B.2
  • 146
    • 0015621886 scopus 로고
    • Local antibody response to poliovaccine in the human female genital tract
    • Ogra, P.L., and S.S. Ogra. 1973. Local antibody response to poliovaccine in the human female genital tract. J Immun 110:1307.
    • (1973) J Immun , vol.110 , pp. 1307
    • Ogra, P.L.1    Ogra, S.S.2
  • 147
    • 0036301666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Partial protection against experimental vaginal candidiasis after mucosal vaccination with heat-killed Candida albicans and the mucosal adjuvant LT(R192G)
    • Cardenas-Freytag, L., et al. 2002. Partial protection against experimental vaginal candidiasis after mucosal vaccination with heat-killed Candida albicans and the mucosal adjuvant LT(R192G). Med Mycol 40:291.
    • (2002) Med Mycol , vol.40 , pp. 291
    • Cardenas-Freytag, L.1
  • 148
    • 0041736550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phase 2 clinical trial of a vaginal mucosal vaccine for urinary tract infections
    • Uehling, D.T., et al. 2003. Phase 2 clinical trial of a vaginal mucosal vaccine for urinary tract infections. J Urol 170:867.
    • (2003) J Urol , vol.170 , pp. 867
    • Uehling, D.T.1
  • 149
    • 0037108812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mucosal immunization with inactivated human immunodeficiency virus plus CpG oligodeoxynucleotides induces genital immune responses and protection against intravaginal challenge
    • Dumais, N., et al. 2002. Mucosal immunization with inactivated human immunodeficiency virus plus CpG oligodeoxynucleotides induces genital immune responses and protection against intravaginal challenge. J Infect Dis 15:1098.
    • (2002) J Infect Dis , vol.15 , pp. 1098
    • Dumais, N.1
  • 150
    • 0036827534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of immunostimulatory sequence-containing oligonucleotides as topical therapy for genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infection
    • Pyles, R.B., D. Higgins, C. Chalk, A. Zalar, J. Eiden, C. Brown, G. VanNest, and L.R. Stanberry. Use of immunostimulatory sequence-containing oligonucleotides as topical therapy for genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infection. J Virol 76:11387.
    • J Virol , vol.76 , pp. 11387
    • Pyles, R.B.1    Higgins, D.2    Chalk, C.3    Zalar, A.4    Eiden, J.5    Brown, C.6    VanNest, G.7    Stanberry, L.R.8
  • 151
    • 0027311271 scopus 로고
    • Intravaginal immunization in sheep using a bioadhesive microsphere antigen delivery system
    • OHagan, D.T., D. Rafferty, S. Wharton, and L. Illum. 1993. Intravaginal immunization in sheep using a bioadhesive microsphere antigen delivery system. Vaccine 11:660.
    • (1993) Vaccine , vol.11 , pp. 660
    • Ohagan, D.T.1    Rafferty, D.2    Wharton, S.3    Illum, L.4
  • 153
    • 0035178074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nasal and vaginal vaccinations have differential effects on antibody responses in vaginal and cervical secretions in humans
    • Johansson, E.L., L. Wassen, J. Holmgren, M. Jertborn, and A. Rudin. 2001. Nasal and vaginal vaccinations have differential effects on antibody responses in vaginal and cervical secretions in humans. Infect Immun 69:7481.
    • (2001) Infect Immun , vol.69 , pp. 7481
    • Johansson, E.L.1    Wassen, L.2    Holmgren, J.3    Jertborn, M.4    Rudin, A.5
  • 154
    • 0025996439 scopus 로고
    • Contraceptive failure rates in developing countries: Evidence from the demographic and health surveys
    • Moreno, L., and N. Goldman. 1991. Contraceptive failure rates in developing countries: Evidence from the demographic and health surveys. Int Fam Plan Perspect 17:44.
    • (1991) Int Fam Plan Perspect , vol.17 , pp. 44
    • Moreno, L.1    Goldman, N.2
  • 155
    • 0026603466 scopus 로고
    • Contraceptive failure rates based on the 1988 NSFG
    • Jones, E.F., and J.D. Forrest. 1992. Contraceptive failure rates based on the 1988 NSFG. Fam Plan Perspect 24:12.
