Primaquine or other 8-aminoquinolines for reducing Plasmodium falciparum transmission

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2018, Issue 2, 2018, Pages

  Graves, Patricia M ^a   Choi, Leslie ^b   Gelband, Hellen ^c   Garner, Paul ^b  

^a JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b LIVERPOOL SCHOOL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^c Global Health Consulting   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

8 AMINOQUINOLINE DERIVATIVE; ARTEMISININ; BULAQUINE; PRIMAQUINE; ANTIMALARIAL AGENT; ARTEMISININ DERIVATIVE; CHLOROQUINE; MEFLOQUINE; PYRIMETHAMINE; QUININE; SULFADOXINE;

DISEASE SEVERITY; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG MEGADOSE; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; GAMETOCYTE; GLUCOSE 6 PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY; HEMOLYSIS; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INFECTION RISK; LOW DRUG DOSE; MALARIA FALCIPARUM; MICROSCOPY; PARASITE TRANSMISSION; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SHORT COURSE THERAPY; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; ADULT; ANALOGS AND DERIVATIVES; CHILD; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); DRUG COMBINATION; DRUG EFFECTS; META ANALYSIS; PARASITOLOGY; PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; TIME FACTOR; TRANSMISSION;

ADULT; ANTIMALARIALS; ARTEMISININS; CHILD; CHLOROQUINE; DRUG COMBINATIONS; GLUCOSEPHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY; HUMANS; MALARIA, FALCIPARUM; MEFLOQUINE; NON-RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PRIMAQUINE; PYRIMETHAMINE; QUININE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; SULFADOXINE; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 85041337253     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1469493X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008152.pub5     Document Type: Review

References (157)

1. Arango EA, Upegui UA, Carmona-Fonseca J. Efficacy of different primaquine-based antimalarial regimens against Plasmodium falciparum gametocytemia. Acta Tropica 2012;122(2):177-82. 3242497
2. Chen PQ, Li GQ, Guo XB, Fu YX, He KR, Fu LC, et al. A double blind study on the infectivity of gametocytes of P. falciparum in patients treated with mefloquine and Fansimef. Journal of Guangzhou College of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1993;10(1):1-5. 3242499
3. Chen PQ, Li GQ, Guo XB. The infectivity of gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum from patients treated with artemisinin [Chinese]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 1994;74(4):209-10, 253-4. 3242502
4. Chen PQ, Li GQ, Guo XB, He KR, Fu YX, Fu LC, et al. The infectivity of gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum from patients treated with artemisinin. Chinese Medical Journal 1994;107(9):709-11. 3242501
5. Dicko A, Brown JM, Diawara H, Baber I, Mahamar A, Soumare HM, et al. Primaquine to reduce transmission of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Mali: a single-blind, dose-ranging, adaptive randomised phase 2 trial. Lancet. Infectious Diseases 2016;16(6):674-84. [DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(15)00479-x]7561978
6. El-Sayed B, El-Zaki SE, Babiker H, Gadalla N, Ageep T, Mansour F, et al. A randomized open-label trial of artesunate-sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine with or without primaquine for elimination of sub-microscopic P. falciparum parasitaemia and gametocyte carriage in eastern Sudan. PLoS One 2007;2(12):e1311. 3242504
7. Chang HH, Meibalan E, Zelin J, Daniels R, Eziefula AC, Meyer EC, et al. Persistence of Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia after artemisinin combination therapy: evidence from a randomized trial in Uganda. Scientific Reports 2016;6:26330. [DOI: 10.1038/srep26330]7561979
8. Eziefula AC, Bousema T, Yeung S, Kamya M, Owaraganise A, Gabagaya G, et al. Single dose primaquine for clearance of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in children with uncomplicated malaria in Uganda: a randomised, controlled, double-blind, dose-ranging trial. Lancet. Infectious Diseases 2013;14(2):130-9. 7561980
9. Eziefula AC, Pett H, Grignard H, Opus S, Kiggundu M, Kamya MR, et al. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase status and risk of hemolysis in Plasmodium falciparum-infected African children receiving single-dose primaquine. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2014;58(8):4971-3. [DOI: 10.1128/aac.02889-14]7561981
10. Eziefula AC, Staedke SG, Yeung S, Webb E, Kamya M, White NJ, et al. Study protocol for a randomised controlled double-blinded trial of the dose-dependent efficacy and safety of primaquine for clearance of gametocytes in children with uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Uganda. BMJ Open 2013;3(3):e002759. 7561982
11. Pett H, Drakeley C, Eziefula C, Neuvonen M, Lanke K, Sauerwein R, et al. CYP2D6 intermediate metabolizer status could slow down Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte clearance after single-dose primaquine. Malaria Journal 2014;13(Suppl 1):P69. 7561983
