Gametocyte carriage in uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria following treatment with artemisinin combination therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data

BMC Medicine

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2016, Pages

  Abdulla, Salim ^a   Achan, Jane ^b,c   Adam, Ishag ^d   Alemayehu, Bereket H ^e   Allan, Richard ^f   Allen, Elizabeth N ^g   Anvikar, Anupkumar R ^h   Arinaitwe, Emmanuel ⁱ   Ashley, Elizabeth A ^j,k   Asih, Puji Budi Setia ^l   Awab, Ghulam Rahim ^m,n   Barnes, Karen I ^g,o   Bassat, Quique ^p,q   Baudin, Elisabeth ^r   Bjorkman, Anders ^s   Bompart, Francois ^t   Bonnet, Maryline ^r,u   Borrmann, Steffen ^v,w   Bousema, Teun ^x,y   Carrara, Verena I ^j,m   Cenci, Fabio ^z   Checchi, Francesco ^s   Cot, Michel ^aa   Dahal, Prabin ^o,ab   D'Alessandro, Umberto ^c,x,ac   Deloron, Philippe ^aa,ad   Djimde, Abdoulaye ^ae   Dondorp, Arjen ^m,ab   Dorsey, Grant ^af   Doumbo, Ogobara K ^ae   Drakeley, Chris J ^x   Duparc, Stephan ^ag   Espie, Emmanuelle ^r   Faiz, Abul ^ah   Falade, Catherine O ^ai   Fanello, Caterina ^m   Faucher, Jean Francois ^aa,ad,aj   Faye, Babacar ^ak   Filler, Scott ^ak   Fofana, Bakary ^ae   Fogg, Carole ^al   Gansane, Adama ^am   Gaye, Oumar ^an   Genton, Blaise ^ao,ap   Gething, Peter W ^aq   Gonzalez, Raquel ^p,q   Grandesso, Francesco ^r   Greenwood, Brian ^x   Grivoyannis, Anastasia ^ar   Guerin, Philippe J ^o,ab   Hamed, Kamal ^as   Hatz, Christoph ^ao   Hay, Simon I ^ar,at   Hodel, Eva Maria ^ao,au   Humphreys, Georgina S ^o,ab   Hwang, Jimee ^av,aw   Janssens, Bart ^ax   Jima, Daddi ^ay   Juma, Elizabeth ^az   Kachur, S Patrick ^av   Kager, Piet ^ba   Kamya, Moses R ^bb   Kapulu, Melissa ^v,ab   Karema, Corine ^bc   Kayentao, Kassoum ^bd   Kiechel, Jean R ^be   Kofoed, Poul Erik ^bf,bg,bh   Lameyre, Valerie ^t   Lee, Sue J ^k,ab   Lell, Bertrand ^w,bi   Lima, Nines ^bj   Marsh, Kevin ^v,ab   Mårtensson, Andreas ^s,bk   Massougbodji, Achille ^bl   Mayxay, Mayfong ^ab,bm,bn   McGready, Rose ^j,ab   Menan, Hervé ^bo   Menendez, Clara ^p,q   Mens, Petra ^bp,bq   Meremikwu, Martin ^br   Mockenhaupt, Frank P ^bs   Moreira, Clarissa ^o,ab   Nabasumba, Carolyn ^r,bt   Nambozi, Michael ^bu   Ndiaye, Jean Louis ^an   Newton, Paul N ^ab,bm   Ngasala, Billy E ^s,bv   Nosten, Francois ^j,ab   Nsanzabana, Christian ^r,ab   Offianan, Andre Toure ^bw   Oguike, Mary ^x   Ogutu, Bernhards R ^az   Olliaro, Piero ^bx   Omar, Sabah A ^by   Osorio, Lyda ^bz   Owusu Agyei, Seth ^ca   Penali, Louis K ^o   Pene, Mbaye ^an   Peshu, Judy ^v   Piola, Patrice ^cb   Premji, Zul ^bv   Price, Ric N ^o,ab,cc   Ramharter, Michael ^w,cd,ce   Rombo, Lars ^cf   Roper, Cally ^x   Rosenthal, Philip J ^af   Sagara, Issaka ^ae   Sawa, Patrick ^cg   Schallig, Henk D F H ^bp   Schramm, Birgit ^r   Shekalaghe, Seif A ^a   Sibley, Carol H ^o,ar   Sirima, Sodiomon ^am   Smithuis, Frank ^ch,ci   Sow, Doudou ^an   Staedke, Sarah G ^i,x   Stepniewska, Kasia ^o,ab   Sutanto, Inge ^cj   Sutherland, Colin J ^x   Swarthout, Todd D ^bj   Syafruddin, Din ^l   Sylla, Khadime ^an   Talisuna, Ambrose O ^aq   Taylor, Walter R ^ck   Temu, Emmanuel A ^f,ao,cl   Kuile, Feiko Ter ^au,az   Tinto, Halidou ^cm,cn   Tjitra, Emiliana ^co   Ursing, Johan ^s,cp   Valecha, Neena ^h   Van Den Broek, Ingrid ^bj,cq   Van Herp, Michel ^ax   Van Vugt, Michele ^bp   Ward, Stephen A ^au   White, Nicholas J ^k,ab   Winstanley, Peter A ^cr   Woodrow, Charles J ^m,ab   Yeka, Adoke ^b   Zwang, Julien ^bg   more..

