Drug treatment of urinary incontinence

Drugs of Today

Volumn 34, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 125-138

  Hattori, Takamichi ^a  

^a CHIBA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BETHANECHOL; CLENBUTEROL; DISTIGMINE; EPHEDRINE; FLAVOXATE; FLURBIPROFEN; IMIPRAMINE; NALOXONE; OXYBUTYNIN; PHENOXYBENZAMINE; PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE; PROPANTHELINE BROMIDE; PROPIVERINE; PROSTAGLANDIN F2 ALPHA; TERODILINE; TOLTERODINE;

ANTICHOLINERGIC EFFECT; BLADDER CONTRACTION; BLADDER SPHINCTER; CONSTIPATION; DETRUSOR DYSSYNERGIA; DETRUSOR MUSCLE; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG RECEPTOR BINDING; HUMAN; NEUROTOXICITY; REVIEW; TACHYCARDIA; URINE INCONTINENCE; VISUAL IMPAIRMENT; XEROSTOMIA;

EID: 0031966833     PISSN: 16993993     EISSN: 16994019     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1358/dot.1998.34.2.485185     Document Type: Review

References (138)

1. Abrams, P., Blaivas, J.G., Atanton, S., Andersen, J.T. The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function. Scand J Urol 1988, Suppl. 114.
2. Blaivas, J.G., Appell, R.A., Fantl, J.A. et al. Definition and classification of urinary incontinence: Recommendations of the urodynamic society. Neurourol Urodyn 1997, 16: 149-51.
3. Wein, A.J. Pharmacology of incontinence. Urol Clin North Am 1995, 22: 557-77.
4. Todd, J.K., Mack, A.J. A study of human bladder detrusor muscle. Br J Urol 1969, 41: 448-54.
5. Kinder, R.B., Mundy, A.R. Atropine blockade of nerve-mediated stimulation of the human detrusor. Br J Urol 1985, 57: 418-21.
6. Cardozo, L.D., Stanton, S.L. An objective comparison of the effects of parenterally administered drugs in patients suffering from detrusor instability. J Urol 1979, 122: 58-9.
7. Ritch, A.E.S., Castleden, C.M., George, C.F., Hall, M.R.P. A second look at emepronium bromide in urinary incontinence. Lancet 1977, 1: 504-6.
8. Walter, S., Hansen, J., Hansen, L., Maegaard, E., Meyhoff, H.H., Nordling, J. Urinary incontinence in old age, a controlled clinical trial of emepronium bromide. Br J Urol 1982, 54: 249-51.
9. Zorzitto, M.L., Jewett, M.A.S., Fernie, G.R., Holliday, P.J., Barlett, S. Effectiveness of propantheline bromide in the treatment of geriatric patients with detrusor instability. Neurourol Urodyn 1986, 5: 133-40.
10. Gregory, J.G., Wein, A.J., Schoenberg, H.W. A comparison of the action of Tofranil and Probantheline on the urinary bladder. Invest Urol 1974, 12: 233-5.
11. Kieswetter, H., Popper, L.A. A cystometrographic study to assess the influence of atropine, propantheline and mebeverine on the smooth muscle of the bladder. Br J Urol 1972, 44: 31-5.
12. Raezer, D.M., Benson, G.S., Wein, A.J., Duckett, J.S. Jr. The functional approach to the management of the pediatric neurogenic bladder: A clinical study. J Urol 1977, 117: 649-54.
13. Blaivas, J.G., Labib, K.B., Michalik, J., Zayed, A.A.H. Cystometric response to propantheline in detrusor hyperreflexia: Therapeutic implications. J Urol 1980, 124: 259-62.
14. Finkbeiner, A.E., Bissada, N.K., Welch, L.T. Uropharmacology: Part VI. Parasympathetic depressants. Urology 1977, 10: 503-10.
15. Fredericks, C.M., Green, R.L., Anderson, G.F. Comparative in vitro effects of imipramine, oxybutynin, and flavoxate on rabbit detrusor. Urology 1978, 12: 487-91.
16. Gajewski, J.B., Awad, S.A. Oxybutynin versus propantheline in patients with multiple sclerosis and detrusor hyperreflexia. J Urol 1986, 135: 966-8.
17. Yarker, Y.E., Goa, K.L., Fitton, A. Oxybutynin, a review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and its therapeutic use in detrusor instability. Drug Aging 1995, 6: 243-62.