12. Gogtay NJ, Kamtekar KD, Dalvi SS, Chogle AR, Aigal U, Kshirsagar N. Preliminary report of the evaluation of the gametocytocidal action of bulaquine, in adult patients with acute, Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 2004;98(5):525-8. 3242509
13. Gogtay NJ, Kamtekar KD, Dalvi SS, Mehta SS, Chogle AR, Aigal U, et al. A randomized, parallel study of the safety and efficacy of 45 mg primaquine versus 75 mg bulaquine as gametocytocidal agents in adults with blood schizonticide-responsive uncomplicated falciparum malaria [ISCRTN50134587]. BMC Infectious Diseases 2006;6:16. 3242511
14. Gonçalves BP, Tiono AB, Ouédraogo A, Guelbéogo WM, Bradley J, Nebie I, et al. Single low dose primaquine to reduce gametocyte carriage and Plasmodium falciparum transmission after artemether-lumefantrine in children with asymptomatic infection: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Medicine 2016;14:40. 7561985
15. Gonçalves BP, Tiono AB, Ouédraogo A, Guelbéogo WM, Bradley J, Nebie I, et al. Single low dose primaquine to reduce gametocyte carriage and Plasmodium falciparum transmission after artemether-lumefantrine in children with asymptomatic infection: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Medicine 2016;14:40. 7561987
16. Kamtekar KD, Gogtay NJ, Dalvi SS, Karnad DR, Chogle AR, Aigal U, et al. A prospective study evaluating the efficacy of a single, 45-mg dose of primaquine, as a gametocytocidal agent, in patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Mumbai, India. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 2004;98(5):453-8. 3242513
17. Khoo KK. The treatment of malaria in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient patients in Sabah. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 1981;75(6):591-5. 3242515
18. Kolaczinski K, Leslie T, Ali I, Durrani N, Lee S, Barends M, et al. Defining Plasmodium falciparum treatment in South West Asia: a randomized trial comparing artesunate or primaquine combined with chloroquine or SP. PLoS One 2012;7(1):e28957. 3242517
19. Lederman ER, Maguire JD, Sumawinata IW, Chand K, Elyazar I, Estiana L, et al. Combined chloroquine, sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine and primaquine against Plasmodium falciparum in Central Java, Indonesia. Malaria Journal 2006;5:108. 7561989
20. Lin JT, Lon C, Spring MD, Sok S, Chann S, Ittiverakul M, et al. Single dose primaquine to reduce gametocyte carriage and Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Cambodia: An open-label randomized trial. PLoS One 2017;12(6):e0168702. 7561991
21. Spring M, Lon C, Manning J, Vanachayangul P, Chaorattanakawee S, Gosi P, et al. Evaluation of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine with and without single dose primaquine: an open-label randomized, controlled trial in Anlong Veng, Cambodia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2014;91(5 Suppl 1):276-7. 7561992
22. Spring MD, Lin JT, Manning JE, Vanachayangkul P, Somethy S, Bun R, et al. Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine failure associated with a triple mutant including kelch13 C580Y in Cambodia: an observational cohort study. Lancet. Infect Diseases 2015;15(6):686-91. [DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(15)70049-6.]7561993
23. Mwaiswelo R, Ngasala BE, Jovel I, Aydin-Schmidt B, Gosling R, Premji Z, et al. Adding a single low-dose of primaquine (0.25 mg/kg) to artemether-lumefantrine did not compromise treatment outcome of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Tanzania: a randomized, single-blinded clinical trial. Malaria Journal 2016;15(1):435. 7561995
24. Mwaiswelo R, Ngasala BE, Jovel I, Gosling R, Premji Z, Poirot E, et al. Safety of a single low-dose of primaquine in addition to standard artemether-lumefantrine regimen for treatment of acute uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Tanzania. Malaria Journal 2016;15:316. 7561996
25. Okebe J, Bousema T, Affara M, Di Tanna GL, Dabira E, Gaye A, et al. The gametocytocidal efficacy of different single doses of primaquine with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine in asymptomatic parasite carriers in The Gambia: a randomized controlled trial. EBioMedicine 2016;13:348-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.10.032]7561998
26. Okebe J, Bousema T, Affara M, DiTanna, Eziefula AC, Jawara M, et al. The gametocytocidal efficacy of primaquine in malaria asymptomatic carriers treated with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine in The Gambia (PRINOGAM): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2015;16:70. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-015-0597-1]7561999
27. Pukrittayakamee S, Chotivanich K, Chantra A, Clemens R, Looareesuwan S, White NJ. Activities of artesunate and primaquine against asexual- and sexual-stage parasites in falciparum malaria. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2004;48(4):1329-34. 3242521
28. Bousema T, Okell L, Shekalaghe S, Griffin JT, Omar S, Sawa P, et al. Revisiting the circulation time of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes: molecular detection methods to estimate the duration of gametocyte carriage and the effect of gametocytocidal drugs. Malaria Journal 2010;9:136. 3242523