^a IFAKARA HEALTH INSTITUTE   (Tanzania)

^b Uganda Malaria Surveillance Project   (Uganda)

^c Medical Research Council Unit   (Gambia)

^d UNIVERSITY OF KHARTOUM   (Sudan)

^e Department of Medicine   (United States)

^f MENTOR Initiative   (United Kingdom)

^g UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

^h NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MALARIA RESEARCH   (India)

ⁱ INFECTIOUS DISEASES RESEARCH COLLABORATION   (Uganda)

^j SHOKLO MALARIA RESEARCH UNIT   (Thailand)

^k MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY   (Thailand)

^l EIJKMAN INSTITUTE FOR MOLECULAR BIOLOGY   (Indonesia)

^m MAHIDOL OXFORD TROPICAL MEDICINE RESEARCH UNIT   (Thailand)

ⁿ Ministry of Public Health   (Afghanistan)

^o WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network   (Senegal)

^p Manhiça Health Research Center   (Mozambique)

^q CENTRE FOR RESEARCH IN ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY CREAL   (Spain)

^r EPICENTRE   (France)

^s KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^t SANOFI   (France)

^u UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTPELLIER   (France)

^v KEMRI WELLCOME TRUST RESEARCH PROGRAMME   (Kenya)

^w UNIVERSITY OF TÜBINGEN   (Germany)

^x LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^y RADBOUD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^z Sigma Tau SpA   (Italy)

^aa INSTITUT DE RECHERCHE POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT   (France)

^ab UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^ac INSTITUTE OF TROPICAL MEDICINE   (Belgium)

^ad UNIVERSITÉ PARIS DESCARTES   (France)

^ae UNIVERSITY OF BAMAKO   (Mali)

^af UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^ag Medicines for Malaria Venture   (Switzerland)

^ah Dev Care Foundation   (Bangladesh)

^ai UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN   (Nigeria)

^aj UNIVERSITÉ DE FRANCHE COMTÉ   (France)

^ak TUBERCULOSIS AND MALARIA   (Switzerland)

^al UNIVERSITY OF PORTSMOUTH   (United Kingdom)

^am Burkina Faso   (Burkina Faso)

^an UNIVERSITÉ CHEIKH ANTA DIOP   (Senegal)

^ao SWISS TROPICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTE   (Switzerland)

^ap LAUSANNE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Switzerland)

^aq UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^ar UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^as NOVARTIS PHARMA AG   (Switzerland)

^at UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^au LIVERPOOL SCHOOL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^av CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

^aw UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^ax MÉDECINS SANS FRONTIÈRES   (Belgium)

^ay FEDERAL MINISTRY OF HEALTH   (Ethiopia)

^az KENYA MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Kenya)

^ba ACADEMIC MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^bb MAKERERE UNIVERSITY   (Uganda)

^bc RBC   (Rwanda)

^bd UNIVERSITY OF BAMAKO   (Mali)

^be Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative DNDi   (Switzerland)

^bf Projecto de Saude de Bandim   (Guinea-Bissau)

^bg UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN DENMARK   (Denmark)

^bh KOLDING HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

^bi Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné HÔpital Albert Schweitzer   (Gabon)

^bj MÉDECINS SANS FRONTIÈRES   (Switzerland)

^bk UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^bl UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY CALAVI   (Benin)

^bm MAHOSOT HOSPITAL   (Laos)

^bn UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES   (Laos)

^bo UNIVERSITÉ FÉLIX HOUPHOUËT BOIGNY   (Côte d’Ivoire)

^bp ROYAL TROPICAL INSTITUTE   (Netherlands)

^bq UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^br UNIVERSITY OF CALABAR   (Nigeria)