18. Thuroff, J.W., Bunke, B., Ebner A. et al. Randomized double-blind multicenter trial on treatment of frequency urgency and incontinence related to detrusor hyperactivity: Oxybutynin versus propantheline versus placebo. J Ural 1991, 145: 813-7.
19. Diokno, A.C., Hyndman, C.W., Hardy, D.A., Lapides, J. Comparison of action of imipramine (Tofranil) and propantheline (Probantheline) on detrusor contraction. J Urol 1972, 107: 42-3.
20. Thompson, I.M., Lauvetz, R. Oxybutynin in bladder spasm, neurogenic bladder, and enuresis. Urology 1976, 8: 452-4.
21. Greenfield, S.P., Fera, M. The use of intravesical Oxybutynin chloride in children with neurogenic bladder. J Urol 1991, 146: 532-4.
22. Prasad, K.V.R., Vaidyanathan, S. Intravesical oxybutynin chloride and clean intermittent catheterisation in patients with neurogenic vesical dysfunction and decreased bladder capacity. Br J Urol 1993, 72: 719-22.
23. Weese, D.L., Roskamp, D.A., Leach, G.E., Zimmern, P.E. Intravesical oxybutynin chloride: Experience with 42 patients. Urology 1993, 41: 527-30.
24. Kasabian, N.G., Vlachiotis, J.D., Lais, A. et al. The use of intravesical oxybutynin chloride in patients with detrusor hypertonicity and detrusor hyperreflexia. J Urol 1994, 151: 944-5.
25. Sparf, B. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of terodiline. Urology 1990, Suppl. 36: 44-9.
26. Bogentoft, S., Jensfelt, B., Karlmark, B. Worldwide safety profile of terodiline. Urology 1990, Suppl. 36: 58-62.
27. Abrams, P. Terodiline in clinical practice. Urology 1990, Suppl. 36: 50-7.
28. Mazur, D., Wehnert, J., Dorschner, W., Schubert, G., Herfurth, G., Alkin, R.G. Clinical and urodynamic effects of propiverine in patients suffering from urgency and urge incontinence. A multicentre dose-optimizing study. Scand J Nephrol 1995, 29: 289-94.
29. Stahl, M.M.S., Ekstrom, B., Sparf, B., Mattiasson, A., Andersson, K.E. Urodynamic and other effects of tolterodine: A novel antimuscarinic drug for the treatment of detrusor overactivity. Neurourol Urodyn 1995, 14: 647-55.
30. Gilberg, P.G., Modiri, A.R., Sparf, B. Tolterodine, a new agent with tissue effect selectivity for urinary bladder. Neurourol Urodyn 1994, 13: 435-6.
31. Bonner, T.I. The molecular basis of muscarinic receptor diversity. Trends Neurosci 1989, 12: 148-51.
32. Yamaguchi, O., Shishido, K., Tamura, K., Ogawa, T., Fujimura, T. Evaluation of mRNA encoding muscarinic receptors subtypes in human detrusor muscle. Neurourol Urodyn 1994, 13: 464-5.
33. Cazzulani, P., Panzarasa, R., De Stefani, C., Graziani, G. Mechanism of flavoxate anti-spasmodic activity. Comparison of in vitro studies. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 1985, 274: 189-200.
34. Ruffmann, R., Sartani, A. Flavoxate, a drug with smooth-muscle relaxing activity. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1987, 13: 57-62.
35. Ruffmann, R. A review of flavoxate hydrochloride in the treatment of urge incontinence. J Int Med Res 1988, 16: 317-30.
36. Milani, R., Scalambrino, S., Milia, R. et al. Double-blind crossover comparison of flavoxate and oxybutynin in women affected by urinary urge syndrome. Int Urogynecol J 1993, 4: 3-8.
37. Delaere, K.P.J., Michiels, H.G.E., Debruyne, F.M.J. Flavoxate hydrochloride in the treatment of detrusor instability. Urol Int 1977, 32: 377-81.
38. Jonas, U., Petri, E., Kissel, J. Effect of flavoxate on hyperactive detrusor muscle. Eur Urol 1979, 5: 106-9.
39. Briggs, R.S., Castleden, C.M., Asher, M.J. The effect of flavoxate on uninhibitted detrusor contractions and urinary incontinence in the elderly, J Urol 1980, 123: 665-6.
40. Dahm, T.L., Ostri, P., Kristensen, J.K. et al. Flavoxate treatment of micturition disorders accompanying benign prostatic hyperytophy: A double-blind placebo-controlled multicenter investigation. Urol Int 1995, 55: 205-8.