29. Shekalaghe S, Drakeley C, Gosling R, Ndaro A, van Meegeren M, Enevold A, et al. Primaquine clears submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes that persist after treatment with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine and artesunate. PLoS One 2007;2(10):e1023. 3242524
30. Singhasivanon V, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, Sabchareon A, Attanath P, Webster HK, Edstein MD, et al. Pharmacokinetic study of mefloquine in Thai children aged 5-12 years suffering from uncomplicated falciparum malaria treated with MSP or MSP plus primaquine. European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics 1994;19(1):27-32. 3242526
31. Smithuis F, Kyaw MK, Phe O, Win T, Aung PP, Oo AP, et al. Effectiveness of five artemisinin combination regimens with or without primaquine in uncomplicated falciparum malaria: an open-label randomised trial. Lancet. Infectious Diseases 2010;10(10):673-81. 3242528
32. Sutanto I, Suprijanto S, Kosasih A, Dahlan MS, Syafruddin D, Kusriastuti R, et al. The effect of primaquine on gametocyte development and clearance in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine in South Sumatra, Western Indonesia: an open-label, randomized, controlled trial. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2013;56(5):685-93. 3242530
33. Tine RC, Sylla K, Faye BT, Poirot E, Fall FB, Sow D, et al. Safety and efficacy of adding a single low dose of primaquine to the treatment of adult patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Senegal, to reduce gametocyte carriage: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2017;65(4):535-43. 7562001
34. Vásquez AM, Sanín F, Alvarez LG, Tobón A, Ríos A, Blair S. Therapeutic efficacy of a regimen of artesunate-mefloquine-primaquine treatment for Plasmodium falciparum malaria and treatment effects on gametocytic development [Estudio piloto de la eficacia y de los efectos sobre los gametocitos del esquema artesunato-mefloquina-primaquina para la malaria por Plasmodium falciparum]. Biomedica 2009;29(2):307-19. 7562003
35. Wang YS, Brown PP. Clinical study on artemether combined with Primaquine for Pf cases treatment [Chinese]. Tianjin Medical Journal 2006;34(8):538. 3242534
36. Baird JK, Wiady I, Sutanihardja A, Suradi, Purnomo, Basri H, et al. Short report: therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine combined with primaquine against Plasmodium falciparum in northeastern Papua, Indonesia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2002;66(6):659-60. 3242536
37. Barber MA, Komp WHW, Newman BM. The effect of small doses of plasmochin on the viability of gametocytes of malaria as measured by mosquito infection experiments. Public Health Reports 1929;44(24):1409-20. 3242538
38. Barber MA, Rice JB, Brown JY. Malaria studies on the Firestone Rubber Plantation in Liberia, West Africa. American Journal of Hygiene 1932;15(3):601-33. 3242540
39. Brueckner RP, Lasseter KC, Lin ET, Schuster BG. First-time-in-humans safety and pharmacokinetics of WR 238605, a new antimalarial. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1998;58(5):645-9. 3242542
40. Bunnag D, Harinasuta T, Pinichpongse S, Suntharasamai P. Effect of primaquine on gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum in Thailand. Lancet 1980;2(8185):91. 3242544
41. Burgess RW, Bray RS. The effect of a single dose of primaquine upon the gametocytes, gametogony and sporogony of Laverania (= Plasmodium) falciparum. WHO/MAL/271. 24 August 1960. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/64747/1/WHO_Mal_271.pdf?ua=1 (accessed 15 January 2018). 3242546
42. Burgess RW, Bray RS. The effect of a single dose of primaquine upon the gametocytes, gametogony and sporogony of Laverania falciparum. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1961;24:451-6. 3242547
43. Cai XZ, Yang XP, He XZ, Zhan WC, Zhan X, Ye BS. The combined use of artemether, sulfadoxine, pyrimethamine and primaquine in the treatment of chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi [Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases] 1985;3(2):81-4. 3242549
44. Carter N, Pamba A, Duparc S, Waitumbi JN. Frequency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in malaria patients from six African countries enrolled in two randomized anti-malarial clinical trials. Malaria Journal 2011;10:241. 3242551
45. Che LG, Huang KG, Yang HL, Yu L, Lin ZL, Huang R. Combined use of pyronaridine, sulfadoxine and primaquine in areas with chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi [Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases] 1987;5(3):194-6. 3242553
46. Che L, Huang K, Dong Y, Yang H, Yang P. Efficacy of two combined therapies for treatment of chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum. Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control 1990;3(1):24-6. 3242555
47. Chevalley S, Coste A, Lopez A, Pipy B, Valentin A. Flow cytometry for the evaluation of anti-plasmodial activity of drugs on Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes. Malaria Journal 2010;9:49. 3242557