    • (1992) Fam Plan Perspect , vol.24 , pp. 12
    • Jones, E.F.1    Forrest, J.D.2
  • 156
    • 0019942603 scopus 로고
    • Plasma progesterone levels following subdermal implantation of progesterone pellets in lactating women
    • Croxatto, H.B., et al. 1982. Plasma progesterone levels following subdermal implantation of progesterone pellets in lactating women. Acta Endocrinol 100:630.
    • (1982) Acta Endocrinol , vol.100 , pp. 630
    • Croxatto, H.B.1
  • 157
    • 0019947830 scopus 로고
    • Fertility regulation in nursing women. II. Comparative performance of progesterone implants versus placebo and copper T
    • Croxatta, H.B., et al. 1982. Fertility regulation in nursing women. II. Comparative performance of progesterone implants versus placebo and copper T. Am J Obstet Gynecol 144:201.
    • (1982) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.144 , pp. 201
    • Croxatta, H.B.1
  • 158
    • 0021715094 scopus 로고
    • Fertility regulation in nursing women. VI. Contraceptive effectiveness of a subdermal progesterone implant
    • Diaz, S., et al. 1984. Fertility regulation in nursing women. VI. Contraceptive effectiveness of a subdermal progesterone implant. Contraception 30:311.
    • (1984) Contraception , vol.30 , pp. 311
    • Diaz, S.1
  • 160
    • 0032745693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pre-registration study on the safety and contraceptive efficacy of a progesterone-releasing vaginal ring on Chilean nursing women
    • Massai, R., et al. 1999. Pre-registration study on the safety and contraceptive efficacy of a progesterone-releasing vaginal ring on Chilean nursing women. Contraception 60:9.
    • (1999) Contraception , vol.60 , pp. 9
    • Massai, R.1
  • 161
    • 0033675219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vaginal rings for contraception in lactating women
    • Massai, R., et al. 2000. Vaginal rings for contraception in lactating women. Steroids 65:703.
    • (2000) Steroids , vol.65 , pp. 703
    • Massai, R.1
  • 162
    • 0022396202 scopus 로고
    • Fertility regulation in nursing women. VIII. Progesterone plasma levels and contraceptive efficacy of a progesterone-releasing vaginal ring
    • Diaz, S., et al. 1985. Fertility regulation in nursing women. VIII. Progesterone plasma levels and contraceptive efficacy of a progesterone-releasing vaginal ring. Contraception 32:603.
    • (1985) Contraception , vol.32 , pp. 603
    • Diaz, S.1
  • 163
    • 0025944020 scopus 로고
    • Contraception with progestogens and progesterone during lactation
    • Shaaban, N.N. 1991. Contraception with progestogens and progesterone during lactation. J Steroid Biochem Molec Biol 40:705.
    • (1991) J Steroid Biochem Molec Biol , vol.40 , pp. 705
    • Shaaban, N.N.1
  • 164
    • 0343903098 scopus 로고
    • Progesterone vaginal rings for contraception during breastfeeding
    • B. Runnebaum, T. Rabe, and L. Kiessel, New Jersey: The Parthenon Publishing Group
    • Croxatto, H.B., and S. Diaz, S. 1991. Progesterone vaginal rings for contraception during breastfeeding. In Female contraception and male fertility regulation, vol. 2, eds. B. Runnebaum, T. Rabe, and L. Kiessel, 135-142. New Jersey: The Parthenon Publishing Group.
    • (1991) Female contraception and male fertility regulation , vol.2 , pp. 135-142
    • Croxatto, H.B.1    Diaz, S.S.2
  • 165
    • 0343580464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contraceptives for lactating women: A comparative trial of a progesteronereleasing vaginal ring and the copper T 380A IUD
    • Sivin, I., et al. 1997. Contraceptives for lactating women: A comparative trial of a progesteronereleasing vaginal ring and the copper T 380A IUD. Contraception 55:225.