41. Hassouna, M., Nishizawa, O., Miyagawa, I., Toguri, A., Gotoh, M., Elhilali, M. Role of calcium ion antagonists on the bladder detrusor muscle: In vitro and in vivo study. J Urol 1986, 135: 1327-31.
42. Fovaeus, M., Andersson, K.E., Batra, S., Morgan, E., Sjögren, C. Effects of calcium, calcium channel blockers and Bay K 8644 on contractions induced by muscarinic receptor stimulation of isolated bladder muscle from rabbit and man. J Urol 1987, 137: 798-803.
43. Palmer, J.H., Worth, P.H., Exton-Smith, A.N. Flunarizine: A once-daily therapy for urinary incontinence. Lancet 1981, 2: 279-81.
44. Mattiasson, A., Ekstrom, B., Andersson, K.E. Effects of intravesical instillation of verapamil in patients with detrusor hyperactivity. J Urol 1989, 141: 174-7.
45. Gregg, R.A., Boyarsky, S., Labay, P., Levie, B.B. Presence of β-adrenergic receptors in urinary bladder of the dog and cat: Response to isoproterenol. Arch Phys Med Rehab 1970, 88-94.
46. Larsen, J.J., Mortensen, S. Effect of ritodrine on the bladder capacity in unanesthetized pigs. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 1978, 43: 405-8.
47. Lindholm, P., Lose, G. Terbutaline (Bricanyl) in the treatment of female urge incontinence. Urol Int 1986, 41: 158-60.
48. Kishimoto, T., Aoki, K., Okamiya, Y., Takeshima, T., Naruchi, Y. Effects of clenbuterol on resting tension and contractile response in vesicourethral smooth muscle of rabbits. Jpn J Smooth Muscle Res 1989, 25: 13-25.
49. Gruneberger, A. Treatment of motor urge incontinence with clenbuterol and flavoxate hydrochloride. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1984, 91: 275-8.
50. Yamanishi, T., Yasuda, K., Nagashima, K., Murayama N., Tojo, M., Shimazaki, J. Clinical effects of clenbuterol-HCI in urge incontinence and stress incontinence. Acta Urol Jpn 1990, 36: 207-11.
51. Bultitude, M.I., Hills, N.H., Shuttleworth, K.E.D. Clinical and experimental studies on the action of prostaglandins and their synthesis inhibitors on detrusor muscle in vitro and in vivo. Br J Urol 1976, 48: 631-7.
52. Abrams, P.H., Feneley, R.C.L. The action of prostaglandins on the smooth muscle of the human urinary tract, in vitro. Br J Urol 1976, 47: 909-15.
53. Cardozo, L.D., Stanton, S.L. A comparison between bromocriptine and indomethacin in the treatment of detrusor instability. J Urol 1980, 123: 399-401.
54. Cole, A.T., Fried, F.A. Favorable experiences with imipramine in the treatment of neurogenic bladder. J Urol 1972, 107: 44-5.
55. Benson, G.S., Sarshik, S.A., Raezer, D.M., Wein, A.J. Bladder muscle contractility, comparative effects and mechanisms of action of atropine, propantheline, flavoxate, and imipramine. Urology 1977, 9: 31-5.
56. Levin, R.M., Staskin, D.R., Wein, A.J. Analysis of the anticholinergic and musculotropic effects of desmethylimipramine on the rabbit urinary bladder. Urol Res 1983, 11: 259-62.
57. Mahony, D.T., Laferte, R.O., Mahony, F.E. Observations on sphincter-augmenting effect of imipramine in children with urinary incontinence. Urology 1973, 1: 317-23.
58. Puri, V.N. Increased urinary antidiuretic hormone excretion by imipramine. Exp Clin Endocrinol 1980, 88: 112-4.
59. Husman, D.A. Enuresis. Urology 1996, 48: 184-93.
60. Shaffer, D., Costello, A.J., Hill, I.D. Control of enuresis with imipramine. Arch Dis Child 1968, 43: 665-71.
61. Fouron, J., Chicoine, R. ECG changes in fatal imipramine (Tofranil) intoxication. Pediatrics 1971, 48: 777.
62. Stewart, B.H., Banowsky, L.H.W., Montague, D.K. Stress incontinence: Conservative therapy with sympathomimetic drugs. J Urol 1976, 115: 558-9.
63. Obrink, A., Bunne, G. The effect of α-adrenergic stimulation in stress incontinence. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1978, 12: 205-8.