^bs CHARITÉ UNIVERSITÄTSMEDIZIN BERLIN   (Germany)

^bt MBARARA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Uganda)

^bu TROPICAL DISEASES RESEARCH CENTRE   (Zambia)

^bv MUHIMBILI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES   (Tanzania)

^bw INSTITUT PASTEUR DE CÔTE D'IVOIRE   (Côte d’Ivoire)

^bx WORLD BANK   (United States)

^by International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE)   (Kenya)

^bz UNIVERSIDAD DEL VALLE   (Colombia)

^ca KINTAMPO HEALTH RESEARCH CENTRE   (Ghana)

^cb INSTITUT PASTEUR DE MADAGASCAR   (Madagascar)

^cc MENZIES SCHOOL OF HEALTH RESEARCH   (Australia)

^cd MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^ce German Center for Infection Research CERMEL   (Gabon)

^cf KAROLINSKA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^cg INTERNATIONAL CENTRE OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY ICIPE   (Kenya)

^ch Myanmar Oxford Clinical Research Unit   (Myanmar)

^ci Medical Action Myanmar   (Myanmar)

^cj UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA   (Indonesia)

^ck ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^cl UNIVERSITY OF BASEL   (Switzerland)

^cm Institut de Recherce en Sciences de la Sante   (Burkina Faso)

^cn CENTRE MURAZ   (Burkina Faso)

^co NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT   (Indonesia)

^cp Studies of the Epidemiology of Epilepsy in Demographic Surveillance Systems   (Guinea-Bissau)

^cq NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT   (Netherlands)

^cr UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

more..

Author keywords

Drug resistance; Gametocyte; Malaria; Plasmodium falciparum

Indexed keywords

AMODIAQUINE PLUS ARTESUNATE; ARTEMETHER PLUS BENFLUMETOL; ARTEMISININ; ARTESUNATE PLUS MEFLOQUINE; DIHYDROARTEMISININ PLUS PIPERAQUINE; HEMOGLOBIN;

AFRICA; AGE; ANEMIA; ARTICLE; ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION; ASIA; CHILD; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; FEMALE; FEVER; GAMETOCYTAEMIA; GAMETOCYTE; HAZARD RATIO; HEMATOCRIT; HUMAN; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALARIA FALCIPARUM; MALE; META ANALYSIS; MICROSCOPY; MIXED INFECTION; PARASITE CLEARANCE; PARASITEMIA; PREVALENCE; REINFECTION; RISK FACTOR; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SOUTH AMERICA; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TEMPERATURE; TREATMENT RESPONSE; UNDERWEIGHT;