    • (1997) Contraception , vol.55 , pp. 225
    • Sivin, I.1
  • 166
    • 0030707530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fertility regulation in nursing women. IX. Contraceptive performance, duration of lactation, infant growth, and bleeding patterns during use of progesterone vaginal rings, progestin-only pills, Norplant1 implants and copper T 380-A intrauterine devices
    • Diaz, S., et al. 1997. Fertility regulation in nursing women. IX. Contraceptive performance, duration of lactation, infant growth, and bleeding patterns during use of progesterone vaginal rings, progestin-only pills, Norplant1 implants and copper T 380-A intrauterine devices. Contraception 56:223.
    • (1997) Contraception , vol.56 , pp. 223
    • Diaz, S.1
  • 167
    • 0031871437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The comparative trial of TCu 380A IUD and progesterone-only vaginal ring used by lactating women
    • Chen, J.H., et al. 1998. The comparative trial of TCu 380A IUD and progesterone-only vaginal ring used by lactating women. Contraception 57:371.
    • (1998) Contraception , vol.57 , pp. 371
    • Chen, J.H.1
  • 168
    • 0033675219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vaginal rings for contraception in lactating women
    • Massai, R., et al. 2000. Vaginal rings for contraception in lactating women. Steroids 65:703.
    • (2000) Steroids , vol.65 , pp. 703
    • Massai, R.1
  • 169
    • 0346186151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nestorone1: Clinical implications for contraception and HRT
    • Sitruk-Ware, R., et al. 2003. Nestorone1: Clinical implications for contraception and HRT. Steroids 68:907.
    • (2003) Steroids , vol.68 , pp. 907
    • Sitruk-Ware, R.1
  • 170
    • 0033623603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nesterone1: A progestin with a unique pharmacological profile
    • Kumar, N., et al. 2000. Nesterone1: A progestin with a unique pharmacological profile. Steroids 65:629.
    • (2000) Steroids , vol.65 , pp. 629
    • Kumar, N.1
  • 171
    • 0345456851 scopus 로고
    • 16-Alkylated progestogens
    • Shapiro, E.L., et al. 1962. 16-Alkylated progestogens. J Med Pharm Chem 5:975.
    • (1962) J Med Pharm Chem , vol.5 , pp. 975
    • Shapiro, E.L.1
  • 172
    • 0022881223 scopus 로고
    • Interaction of new 19-norprogesterone derivative with progestagen, mineralocortoid and glucocorticoid receptors
    • Bottela, J., et al. 1986. Interaction of new 19-norprogesterone derivative with progestagen, mineralocortoid and glucocorticoid receptors. J Pharmacol 17:699.
    • (1986) J Pharmacol , vol.17 , pp. 699
    • Bottela, J.1
  • 173
    • 0037005190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complete and robust ovulation inhibition with NuvaRing
    • Killick, S. 2002. Complete and robust ovulation inhibition with NuvaRing. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 7:13.
    • (2002) Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care , vol.7 , pp. 13
    • Killick, S.1
  • 174
    • 16244392384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison between the vaginal ring and oral contraceptives
    • Veres, S., L. Miller, and B. Burington. 2004. A comparison between the vaginal ring and oral contraceptives. Obstet Gynecol 104:555.
    • (2004) Obstet Gynecol , vol.104 , pp. 555
    • Veres, S.1    Miller, L.2    Burington, B.3
  • 175
    • 14044278206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Superior cycle control with a contraceptive vaginal ring compared with an oral contraceptive containing 30 mu g ethinylestradiol and 150 mug levonorgestrel: A randomized trial
    • Oddson, K., et al. 2005. Superior cycle control with a contraceptive vaginal ring compared with an oral contraceptive containing 30 mu g ethinylestradiol and 150 mug levonorgestrel: A randomized trial. Hum Reprod 20:557.
    • (2005) Hum Reprod , vol.20 , pp. 557
    • Oddson, K.1
  • 176
    • 0037004985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lower hormone dosage with improved cycle control
    • Vree, M. 2002. Lower hormone dosage with improved cycle control. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 7:25.
    • (2002) Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care , vol.7 , pp. 25
    • Vree, M.1
  • 177
    • 0036709915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy, cycle control, and user acceptability of a novel combined contraceptive vaginal ring
    • Dieben, T.O.M., F.J.M.E., Roumen, and D. Apter. 2002. Efficacy, cycle control, and user acceptability of a novel combined contraceptive vaginal ring. Obstet Gynecol 100:585.