48. Clyde DF. Mass administration of an antimalarial drug containing 4-aminoquinoline and 8-aminoquinoline in Tanganyika. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1962;27:203-12. 3242559
49. Clyde DF, DuPont HL, Miller RM, McCarthy VC. Prophylactic and sporontocidal treatment of chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum from Malaya. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1970;64(6):834-8. 3242561
50. Clyde DF, Miller RM, Music SI, McCarthy VC. Prophylactic and sporontocidal treatment of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum from Vietnam. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1971;20(1):1-5. 3242563
51. da Silva AR, Carneiro EW, dos Santos HJ. Response of human Plasmodium to antimalarials on the Island of Saint Louis, State of Maranhão, Brazil. Revista do Instituto de Medecina Tropical de São Paulo 1984;26(3):139-46. 3242565
52. Degowin RL, Eppes RB, Powell RD, Carson PE. The haemolytic effects of diaphenylsulfone (DDS) in normal subjects and in those with glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase deficiency. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1966;35(2):165-79. 3242567
53. Doi H, Kaneko A, Panjaitan W, Ishii A. Chemotherapeutic malaria control operation by single dose of Fansidar plus primaquine in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 1989;20(3):341-9. 3242569
54. Giao PT, de Vries PJ, Hung le Q, Binh TQ, Nam NV, Kager PA. CV8, a new combination of dihydroartemisinin, piperaquine, trimethoprim and primaquine, compared with atovaquone-proguanil against falciparum malaria in Vietnam. Tropical Medicine & International Health 2004;9(2):209-16. 3242571
55. Gogtay NJ, Chogle AR, Sorabjee JS, Marathe SN, Kshirsagar NA. Poor gametocytocidal activity of 45 mg primaquine in chloroquine-treated patients with acute, uncomplicated, Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Mumbai (Bombay): an issue of public-health importance. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 1999;93(8):813-6. 3242573
56. Gunders AE. The effect of a single dose of pyrimethamine and primaquine in combination upon gametocytes and sporogony of Laverania falciparum; Plasmodium falciparum in Liberia. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1961;24:650-3. 3242575
57. Hii JL, Vun YS, Chin KF, Chua R, Tambakau S, Binisol ES, et al. The influence of permethrin-impregnated bednets and mass drug administration on the incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children in Sabah, Malaysia. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 1987;1(4):397-407. 3242577
58. Huang ZS, Fu SG, Cai XZh. Combined use of pyronaridine/SP with primaquine for P. falciparum treatment. Journal of Hainan Medicine 1993;4(1):10-2. 3242579
59. Huang Z, Meng F, Fu S. Comparative studies on the treatment of drug-resistant P. falciparum with pyronaridine/SP and primaquine. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi [Chinese Journal Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases] 1996;14(4):314-7. 3242581
60. Huang JR, Gao YQ, Elie N. A study of artemether combined with primaquine in the treatment of falciparum malaria. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi [Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases] 2001;19(5):308-9. 3242583
61. Jeffery GM, Young MD, Eyles DE. The treatment of Plasmodium falciparum infection with chloroquine, with a note on infectivity to mosquitoes of primaquine- and pyrimethamine-treated cases. American Journal of Hygiene 1956;64(1):1-11. 3242585
62. Jeffery GM, Collins WE, Skinner JC. Antimalarial drug trials on a multiresistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1963;12:844-50. 3242587
63. Jerace F, Giovannola A. The sterilizing action of plasmochina on gametocytes of malaria parasites and its prophylactic importance [L'azzione sterilizzante della plasmochina sui gametociti di parassiti malarigeni e sua importanza profilattica]. Rivista di Malariaologia 1933;12:475. 3242589
64. Kaneko A, Kamei K, Suzuki T, Ishii A, Siagian R, Panjaitan W. Gametocytocidal effect of primaquine in a chemotherapeutic malaria control trial in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 1989;20(3):351-9. 3242591
65. Karbwang J, Molunto P, Bunnag D, Harinasuta T. Plasma quinine levels in patients with falciparum malaria when given alone or in combination with tetracycline with or without primaquine. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 1991;22(1):72-6. 3242593
66. Karbwang J, Na Bangchang K, Thanavibul A, Back DJ, Bunnag D. Pharmacokinetics of mefloquine in the presence of primaquine. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1992;42(5):559-60. 3242595
67. Myat-Phone-Kyaw, Myint-Oo, Aung-Naing, Aye-Lwin-Htwe. The use of primaquine in malaria infected patients with red cell glucose phosphate (G6PD) deficiency in Myanmar. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 1994;25(4):710-3. 3242597
68. Li J, Xiao H, Wang W, Ma W, Rao B. Artemether combined with primaquine for P. falciparum cases treatment. Clinical Medical Journal of China 2007;14(5):736-7. 3242599