EID: 84969921822     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17417015     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s12916-016-0621-7     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. World Health Organization. World Malaria Report 2014. Geneva: WHO; 2014.
2. Bhatt S, Weiss DJ, Cameron E, Bisanzio D, Mappin B, Dalrymple U, et al. The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015. Nature. 2015;526(7572):207-11.
3. Griffin JT, Hollingsworth TD, Okell LC, Churcher TS, White M, Hinsley W, Bousema T, Drakeley CJ, Ferguson NM, Basanez MG, et al. Reducing Plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission in Africa: a model-based evaluation of intervention strategies. PLoS Med. 2010;7(8).
4. Price R, Nosten F, Simpson JA, Luxemburger C, Phaipun L, ter Kuile F, et al. Risk factors for gametocyte carriage in uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999;60(6):1019-23.
5. Bousema T, Drakeley C. Epidemiology and infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax gametocytes in relation to malaria control and elimination. Clin Mirobiol Rev. 2011;24(2):377-410.
6. Slater HC, Ross A, Ouedraogo AL, White LJ, Nguon C, Walker PG, et al. Assessing the impact of next-generation rapid diagnostic tests on Plasmodium falciparum malaria elimination strategies. Nature. 2015;528(7580):S94-101.
7. Johnston GL, Gething PW, Hay SI, Smith DL, Fidock DA. Modeling within-host effects of drugs on Plasmodium falciparum transmission and prospects for malaria elimination. PLoS Comp Biol. 2014;10(1):e1003434.
8. Bousema T, Okell L, Shekalaghe S, Griffin JT, Omar S, Sawa P, et al. Revisiting the circulation time of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes: molecular detection methods to estimate the duration of gametocyte carriage and the effect of gametocytocidal drugs. Malar J. 2010;9:136.
9. Targett G, Drakeley C, Jawara M, von Seidlein L, Coleman R, Deen J, et al. Artesunate reduces but does not prevent posttreatment transmission of Plasmodium falciparum to Anopheles gambiae. J Infect Dis. 2001;183(8):1254-9.
10. WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network DPSG. The effect of dosing regimens on the antimalarial efficacy of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine: a pooled analysis of individual patient data. PLoS Med. 2013;10(12):e1001564. Discussion e1001564.
11. White NJ. Assessment of the pharmacodynamic properties of antimalarial drugs in vivo. Antimicrob Ag Chemother. 1997;41(7):1413-22.
12. Adjalley SH, Johnston GL, Li T, Eastman RT, Ekland EH, Eappen AG, et al. Quantitative assessment of Plasmodium falciparum sexual development reveals potent transmission-blocking activity by methylene blue. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(47):E1214-23.
13. Price RN, Nosten F, Luxemburger C, ter Kuile FO, Paiphun L, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, et al. Effects of artemisinin derivatives on malaria transmissibility. Lancet. 1996;347(9016):1654-8.
14. Sutherland CJ, Ord R, Dunyo S, Jawara M, Drakeley CJ, Alexander N, et al. Reduction of malaria transmission to Anopheles mosquitoes with a six-dose regimen of co-artemether. PLoS Med. 2005;2(4):e92.
15. Bousema JT, Schneider P, Gouagna LC, Drakeley CJ, Tostmann A, Houben R, et al. Moderate effect of artemisinin-based combination therapy on transmission of Plasmodium falciparum. J Infect Dis. 2006;193(8):1151-9.
16. Nosten F, van Vugt M, Price R, Luxemburger C, Thway KL, Brockman A, et al. Effects of artesunate-mefloquine combination on incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria and mefloquine resistance in western Thailand: a prospective study. Lancet. 2000;356(9226):297-302.
17. Barnes KI, Durrheim DN, Little F, Jackson A, Mehta U, Allen E, et al. Effect of artemether-lumefantrine policy and improved vector control on malaria burden in KwaZulu-Natal. South Africa PLoS Med. 2005;2(11):e330.
18. Sawa P, Shekalaghe SA, Drakeley CJ, Sutherland CJ, Mweresa CK, Baidjoe AY, et al. Malaria transmission after artemether-lumefantrine and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine: a randomized trial. J Infect Dis. 2013;207(11):1637-45.
19. Four Artemisinin-Based Combinations Study Group. A head-to-head comparison of four artemisinin-based combinations for treating uncomplicated malaria in African children: a randomized trial. PLoS Med. 2011;8(11):e1001119.
20. WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network. Gametocyte Carriage Study Group Statistical Analysis Plan. 2015. http://www.wwarn.org/tools-resources/gametocyte-carriage-study-group-statistical-analysis-plan. Accessed 20 May 2014.
21. Gething PW, Patil AP, Smith DL, Guerra CA, Elyazar IR, Johnston GL, et al. A new world malaria map: Plasmodium falciparum endemicity in 2010. Malar J. 2011;10:378.
22. Royston P, Altman DG. Regression using fractional polynomials of continuous covariates: parsimonious parametric modelling. Appl Stat. 1994;43:429-67.
23. World Health Organization. Guidelines for the treatment of malaria. 2nd ed. Geneva: WHO; 2010.
24. Stepniewska K, Price RN, Sutherland CJ, Drakeley CJ, von Seidlein L, Nosten F, et al. Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte dynamics in areas of different malaria endemicity. Malar J. 2008;7:249.
25. Price RN, Simpson JA, Nosten F, Luxemburger C, Hkirjaroen L, ter Kuile F, et al. Factors contributing to anemia after uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001;65(5):614-22.