64. Diokno, A.C., Taub, M. Ephedrine in treatment of urinary incontinence. Urology 1975, 5: 624-5.
65. Castleden, C.M., Duffin, H.M., Briggs, R.S., Ogden, B.M. Clinical and urodynamic effects of ephedrine in elderly incontinent patients. J Urol 1982, 128: 1250-2.
66. Finkbeiner, A.E., Bissada, N.K., Welch, L.T. Uropharmacology: VIII. Sympathomimetic agents. Urology 1978, 11: 536-41.
67. Awad, S.A., Downie, J.W., Kiruluta, H.G. α-Adrenergic agents in urinary disorders of the proximal urethra, Part 1. Sphincteric incontinence. Br J Urol 1978, 50: 332-5.
68. Beisland, H.O., Fossberg, E., Moer, A., Sander, S. Urethral sphincteric insufficiency in postmenopausal females: Treatment with phenylpropanolamine and estriol separately and in combination. Urol Int 1984, 39: 211-6.
69. Kiesswetter, H., Hennrich, F., English, M. Clinical and urodynamic assessment of phar- macologic therapy of stress incontinence. Urol Int 1983, 38: 58-63.
70. Levin, R.M., Ruggieri, M.R., Wein, A.J. Identification of receptor subtypes in the rabbit and human urinary bladder by selective radio-ligand binding. J Urol 1988, 139: 844-8.
71. Mattiasson, A., Andersson, K.E., Elbadawi, A., Morgan, E., Sjögren, C. Interaction between adrenergic and cholinergic nerve terminals in the urinary bladder of rabbit, cat and man. J Urol 1987, 137: 1017-9.
72. Kishimoto, T., Morita, T., Okamiya, Y., Hoshina, K., Takeshita, T. Effects of clenbuterol on contractile response in periurethral striated muscle of rabbits. Tohoku J Exp Med 1991, 165: 243-5.
73. 2-stimulants on contractility and fatigue of canine urethral sphincter. J Urol 1994, 151: 1066-9.
74. Shimazaki, J., Yasuda, K., Kawabe, K. et al. Evaluation of clinical effects of clenbuterol on pollakisuria and incontinence. Nishinihon J Urol 1989, 51: 1745-58.
75. 2 agonists on the vesicourethral function. Jpn J Urol 1989, 80: 1597-604.
76. 2-adrenergic agonist in stress incontinence. Int Urogynecol 1993, 4: 146-51.
77. Hodgson, B.J., Dumas, S., Bolling, D.R., Heesch, C.M. Effect of estrogen on sensitivity of rabbit bladder and urethra to phenylephrine. Invest Urol 1978, 16: 67-9.
78. Batra, S.C., Iosif, C.S. Female urethra: A target for estrogen action. J Urol 1983, 129: 418-20.
79. Schreiter, F., Fuchs, P., Stockamp, K. Estrogenic sensitivity of α-receptors in the urethra musculature. Urol Int 1976, 31: 13-9.
80. Ekstrom, B., Andersson, K-E., Mattiasson, A. Urodynamic effects of intravesical instillation of atropine and phentolamine in patients with detrusor hyperactivity. J Urol 1993, 149: 155-8.
81. Sartori, M.G.F., Baracat, E.C., Girao, M.J.B.C., Goncalve, W.J., Sartori, J.P., Rodrigues de Lima, G. Menopausal genuine stress urinary incontinence treated with conjugated estrogens plus progestogens. Gynecol Obstet 1995, 49: 165-9.
82. Cardozo, L. Role of estrogens in the treatment of female urinary incontinence. J Am Geriatr Soc 1990, 38: 326-8.
83. Wilson, P.D., Faragher, B., Butler, B. et al. Treatment with oral piperazine oestrone sulfate for genuine stress incontinence in postmenopausal women. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1987, 94: 568-74.
84. Judge, T.G. The use of quinestradol in elderly incontinent women, a preliminary report. Gerontol Clin 1969, 11: 159-64.
85. Siegel, I., Zellinger, B.B., Kanter, A.E. Estrogen therapy for urogenital conditions in the aged. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1962, 84: 505-7.
86. Craggs, M.D., Rushton, D.N., Stephenson, J.D. A putative noncholinergic mechanism in urinary bladder of new but not old world primates. J Urol 1986, 136: 1348-50.
87. Downie, J.W., Moochhala, S.M., Bialik, G.J. The role of reflexes in modifying the response to bethanechol chloride: A basis for selectivity of action on the bladder. Neurourol Urodyn 1983, 2: 301-9.