    • (2002) Obstet Gynecol , vol.100 , pp. 585
    • Dieben, T.O.M.1    Roumen, F.J.M.E.2    Apter, D.3
  • 178
    • 0037004986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High acceptability and satisfaction with NuvaRing use
    • Szarewski, A. 2002. High acceptability and satisfaction with NuvaRing use. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 7:31.
    • (2002) Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care , vol.7 , pp. 31
    • Szarewski, A.1
  • 179
    • 0037369681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The combined contraceptive vaginal ring, NuvaRing: An international study of user acceptability
    • Novak, A., et al. 2003. The combined contraceptive vaginal ring, NuvaRing: An international study of user acceptability. Contraception 67:187.
    • (2003) Contraception , vol.67 , pp. 187
    • Novak, A.1
  • 180
    • 0033795487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics of etonogestrel and ethinylestradiol released from a combined contraceptive vaginal ring
    • Timmer, C.J., and T.M.T. Mulders. 2000. Pharmacokinetics of etonogestrel and ethinylestradiol released from a combined contraceptive vaginal ring. Clin Pharmacokin 39:233.
    • (2000) Clin Pharmacokin , vol.39 , pp. 233
    • Timmer, C.J.1    Mulders, T.M.T.2
  • 181
    • 0029617289 scopus 로고
    • New kinetic data on estradiol in light of the vaginal ring concept
    • Gabrielsson, J., et al. 1995. New kinetic data on estradiol in light of the vaginal ring concept. Matutitas S35-S39.
    • (1995) Matutitas , pp. S35-S39
    • Gabrielsson, J.1
  • 182
    • 0029586948 scopus 로고
    • The estradiol vaginal ring-A study of existing clinical data
    • Bachmann, G. 1995. The estradiol vaginal ring-A study of existing clinical data. Matutitas S21-S39.
    • (1995) Matutitas , pp. S21-S39
    • Bachmann, G.1
  • 183
    • 3042645965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endometrial safety with a low-dose intrauterine levonorgestrelreleasing system after 3 years of estrogen substitution therapy
    • Wildemeersch, D., et al. 2004. Endometrial safety with a low-dose intrauterine levonorgestrelreleasing system after 3 years of estrogen substitution therapy. Maturitas 48:65.
    • (2004) Maturitas , vol.48 , pp. 65
    • Wildemeersch, D.1
  • 184
    • 0034909342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of menorrhagia with a novel ‘frameless’ intrauterine levonorgestrel-releasing drug delivery system: A pilot study
    • Wildemeersch, D., and E. Schacht. 2001. Treatment of menorrhagia with a novel ‘frameless’ intrauterine levonorgestrel-releasing drug delivery system: A pilot study. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 6:93.
    • (2001) Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care , vol.6 , pp. 93
    • Wildemeersch, D.1    Schacht, E.2
  • 185
    • 0034471468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contraception with a novel ‘frameless’ intrauterine levonorgestrel-releasing drug delivery system: A pilot study
    • Wildemeersch, D., and E. Schacht. 2000. Contraception with a novel ‘frameless’ intrauterine levonorgestrel-releasing drug delivery system: A pilot study. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 5:234.
    • (2000) Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care , vol.5 , pp. 234
    • Wildemeersch, D.1    Schacht, E.2
  • 186
    • 0642364497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Miniature, low-dose, intrauterine drug-delivery systems
    • Wildemeersch, D., et al. 2003. Miniature, low-dose, intrauterine drug-delivery systems. Annals NY Acad Sci 997:174.
    • (2003) Annals NY Acad Sci , vol.997 , pp. 174
    • Wildemeersch, D.1
  • 188
    • 0031966833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug treatment for urinary incontinence
    • Hattori, T. 1998. Drug treatment for urinary incontinence. Drugs Today 34:125.
    • (1998) Drugs Today , vol.34 , pp. 125
    • Hattori, T.1
  • 189
    • 0028138698 scopus 로고
    • Influences of trospium chloride and oxybutynin on quantitative EEG in healthy-volunteers
    • Pietzko, A., et al. 1994. Influences of trospium chloride and oxybutynin on quantitative EEG in healthy-volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 47:337.