26. Taylor WR, Widjaja H, Basri H, Tjitra E, Ohrt C, Taufik T, et al. Haemoglobin dynamics in Papuan and non-Papuan adults in northeast Papua, Indonesia, with acute, uncomplicated vivax or falciparum malaria. Malar J. 2013;12:209.
27. Sowunmi A, Fateye BA, Adedeji AA, Fehintola FA, Happi TC. Risk factors for gametocyte carriage in uncomplicated falciparum malaria in children. Parasitol. 2004;129(Pt 3):255-62.
28. Trager W, Gill GS, Lawrence C, Nagel RL. Plasmodium falciparum: enhanced gametocyte formation in vitro in reticulocyte-rich blood. Exp Parasitol. 1999;91(2):115-8.
29. Reece SE, Duncan AB, West SA, Read AF. Host cell preference and variable transmission strategies in malaria parasites. Proc Biol Sci. 2005;272(1562):511-7.
30. Akim NI, Drakeley C, Kingo T, Simon B, Senkoro K, Sauerwein RW. Dynamics of P. falciparum gametocytemia in symptomatic patients in an area of intense perennial transmission in Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2000;63(3-4):199-203.
31. Nacher M, Singhasivanon P, Silachamroon U, Treeprasertsuk S, Tosukhowong T, Vannaphan S, et al. Decreased hemoglobin concentrations, hyperparasitemia, and severe malaria are associated with increased Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriage. J Parasitol. 2002;88(1):97-101.
32. Bassat Q, Mulenga M, Tinto H, Piola P, Borrmann S, Menendez C, et al. Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine and artemether-lumefantrine for treating uncomplicated malaria in African children: a randomised, non-inferiority trial. PLoS One. 2009;4(11):e7871.
33. Yeka A, Dorsey G, Kamya MR, Talisuna A, Lugemwa M, Rwakimari JB, et al. Artemether-lumefantrine versus dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for treating uncomplicated malaria: a randomized trial to guide policy in Uganda. PLoS One. 2008;3(6):e2390.
34. Zwang J, Ashley EA, Karema C, D'Alessandro U, Smithuis F, Dorsey G, et al. Safety and efficacy of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine in falciparum malaria: a prospective multi-centre individual patient data analysis. PLoS One. 2009;4(7):e6358.
35. World Health Organization. Guidelines for the treatment of malaria. 3rd ed. Geneva: WHO; 2015.
36. Bolscher JM, Koolen KM, van Gemert GJ, van de Vegte-Bolmer MG, Bousema T, Leroy D, et al. A combination of new screening assays for prioritization of transmission-blocking antimalarials reveals distinct dynamics of marketed and experimental drugs. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70:1357-66.
37. Lucantoni L, Duffy S, Adjalley SH, Fidock DA, Avery VM. Identification of MMV malaria box inhibitors of plasmodium falciparum early-stage gametocytes using a luciferase-based high-throughput assay. Antimicrob Ag Chemother. 2013;57(12):6050-62.
38. Ashley EA, Dhorda M, Fairhurst RM, Amaratunga C, Lim P, Suon S, et al. Spread of artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(5):411-23.
39. Carrara VI, Zwang J, Ashley EA, Price RN, Stepniewska K, Barends M, et al. Changes in the treatment responses to artesunate-mefloquine on the northwestern border of Thailand during 13 years of continuous deployment. PLoS One. 2009;4(2):e4551.
40. Barnes KI, Little F, Mabuza A, Mngomezulu N, Govere J, Durrheim D, et al. Increased gametocytemia after treatment: an early parasitological indicator of emerging sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance in falciparum malaria. J Infect Dis. 2008;197(11):1605-13.
41. Hallett RL, Dunyo S, Ord R, Jawara M, Pinder M, Randall A, et al. Chloroquine/sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine for gambian children with malaria: transmission to mosquitoes of multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS Clin Trials. 2006;1(3):e15.
42. Joice R, Nilsson SK, Montgomery J, Dankwa S, Egan E, Morahan B, et al. Plasmodium falciparum transmission stages accumulate in the human bone marrow. Sci Transl Med. 2014;6(244):244re245.
43. Delves MJ, Ruecker A, Straschil U, Lelievre J, Marques S, Lopez-Barragan MJ, et al. Male and female Plasmodium falciparum mature gametocytes show different responses to antimalarial drugs. Antimicr Ag Chemother. 2013;57(7):3268-74.
44. Churcher TS, Bousema T, Walker M, Drakeley C, Schneider P, Ouedraogo AL, et al. Predicting mosquito infection from Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte density and estimating the reservoir of infection. eLife. 2013;2: e00626.
45. Eziefula AC, Bousema T, Yeung S, Kamya M, Owaraganise A, Gabagaya G, et al. Single dose primaquine for clearance of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in children with uncomplicated malaria in Uganda: a randomised, controlled, double-blind, dose-ranging trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14(2):130-9.
46. White NJ. Primaquine to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13(2):175-81.
47. Dicko A, Brown JM, Diawara H, Baber I, Mahamar A, Soumare HM, Sanogo K, Koita F, Keita S, Traore SF, et al. Primaquine to reduce transmission of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Mali: a single-blind, dose-ranging, adaptive randomised phase 2 trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016.
48. Okell LC, Cairns M, Griffin JT, Ferguson NM, Tarning J, Jagoe G, et al. Contrasting benefits of different artemisinin combination therapies as first-line malaria treatments using model-based cost-effectiveness analysis. Nat Comm. 2014;5:5606.