69. Li WJ, Li XL. Observation of curative effect of falciparum malaria treatment with artemether/lumefantrine and primaquine. Journal of Modern Preventive Medicine 2010;37(5):973-5. 3242601
70. Lin L, Wang D-L, Liu B, Hu G. Artemether combined with primaquine for treatment of malaria cases from UN peace force. Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control 2004;17(5):5-6. 3242603
71. Mackerras MJ, Ercole QN. Observations on the action of quinine, atebrin and plasmoquine on the gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1949;42(5):455-63. 3242605
72. Mapanawang AL, Mustofa, Wijayanti MA, Handayani R, Mogi Y, Mapanawang F, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of primaquine to patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Halmahera Indonesia. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2016;7(4):1430-40. [DOI: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.7%284%29.1430-40]7562005
73. Rieckmann KH, McNamara JV, Frischer H, Stockert TA, Carson PE, Powell RD. Gametocytocidal and sporontocidal effects of primaquine and of sulfadiazine with pyrimethamine in a chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1968;38(4):625-32. 3242607
74. Rieckmann KH, McNamara JV, Kass L, Powell RD. Gametocytocidal and sporontocidal effects of primaquine upon two strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Military Medicine 1969;134(10):802-19. 3242609
75. Santana MS, da Rocha MA, Arcanjo AR, Sardinha JF, Alecrim WD, Alecrim Md. Association of methemoglobinemia and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in malaria patients treated with primaquine [Associação de metemoglobinemia e deficiência de glicose-6-fosfato desidrogenase em pacientes com malária tratados com primaquina]. Revista da Sociedade de Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 2007;40(5):533-6. 3242611
76. Shah NK, Schapira A, Juliano JJ, Srivastava B, MacDonald PD, Poole C, et al. Nonrandomized controlled trial of artesunate plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine with or without primaquine for preventing posttreatment circulation of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2013;57(7):2948-54. 3242613
77. Shekalaghe SA, ter Braak R, Daou M, Kavishe R, van den Bijllaardt W, van den Bosch S, et al. In Tanzania, hemolysis after a single dose of primaquine coadministered with an artemisinin is not restricted to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient (G6PD A-) individuals. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2010;54(5):1762-8. 3242615
78. Skekalaghe SA, Drakeley C, van den Bosch S, ter Braak R, van den Bijllhaardt W, Mwanziva C, et al. A cluster-randomized trial of mass drug administration with a gametocytocidal drug combination to interrupt malaria transmission in a low endemic area in Tanzania. Malaria Journal 2011;10:247. 3242617
79. Sun W-H, Traore A. Artesunate combined with primaquine in treatment study on delay or relapse of malaria. Chinese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2011;1:98-100. 3242619
80. Suputtamongkol Y, Chindarat S, Silpasakorn S, Chaikachonpatd S, Lim K, Chanthapakajee K, et al. The efficacy of combined mefloquine-artesunate versus mefloquine-primaquine on subsequent development of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytemia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2003;68(5):620-3. 3242621
81. Tangpukdee N, Krudsood S, Thanachartwet V, Pengruksa C, Phophak N, Kano S, et al. Artequick versus artesunate-mefloquine in the treatment of acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Thailand. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 2008;39(1):1-8. 3242623
82. Yang H, Che L, Huang K, Yang P, Dong Y, Lin Z, et al. The effect of combinations of pyronaridine, sufadoxine and primaquine on chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum. Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control 1989;2(1):7-10. 3242625
83. Yeramian P, Meshnick SR, Krudsood S, Chalermrut, K, Silachamroon U, Tangpukdee N, et al. Efficacy of DB289 in Thai patients with Plasmodium vivax or acute, uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum infections. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2005;192(2):319-22. 3242627
84. Young MD. The effect of small doses of primaquine upon malaria infections. Indian Journal of Malariology 1959;13:69-74. 3242629
85. Chen L. Efficacy of artemether/primaquine against drug resistant P. falciparum [Chinese]. Journal of Applied Medicine 1993;1(1):31-3. 3242631
86. Ishii A, Ohta N, Owhashi M, Kawabata M, Chung D, Bobogare A, et al. Trials of transmission blocking of P. falciparum with single dose primaquine in villages of Solomon Islands. MIM conference October 2009 MIM 16723361. 3242633
87. Li J, et al. Artemether combined with primaquine for treatment of 50 Pf cases [Chinese]. Journal of Applied Medicine 2006;22(19):2299-300. 3242635
88. ISRCTN11594437. Primaquine in African Children (PAC study) [Assessing the tolerability and safety of single low dose primaquine in African children with acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria and glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Africa.]. isrctn.com/ISRCTN11594437 (first received 09/05/2017). 7562007