    • (1994) Eur J Clin Pharmacol , vol.47 , pp. 337
    • Pietzko, A.1
  • 190
    • 0033007724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An extended-release formulation of oxybutynin chloride for the treatment of overactive urinary bladder
    • Goldenberg, M.M. 1999. An extended-release formulation of oxybutynin chloride for the treatment of overactive urinary bladder. Clin Ther 21:634.
    • (1999) Clin Ther , vol.21 , pp. 634
    • Goldenberg, M.M.1
  • 191
    • 0032829435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Once daily controlled versus immediate release oxybutynin chloride for urge urinary incontinence
    • Anderson, R.U., et al. 1999. Once daily controlled versus immediate release oxybutynin chloride for urge urinary incontinence. J Urol 161:1809.
    • (1999) J Urol , vol.161 , pp. 1809
    • Anderson, R.U.1
  • 192
    • 0032978860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phamacokinetics of an oral once-a-day controlled-release oxybutynin formulation compared with immediate-release oxybutynin
    • Gupta, S.K., and G. Sathyan. 1999. Phamacokinetics of an oral once-a-day controlled-release oxybutynin formulation compared with immediate-release oxybutynin. J Clin Pharmacol 39:289.
    • (1999) J Clin Pharmacol , vol.39 , pp. 289
    • Gupta, S.K.1    Sathyan, G.2
  • 193
    • 0032977094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative characterisation of therapeutic index: Application of mixedeffects modelling to evaluate oxybutynin dose-efficacy and dose-side effect relationships
    • Gupta, S.K., et al. 1999. Quantitative characterisation of therapeutic index: Application of mixedeffects modelling to evaluate oxybutynin dose-efficacy and dose-side effect relationships. Clin Pharmacol Ther 65:672.
    • (1999) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.65 , pp. 672
    • Gupta, S.K.1
  • 194
    • 0031955337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytochrome P450 specificity of metabolism and interaction of oxybutynin in human liver microsomes
    • Lukkari, E., et al. 1998. Cytochrome P450 specificity of metabolism and interaction of oxybutynin in human liver microsomes. Pharmacol Toxicol 82:161.
    • (1998) Pharmacol Toxicol , vol.82 , pp. 161
    • Lukkari, E.1
  • 195
    • 0023732376 scopus 로고
    • The pharmacokinetics of oxybutynin
    • Douchamps, J., et al. 1988. The pharmacokinetics of oxybutynin. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 35:515.
    • (1988) Eur J Clin Pharmacol , vol.35 , pp. 515
    • Douchamps, J.1
  • 196
    • 85056955471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro cytochrome p450 dependant metabolism of oxybutynin to N-deethyloxybutynin in humans
    • Yaich, M., et al. 1998. In vitro cytochrome p450 dependant metabolism of oxybutynin to N-deethyloxybutynin in humans. Pharmacogenetics 8:4.
    • (1998) Pharmacogenetics , vol.8 , pp. 4
    • Yaich, M.1
  • 197
    • 0030779162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of a 10mg controlled release oxybutynin tablet with a 5 mg oxybutynin tablet in urge continence patients
    • Nilsson, C.G., et al. 1997. Comparison of a 10mg controlled release oxybutynin tablet with a 5 mg oxybutynin tablet in urge continence patients. Neurourol Urodyn 16:533.
    • (1997) Neurourol Urodyn , vol.16 , pp. 533
    • Nilsson, C.G.1
  • 198
    • 0025135776 scopus 로고
    • Oxybutynin and urinary incontinence
    • Castleden, C.M., et al. 1990. Oxybutynin and urinary incontinence. Age Ageing 19:72.
    • (1990) Age Ageing , vol.19 , pp. 72
    • Castleden, C.M.1
  • 199
    • 0024356799 scopus 로고
    • Topical oxybutynin chloride for relaxation of dysfunctional bladders
    • Brendler, C.B., et al. 1989. Topical oxybutynin chloride for relaxation of dysfunctional bladders. J Urol 141:1350.
    • (1989) J Urol , vol.141 , pp. 1350
    • Brendler, C.B.1
  • 200
    • 0029265229 scopus 로고
    • Oxybutynin-A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and its therapeutic use in detrusor instability
    • Yarker, Y.E., K.L. Goa, and A. Fitton. 1995. Oxybutynin-A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and its therapeutic use in detrusor instability. Drug Ageing 6:243.