88. Lee, L.W. The clinical use of urecholine in dysfunctions of the bladder. J Urol 1949, 62: 300-7.
89. Barrett, D.M. The effect of oral bethanechol chloride on voiding in female patients with excessive residual urine: A randomized double-blind study. J Urol 1981, 126: 640-2.
90. Awad, S.A. Clinical use of bethanechol. J Urol 1985, 134: 523-4.
91. Awad, S.A., McGinnis, R.H., Downie, J.W. The effectiveness of bethanechol chloride in lower motor neuron lesions: The importance of mode of administration. Neurourol Urodyn 1984, 3: 173-8.
92. Light, J.K., Scott, F.B. Bethanechol chloride and the traumatic cord bladder. J Urol 1982, 128: 85-7.
93. Lapides, J., Friend, C.R., Ajemian, E.P., Sonda, L.P. Comparison of action of oral and parenteral bethanechol chloride upon the urinary bladder. Invest Urol 1963, 1: 94-7.
94. Diokno, A.C., Lapides, J. Action of oral and parenteral bethanechol on decompensated bladder. Urology 1977; 10:23-24.
95. Downie, J.W. Bethanechol chloride in urology - A discussion of issues. Neurourol Urodyn 1984, 3: 211-22.
96. Finkbeiner, A.E. Is bethanechol chloride clinically effective in promoting bladder empty- ing? A literature review. J Urol 1985, 134: 443-9.
97. Wein, A.J., Arsdalen, K.V., Levin, R.M. Pharmacologic therapy. In: Clinical Neuro-Urology. Krane, R.J., Siroky, M.B. (Eds.). Little Brown: Boston 1991, 523-57.
98. Shah, P.J.R., Abrams, P.H., Choa, R.G. et al. Distigmine bromide and post-prostatectomy voiding. Br J Urol 1983, 55: 229-32.
99. Philp, N.H., Thomas, D.G. The effect of distigmine bromide on voiding in male paraplegic patients with reflex micturition. Br J Urol 1980, 52: 492-6.
100. 2, a prospective study of 36 patients. Br J Urol 1980, 52: 357-66.
101. 2alpha in patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction. J Urol 1981, 126: 81-5.
102. 2α for prevention of urinary retention after vaginal hysterectomy. Obstet Gynecol 1985, 66: 244-7.
103. 2 for promoting bladder emptying after surgery for female stress incontinence. Br J Urol 1987, 60: 43-6.
104. 2α in women with abnormalities of bladder emptying. Br J Urol 1981, 53: 306-9.
105. 2 really of therapeutic value for postoperative urinary retention? Results of a prospectively randomized double-blind study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985, 151: 375-9.
106. Vaidyanathan, S., Rao, M.S., Chary, K.S.N., Sharma, P.L, Das, N. Enhancement of detrusor reflex activity by naloxone in patients with chronic neurogenic bladder dysfunction. Preliminary report. J Urol 1981, 126: 500-2.
107. Murray, K.H., Feneley, C.L. Endorphins - A role in lower unnary tract function? The effect of opioid blockade on the detrusor and ure- thral sphincter mechanisms. Br J Urol 1982, 54: 638-40.
108. Thor, K.B., Roppolo, J.R., DeGroat, W. Naloxone induced micturition in unanesthetized paraplegic cats. J Urol 1983, 129: 202-5.
109. Galeano, C., Jubelin, B., Biron, L., Guenette, L. Effect of naloxone on detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia in the spinal cat. Neurourol Urodyn 1986, 5: 203-18.
110. Wheeler, J.S. Jr., Robinson, C.J., Culkin, D.J., Nemchausky, B.A. Naloxone efficacy in bladder rehabilitation of spinal cord injury patients. J Urol 1987, 137: 1202-5.
111. Mosbley, D.F. Phenoxybenzamine in the management of neurogenic vesical dysfunction. J Urol 1976, 116: 737-8.
112. Olsson, C.A., Siroky, M.B., Krane, R.J. The phentolamine test in neurogenic bladder dysfunction. J Urol 1977, 117: 481-5.
113. Scott, M.B., Morrow, J.W. Phenoxybenzamine in neurogenic bladder dysfunction after spinal cord injury, 1. Voiding dysfunction. J Urol 1978, 119: 480-2.
114. Machen, H.J. Clinical and urodynamic assessment of α-adrenergic therapy in patients with neurogenic bladder function. Paraplegia 1980, 18: 229-38.
115. Brooks, M.E., Sidi, A.A., Hanani, Y., Braf, Z.F. Ineffectiveness of phenoxybenzamine in treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy. A controlled study. Urology 1983, 21: 474-8.