89. NCT01906788. The optimal timing of primaquine to prevent malaria transmission after artemisinin-combination therapy. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01906788 (first posted 24 July 2013). 7562009
90. NCT02259426. Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine with low dose primaquine to reduce malaria transmission (DAPPI). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02259426 (first posted 8 October 2014). 7562011
91. NCT02431650. Effectiveness of OZ439 as a gametocytocidal and transmission blocking agent (OZGAM) [A proof-of-concept study to assess the effectiveness of OZ439 as a gametocytocidal and transmission blocking agent in experimental P. falciparum infection]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02431650 (first posted 1 May 2015). 7562013
92. NCT02434952. Safety and tolerability of low dose primaquine. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02434952 (first posted 6 May 2015). 7562015
93. NCT02831023. Phase 2 efficacy study of primaquine and methylene blue. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02831023 (first posted 13 July 2016). 7562017
94. NCT02851108. Methylene blue against falciparum malaria in Burkina Faso (BlueACTn) [Safety of artesunate-amodiaquine combined with methylene blue or primaquine for falciparum malaria treatment in African children: a randomised controlled trial]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02851108 (first posted 1 August 2016). 7562019
95. PACTR201611001859416. Addition of low dose primaquine to artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria [A randomised controlled trial to investigate the efficacy, safety and tolerability of adding a single low primaquine dose to artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of symptomatic uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria]. www.pactr.org/ATMWeb/appmanager/atm/atmregistry?dar=true&tNo=PACTR201611001859416 (date of registration 11 November 2016). 7562021
96. Abay SM. Blocking malaria transmission to Anopheles mosquitoes using artemisinin derivatives and primaquine: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasites and Vectors 2013;6(1):278.
97. Arnold J, Alving AS, Hockwald RS, Clayman CB, Dern RJ, Beutler E, et al. The antimalarial action of primaquine against the blood and tissue stages of falciparum malaria (Panama, P-F-6 strain). Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 1955;46(3):391-7.
98. Ashley EA, Recht J, White NJ. Primaquine: the risks and the benefits. Malaria Journal 2014;13:418. [DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-418]
99. Balshem H, Helfand M, Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Brozek J, et al. GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2011;64(4):401-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.07.015]
100. Barnes KI, Little F, Mabuza A, Mngomezulu N, Govere J, Durrheim D, et al. Increased gametocytemia after treatment: an early parasitological indicator of emerging sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance in falciparum malaria. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2008;197(11):1605-13.
101. Bennett JW, Pybus BS, Yadava A, Tosh D, Sousa JC, McCarthy WF, et al. Primaquine failure and cytochrome P-450 2D6 in Plasmodium vivax malaria. New England Journal of Medcine 2013;369(14):1381-2.
102. Bhasin VK, Trager W. Chapter XI: Gametocytocidal effects in vitro of primaquine and related compounds on Plasmodium falciparum. In: Wernsdorfer WH, Trigg PI editor(s). Primaquine: Pharmacokinetics, Metabolism, Toxicity and Activity. Geneva: UNDP/World Bank/WHO, 1984.
103. Bousema T, Okell L, Shekalaghe S, Griffin JT, Omar S, Sawa P, et al. Revisiting the circulation time of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes: molecular detection methods to estimate the duration of gametocyte carriage and the effect of gametocytocidal drugs. Malaria Journal 2010;9:136.
104. Bousema T, Drakeley C. Epidemiology and infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax gametocytes in relation to malaria control and eradication. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2011;24(2):377-410.
105. Bousema T, Dinglasan RR, Morlais I, Gouagna LC, van Warmerdam T, Awono-Ambene PH, et al. Mosquito feeding assays to determine the infectiousness of naturally infected Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriers. PLoS One 2012;7(8):e42821.
106. Bousema T, Okell L, Felger I, Drakeley C. Asymptomatic malaria infections: detectability, transmissibility and public health relevance. Nature Reviews MIcrobiology 2014;12(12):833-40. [DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3364]
107. Breman JG. Resistance to artemisinin-based combination therapy. Lancet. Infectious Diseases 2012;12(11):820-2.
108. Carter R, Graves PM. Gametocytes. In: Wernsdorfer WH, MacGregor IA editor(s). Malaria: Principles and Practice of Malariology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1988.