    • (1995) Drug Ageing , vol.6 , pp. 243
    • Yarker, Y.E.1    Goa, K.L.2    Fitton, A.3
  • 201
    • 0034091838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomised controlled trial comparing the efficacy of controlled-release oxybutynin tablets (10 mg once daily) with conventional oxybutynin tablets (5 mg twice daily) in patients whose symptoms were stabilized on 5 mg twice daily of oxybutynin
    • Birns, J., E, Lukkari, and J.G.A. Malonelee. 2000. Randomised controlled trial comparing the efficacy of controlled-release oxybutynin tablets (10 mg once daily) with conventional oxybutynin tablets (5 mg twice daily) in patients whose symptoms were stabilized on 5 mg twice daily of oxybutynin. BJU Int 85:793.
    • (2000) BJU Int , vol.85 , pp. 793
    • Birns, J.1    Lukkari, E.2    Malonelee, J.G.A.3
  • 202
    • 0034088434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dry mouth with conventional and controlled-release oxybutynin in urinary incontinence
    • Versi, E., et al. 2000. Dry mouth with conventional and controlled-release oxybutynin in urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 95:718.
    • (2000) Obstet Gynecol , vol.95 , pp. 718
    • Versi, E.1
  • 203
    • 0033664144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Absorption of oxybutynin from vaginal inserts: Drug blood levels and the response of the rabbit bladder
    • Schroder, A. et al. 2000. Absorption of oxybutynin from vaginal inserts: Drug blood levels and the response of the rabbit bladder. Urology 56:1063.
    • (2000) Urology , vol.56 , pp. 1063
    • Schroder, A.1
  • 204
    • 0043158878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Design of a silicone reservoir intravaginal ring for the delivery of oxybutynin
    • Woolfson, A.D., R.K. Malcolm, and R.J. Gallagher. 2003. Design of a silicone reservoir intravaginal ring for the delivery of oxybutynin. J Control Release 91:465.
    • (2003) J Control Release , vol.91 , pp. 465
    • Woolfson, A.D.1    Malcolm, R.K.2    Gallagher, R.J.3
  • 205
    • 85056977120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • www.barrlabs.com
  • 206
    • 0024596795 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics of morphine following the buccal route
    • Manara, A.R., et al. 1989. Pharmacokinetics of morphine following the buccal route. Br J Anaesth 62:498.
    • (1989) Br J Anaesth , vol.62 , pp. 498
    • Manara, A.R.1
  • 207
    • 84920231000 scopus 로고
    • Buccal morphine-A new route for analgesia?
    • Bell, M.D.D., et al. 1985. Buccal morphine-A new route for analgesia? Lancet 1:71.
    • (1985) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 71
    • Bell, M.D.D.1
  • 208
    • 0021524506 scopus 로고
    • Sublingual morphine sulfate in chronic pain management
    • Hirsch, J.D. 1984. Sublingual morphine sulfate in chronic pain management. Clin Pharm 3:585.
    • (1984) Clin Pharm , vol.3 , pp. 585
    • Hirsch, J.D.1
  • 209
    • 0020327223 scopus 로고
    • Control of chronic pain in very advanced cancer patients with morphine hydrochloride administered by oral, rectal and sublingual routes. Clinical report and preliminary results on the morphine pharmacokinetics
    • Pannuti, F., et al. 1982. Control of chronic pain in very advanced cancer patients with morphine hydrochloride administered by oral, rectal and sublingual routes. Clinical report and preliminary results on the morphine pharmacokinetics. Pharmacol Res Commun 14:369.
    • (1982) Pharmacol Res Commun , vol.14 , pp. 369
    • Pannuti, F.1
  • 210
    • 0027351317 scopus 로고
    • Comparative morphine pharmacokinetics following sublingual, intramuscular and oral administration in patients with cancer
    • Davis, T., et al. 1993. Comparative morphine pharmacokinetics following sublingual, intramuscular and oral administration in patients with cancer. Hospice J 9:85.