116. Thien, T., Delaere, K.P., Debruyne, F.M.J., Koene, R.A.P. Urinary incontinence caused by prazosin. Br Med J 1978, 2: 622-3.
117. Petersen, T., Husted, S.E. Prazosin treatment of neurological patients with lower urinary tract dysfunction. Int Urogynecol J 1993, 4: 106-10.
118. 1-adrenoceptor selectivity? Br J Urol 1995, 75 (Suppl. 1): 47-55.
119. Jardin, A., Bensadoun, H., Delauche-Cavallier, M.C., Attali, P. for the BPHALF Group. Long-term treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with alfuzosin: A 12-18 month assessment. Br J Urol 1993, 72: 615-20.
120. Buzelin, J.M., Hebert, M., Blondin, P. for the PRAZALF Group. α-Blocking treatment with alfuzosin in symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia: Comparative study with prazosin. Br J Urol 1993, 72: 922-7.
121. Perrigot, M., Delauche-Cavallier, M.C., Amarenco, G. Effect of intravenous alfuzosin on urethral pressure in patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction. Neurourol Urodyn 1996, 15: 119-31.
122. Fabricius, P.G., Hannaford, J.M. Placebo-controlled study of terazosin in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with 2-year follow-up. Br J Urol 1992, 70 (Suppl. 1): 10-6.
123. Lloyd, S.N., Buckley, J.F., Chilton, C.P., Ibrahim, I., Kaisary, A.V., Kirk, D. Terazosin in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: A multicentre, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Urol 1992, 70 (Suppl. 1): 17-21.
124. Matskin, H., Soloway, M.S., Rangel, M.C., Laddu, A. Efficacy of terazosin in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Eur Urol 1992, 21: 126-30.
125. Holmes, J.B., Christensen, M.M., Rasmussen, P.C. et al. 29 week doxazosin treatment in patients with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia, a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Scand J Nephrol 1994, 28: 77-82.
126. Gerber, G.S., Kim, J.H., Contreras, B.A., Steinberg, G.D., Ruckstalls, D.B. An observational urodynamic evaluation of men with lower urinary tract symptoms treated with doxazosin. Urology 1996, 47: 840-4.
127. Lepor, H., Kaplan, S.A., Klimberg, I., et al. Doxazosin for benign prostatic hyperplasia: Long-term efficacy and safety in hypertensive and normotensive patients. J Urol 1997, 157: 525-30.
128. 1 adrenoceptors in different regions of the human prostate. J Urol 1993, 150: 253-6.
129. 1-adrenoceptor subtypes mediating the contraction of human prostatic urethra and peripheral artery. Br J Pharmacol 1994, 113: 723-8.
130. 1A-adrenoceptor antagonist: Analysis of a multinational multicentre open-label study assessing the long-term efficacy and safety in patients with benign prostatic obstruction (symptomatic BPH). Eur Urol 1996, 29: 145-54.
131. 1a-adrenoceptor antagonist for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. Drugs Today 1996, 32: 259-69.
132. Raz, S., Caine, M. Adrenergic receptors in the female canine urethra. Invest Urol 1972, 9: 319-23.
133. Rao, M.S., Bapna, B.C., Sharma, P.L., Chary, K.S.N., Vaidyanathan, S. Clinical import of beta-adrenergic activity in the proximal urethra. J Urol 1980, 124: 254-5.
134. Vaidyanathan, S., Rao, M.S., Bapna, B.C., Chary, K.S.N., Palaniswamy, R. β-Adrenergic activity in human proximal urethra: A study with terbutaline. J Urol 1980, 124: 869-71.
135. Hachen, H.J., Krucker, V. Clinical and laboratory assessment of the efficacy of baclofen (Lioresal) on urethral sphincter spasticity in patients with tramatic paraplegia. Eur Urol 1977, 3: 237-40.
136. Hachen, H.J., Krucker, I.J. Clinical and laboratory assessment of the efficacy of baclofen (Lioresal) on urethral sphincter spasticity in patients with traumatic paraplegia. Eur Urol 1977, 3: 237-40.
137. Murdock, M.M., Sax, D., Krane, R.J. Use of dantrolene sodium in external sphincter spasm. Urology 1976, 8: 133-7.
138. Hackler, R.H., Broecker, B.H., Klein, F.A., Brady S.M. A clinical experience with dantrolene sodium for external urinary sphincter hypertonicity in spinal cord injured patients. J Urol 1980, 124: 78-81.