109. Chotivanich K, Sattabongkot J, Udomsangpetch U, Looareesuwan S, Day NP, Coleman RE, et al. Transmission-blocking activities of quinine, primaquine, and artesunate. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2006;50(6):1927-30.
110. Churcher TS, Bousema T, Walker M, Drakeley C, Schneider P, Ouédraogo AL, et al. Predicting mosquito infection from Plasmodium falciparum gametocye density and estimating the reservoir of infection. eLife 2013;2:e00626.
111. Drakeley C, Sutherland C, Bousema JT, Sauerwein RW, Targett GA. The epidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes: weapons of mass dispersion. Trends in Parasitology 2006;22(9):424-30.
112. Eichner M, Diebner HH, Molineaux L, Collins WE, Jeffery GM, Dietz K. Genesis, sequestration and survival of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes: parameter estimates from fitting a model to malaria therapy data. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2001;95(5):497-501.
113. Eziefula A, Gosling R, Hwang J, Hsiang M, Bousema T, von Seidlein L, et al. Rationale for short course primaquine in Africa to interrupt malaria transmission. Malaria Journal 2012;11:360.
114. Geraridin J, Ouedraogo AL, McCarthy KA, Eckhoff PA, Wenger JA. Characterization of the infectious reservoir of malaria with an agent-based model calibrated to age stratified parasite densities and infectiousness. Malaria Journal 2015;14:231.
115. Gerardin J, Eckhoff P, Wenger EA. Mass campaigns with antimalarial drugs: a modeling comparison of artemether-lumefantrine and DHA-piperaquine with and without primaquine as tools for malaria control and elimination. BMC Infectious Diseases 2015;15:144.
116. Roll Back Malaria Partnership. Global Malaria Action Plan. Geneva: RBM/WHO, 2008.
117. Graves PM, Burkot TR, Carter R, Cattani JA, Lagog M, Parker J, et al. Measurement of malarial infectivity of human populations to mosquitoes in the Madang area, Papua New Guinea. Parasitology 1988;96(Pt 2):251-63.
118. Graves PM, Burkot TR, Saul AJ, Hayes RJ, Carter R. Estimation of anopheline survival rate, vectorial capacity and mosquito infection probability from malaria infection rates in villages near Madang, Papua New Guinea. Journal of Applied Ecology 1990;27:134-47.
119. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Schünemann HJ, Tugwell P, Knottnerus A. GRADE guidelines: a new series of articles in the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2011;64(4):380-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.09.011]
120. Hasting IM. Gametocytocidal activity in antimalarial drugs speeds the spread of drug resistance. Tropical Medicine & International Health 2006;11(8):1206-17.
121. Higgins JPT, Altman DH, Sterne JAC. Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook.cochrane.org.
122. Howes RE, Battle KE, Satyagraha AW, Baird JK, Hay SI. G6PD deficiency: global distribution, genetic variants and primaquine therapy. Advances in Parasitology 2013;81:133-201. [DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-407826-0.00004-7]
123. Johnston GL, Gething PW, Hay SI, Smith DL, Fidock DA. Modeling within-host effects of drugs on Plasmodium falciparum transmission and prospects for malaria elimination. PLoS Computational Biology 2014;10(1):e1003434.
124. Kaneko A, Taleo G, Kalkoa M, Yamar S, Kobayakawa T, Björkman A. Malaria eradication on islands. Lancet 2000;356(9241):1560-4.
125. Killeen GF, Ross A, Smith T. Infectiousness of malaria-endemic human populations to vectors. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2006;75(2 Suppl):38-45.
126. Lefebvre C, Manheimer E, Glanville J. Chapter 6: Searching for studies. In: Higgins JP, Green S, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook.cochrane.org. Chichester.
127. Lines JD, Wilkes TJ, Lyimo EO. Human malaria infectiousness measured by age-specific sporozoite rates in Anopheles gambiae in Tanzania. Parasitology 1991;102(2):167-77.
128. Meltzer E, Schwartz E. Low-dose primaquine for falciparum malaria. Lancet. Infectious Diseases 2014;14(6):449.
129. Mendis K, Rietveld A, Warsame M, Bosman A, Greenwood B, Wernsdorfer W. From malaria control to eradication: the WHO perspective. Tropical Medicine & International Health 2009;14(7):802-9.
130. Okell LC, Drakeley CJ, Ghani AC, Bousema T, Sutherland CJ. Reduction of transmission from malaria patients by artemisinin therapies: a pooled analysis of six randomized trials. Malaria Journal 2008;7:125.
131. Okell LC, Drakeley CJ, Bousema T, Whitty CJ, Ghani AC. Modelling the impact of artemisinin combination therapy and long-acting treatments on malaria transmission intensity. PLoS Medicine 2008;5(11):e226.