    • (1993) Hospice J , vol.9 , pp. 85
    • Davis, T.1
  • 211
    • 0020663457 scopus 로고
    • Clinical pharmacokinetics of systemic antifungal drugs
    • Daneshmend, T.K., and D.W. Warnock. 1983. Clinical pharmacokinetics of systemic antifungal drugs. Clin Pharmacokin 8:17.
    • (1983) Clin Pharmacokin , vol.8 , pp. 17
    • Daneshmend, T.K.1    Warnock, D.W.2
  • 212
    • 0002435463 scopus 로고
    • Systemic antifungal potential, safety, biotransport and transformation of miconazole nitrate
    • Brugmans, J., et al. 1972. Systemic antifungal potential, safety, biotransport and transformation of miconazole nitrate. Eur J Clin Parmacol 5:93.
    • (1972) Eur J Clin Parmacol , vol.5 , pp. 93
    • Brugmans, J.1
  • 213
    • 0007551709 scopus 로고
    • Vaginal absorption of two imidazole antifungal agents, econazole and miconazole
    • Vukovich, R.A., A. Heald, and A. Darragh. 1977. Vaginal absorption of two imidazole antifungal agents, econazole and miconazole. Clin Pharmacol Therap 21:121.
    • (1977) Clin Pharmacol Therap , vol.21 , pp. 121
    • Vukovich, R.A.1    Heald, A.2    Darragh, A.3
  • 215
    • 0012951620 scopus 로고
    • Direct action of danazol on endometrial cells in vitro
    • Japanese
    • Taketani, Y., and M. Mizuno. 1985. Direct action of danazol on endometrial cells in vitro. Sanka to Fujinka (in Japanese) 8:89.
    • (1985) Sanka to Fujinka , vol.8 , pp. 89
    • Taketani, Y.1    Mizuno, M.2
  • 216
    • 0026708952 scopus 로고
    • Direct effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate, danazol, and leuprolide acetate on endometrial stromal cell proliferation in vitro
    • Surrey, E.S., and J. Halme. 1992. Direct effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate, danazol, and leuprolide acetate on endometrial stromal cell proliferation in vitro. Fertil Steril 58:273.
    • (1992) Fertil Steril , vol.58 , pp. 273
    • Surrey, E.S.1    Halme, J.2
  • 217
    • 0028276906 scopus 로고
    • Effect of danazol in vitro and in vivo on monocyte-mediated enhancement of endometrial cell proliferation in women with endometriosis
    • Braun, D.P., H. Gebel, and W.P. Dmowski. 1994. Effect of danazol in vitro and in vivo on monocyte-mediated enhancement of endometrial cell proliferation in women with endometriosis. Fertil Steril 62:89.
    • (1994) Fertil Steril , vol.62 , pp. 89
    • Braun, D.P.1    Gebel, H.2    Dmowski, W.P.3
  • 219
    • 0031872239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel vaginal danazol ring therapy for pelvic endometriosis, in particular deeply infiltrating endometriosis
    • Igarashi, M., et al. 1998. Novel vaginal danazol ring therapy for pelvic endometriosis, in particular deeply infiltrating endometriosis. Hum Reprod 13:1952.
    • (1998) Hum Reprod , vol.13 , pp. 1952
    • Igarashi, M.1
  • 220
    • 0025396356 scopus 로고
    • A new therapy for pelvic endometriosis and uterine adenomyosis: Local effect of vaginal and intrauterine danazol application, Asia-Oceania
    • Igarashi, M. 1990. A new therapy for pelvic endometriosis and uterine adenomyosis: Local effect of vaginal and intrauterine danazol application, Asia-Oceania. J Obstet Gynaecol 16:1.
    • (1990) J Obstet Gynaecol , vol.16 , pp. 1
    • Igarashi, M.1
  • 221
    • 85056954069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravaginal danazol is efficacious with limited side-effect profile in the treatment of endometriosis
    • Dmowski, W.P., and T.I. Janicki. 2004. Intravaginal danazol is efficacious with limited side-effect profile in the treatment of endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol 103:60S.
    • (2004) Obstet Gynecol , vol.103 , pp. 60
    • Dmowski, W.P.1    Janicki, T.I.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.