132. Olalekan U, Graves PM, Saunders R, Gelband H, Richardson M, Garner P. Safety of primaquine given to people with G6PD deficiency: systematic review of prospective studies. Malaria Journal 2017;16:346. [DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1989-3]
133. Ouédrago AL, Bousema T, Schneider P, de Vlas SJ, Ilboudo-Sanogo E, Cuzin-Ouattara N, et al. Substantial contribution of submicroscopical Plasmodium falciparum gametocute carriage to the infectious reservoir in an area of seasonal transmission. PLoS One 2009;4(12):e8410.
134. Phillips MA, Burrows JN, Manyando C, van Huijsduijnen RH, Van Voorhis WC, Wells TNC. Malaria. Nature Reviews. Disease Primers 2017;3:17050. [DOI: 10.1038/mdp.2017.50]
135. Poirot E, Skarbinski J, Sinclair D, Kachur SP, Slutsker L, Hwang J. Mass drug administration for malaria. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 12. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008846.pub2]
136. Price R, Nosten F, Luxemburger C, ter Kuile FO, Paiphun L, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, et al. The effects of artemisinin derivatives on malaria transmissibility. Lancet 1996;347(9016):1654-8.
137. Nordic Cochrane Centre. The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager 5 (RevMan 5). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: Nordic Cochrane Centre. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
138. Smalley ME, Sinden RE. Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes: their longevity and infectivity. Parasitology 1977;74(1):1-8.
139. Stone W, Goncalves BP, Bousema T, Drakeley C. Assessing the infectious reservoir of falciparum malaria, past and future. Trends in Parasitology 2015;31(7):287-296.
140. Sturrock HJW, Hsiang MS, Cohen JM, Smith DL, Greenhouse B, Bousema T, et al. Targeting asymptomatic malaria infections: active surveillance in control and elimination. PLoS Medicine 2013;10(6):e1001467.
141. von Seidlein L, Greenwood BM. Mass administrations of antimalarial drugs. Trends in Parasitology 2003;19(10):452-60.
142. White NJ. Antimalarial pharmacokinetics and treatment regimens. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1992;34(1):1-10.
143. White NJ. The role of antimalarial drugs in eliminating malaria. Malaria Journal 2008;7(Suppl 1):S8.
144. White NJ, Qiao LG, Qi G, Luzzatto L. Rationale for recommending a lower dose of primaquine as a Plasmodium falciparum gametocytocide in populations where G6PD deficiency is common. Malaria Journal 2012;11:418.
145. White NJ. Primaquine to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria. Lancet. Infectious Diseases 2013;13(2):175-81.
146. White NJ, Ashley EA, Recht J, Delves MJ, Ruecker A, Smithuis FM, et al. Assessment of therapeutic responses to gametocytocidal drugs in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Malaria Journal 2014;13(483):1-13. [DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-483]
147. World Health Organization. Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria. 2nd Edition. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2010.
148. World Health Organization. WHO Evidence Review Group: The safety and effectiveness of single dose primaquine as a P. falciparium gametoctyocide. Meeting Report. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2012.
149. Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization. Single dose primaquine as a gametocytocide in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Updated WHO Policy Recommendation. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2012.
150. World Health Organization. Policy brief on single dose primaquine as a gametocytocide in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. WHO/HTM/GMP/2015.1. January 2015. www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/policy-brief-single-dose-primaquine-pf/en/ (accessed 16 January 2018).
151. World Health Organization. Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria. 3rd Edition. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2015.
152. World Health Organization MPAC. Background document for Session 3 of the Malaria Policy Advisory Committee Meeting MPAC meeting, Sept 2015: Consensus modelling evidence to support the design of mass drug administration programs. www.who.int/malaria/mpac/mpac-sept2015-consensus-modelling-mda.pdf (accessed 16 January 2018).
153. World Health Organization. World Malaria Report 2016. www.who.int/malaria/publications/world-malaria-report-2016/report/en/ (accessed 16 January 2018).
154. WWARN. Gametocyte carriage in uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria following treatment with artemisinin combination therapy: a systematic review and metaanalysis of individual patient data. BMC Medicine 2016;14:79.
155. Graves PM, Gelband H, Garner P. Primaquine for reducing Plasmodium falciparum transmission. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 9. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008152.pub2]
156. Graves PM, Gelband H, Garner P. Primaquine or other 8-aminoquinoline for reducing P. falciparum transmission. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 6. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008152.pub3]
157. Graves PM, Gelband H, Garner P. Primaquine or other 8-aminoquinoline for reducing Plasmodium falciparum transmission. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008152.pub4]