Runs of homozygosity: Windows into population history and trait architecture

Nature Reviews Genetics

Volumn 19, Issue 4, 2018, Pages 220-234

  Ceballos, Francisco C ^a,b   Joshi, Peter K ^c   Clark, David W ^c   Ramsay, Michèle ^a,d   Wilson, James F ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEMOGRAPHY; GENE SEQUENCE; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC TRAIT; HOMOZYGOSITY; HUMAN; INBREEDING DEPRESSION; PEDIGREE; POPULATION GENETICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUANTITATIVE TRAIT; REVIEW; CONSANGUINITY; FEMALE; GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY; HOMOZYGOTE; HUMAN GENOME; MALE;

CONSANGUINITY; FEMALE; GENOME, HUMAN; GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY; HOMOZYGOTE; HUMANS; MALE;

EID: 85041073361     PISSN: 14710056     EISSN: 14710064     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nrg.2017.109     Document Type: Review

References (141)

1. Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. & Bodmer, W. The Genetics of Human Populations (W. H. Freeman & Co Ltd, 1978).
2. Bittles, A. H. & Black, M. L. Consanguinity, human evolution, and complex diseases. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 1779-1786 (2010).
3. Broman, K. W. & Weber, J. L. Long homozygous chromosomal segments in reference families from the centre d'Etude du polymorphisme humain. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 65, 1493-1500 (1999).
4. Jones, C. M. R. M. Atlas of World Population History. (Facts On File, 1978).
5. Biraben, J. N. An essay concerning mankind's demographic evolution. J. Hum. Evol. 9, 655-663 (1980).
6. Gunderson, R. C. Connecting Your Pedigree Into Royal, Noble and Medieval Families. (Genealogical Society of Utah, 1980).
7. Keller, M. C., Visscher, P. M. & Goddard, M. E. Quantification of inbreeding due to distant ancestors and its detection using dense single nucleotide polymorphism data. Genetics 189, 237-249 (2011).
8. Donnelly, K. P. The probability that related individuals share some section of genome identical by descent. Theor. Popul. Biol. 23, 34-63 (1983).
9. Rohde, D. L., Olson, S. & Chang, J. T. Modelling the recent common ancestry of all living humans. Nature 431, 562-566 (2004).
10. Garrod, A. E. The incidence of alkaptonuria: a study in chemical individuality. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2, 1616-1620 (1902).
11. Hoffman, J. I. et al. High-throughput sequencing reveals inbreeding depression in a natural population. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 3775-3780 (2014).
12. Huisman, J., Kruuk, L. E., Ellis, P. A., Clutton-Brock, T. & Pemberton, J. M. Inbreeding depression across the lifespan in a wild mammal population. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113, 3585-3590 (2016).
13. Charlesworth, D. & Willis, J. H. The genetics of inbreeding depression. Nat. Rev. Genet. 10, 783-796 (2009).
14. Szpiech, Z. A. et al. Long runs of homozygosity are enriched for deleterious variation. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 93, 90-102 (2013).
15. Alsalem, A. B., Halees, A. S., Anazi, S., Alshamekh, S. & Alkuraya, F. S. Autozygome sequencing expands the horizon of human knockout research and provides novel insights into human phenotypic variation. PLoS Genet. 9, e1004030 (2013).
16. Xue, Y. et al. Mountain gorilla genomes reveal the impact of long-term population decline and inbreeding. Science 348, 242-245 (2015).
17. Scott, E. M. et al. Characterization of Greater Middle Eastern genetic variation for enhanced disease gene discovery. Nat. Genet. 48, 1071-1076 (2016).
18. Purcell, S. et al. PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 81, 559-575 (2007).
19. Pemberton, T. J. et al. Genomic patterns of homozygosity in worldwide human populations. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 91, 275-292 (2012).
20. Joshi, P. K. et al. Directional dominance on stature and cognition in diverse human populations. Nature 523, 459-462 (2015).
21. Gusev, A. et al. Whole population, genome-wide mapping of hidden relatedness. Genom. Res. 19, 318-326 (2009).
22. Browning, S. R. & Browning, B. L. High-resolution detection of identity by descent in unrelated individuals. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 86, 526-539 (2010).
23. Howrigan, D. P., Simonson, M. A. & Keller, M. C. Detecting autozygosity through runs of homozygosity: a comparison of three autozygosity detection algorithms. BMC Genomics 12, 460 (2011).
24. Szpiech, Z. A., Blant, A. & Pemberton, T. J. GARLIC: Genomic Autozygosity Regions Likelihood-based Inference and Classification. Bioinformatics 33, 2059-2062 (2017).
25. Zhuang, Z., Gusev, A., Cho, J. & Pe'er, I. Detecting identity by descent and homozygosity mapping in whole-exome sequencing data. PLoS ONE 7, e47618 (2012).
26. Pippucci, T., Magi, A., Gialluisi, A. & Romeo, G. Detection of runs of homozygosity from whole exome sequencing data: state of the art and perspectives for clinical, population and epidemiological studies. Hum. Hered. 77, 63-72 (2014).
27. Magi, A. et al. H3M2: detection of runs of homozygosity from whole-exome sequencing data. Bioinformatics 30, 2852-2859 (2014).
28. Narasimhan, V. et al. BCFtools/RoH: a hidden Markov model approach for detecting autozygosity from next-generation sequencing data. Bioinformatics 32, 1749-1751 (2016).
29. Gibson, J., Morton, N. E. & Collins, A. Extended tracts of homozygosity in outbred human populations. Hum. Mol. Genet. 15, 789-795 (2006).
30. Simon-Sanchez, J. et al. Genome-wide SNP assay reveals structural genomic variation, extended homozygosity and cell-line induced alterations in normal individuals. Hum. Mol. Genet. 16, 1-14 (2007).
31. Lencz, T. et al. Runs of homozygosity reveal highly penetrant recessive loci in schizophrenia. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 19942-19947 (2007).
32. Li, L. H. et al. Long contiguous stretches of homozygosity in the human genome. Hum. Mutat. 27, 1115-1121 (2006).
33. International HapMap, C. et al. A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs. Nature 449, 851-861 (2007).
34. Curtis, D. Extended homozygosity is not usually due to cytogenetic abnormality. BMC Genet. 8, 67 (2007).
35. McQuillan, R. et al. Runs of homozygosity in European populations. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 83, 359-372 (2008).
36. Wright, S. Coefficients of Inbreeding and relationship. Amer. Naturalist 56, 330-338 (1922).
37. Woods, C. G. et al. Quantification of homozygosity in consanguineous individuals with autosomal recessive disease. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 78, 889-896 (2006).
38. Kirin, M. et al. Genomic runs of homozygosity record population history and consanguinity. PLoS ONE 5, e13996 (2010).
39. Karafet, T. M. et al. Extensive genome-wide autozygosity in the population isolates of Daghestan. Europ. J. Hum. Genet. 23, 1405-1412 (2015).
40. Mezzavilla, M. et al. Increased rate of deleterious variants in long runs of homozygosity of an inbred population from Qatar. Hum. Hered. 79, 14-19 (2015).
41. Narasimhan, V. M. et al. Health and population effects of rare gene knockouts in adult humans with related parents. Science 352, 474-477 (2016).
42. Jones, E. R. et al. Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians. Nat. Commun. 6, 8912 (2015).
43. Waldman, Y. Y. et al. The genetic history of Cochin Jews from India. Hum. Genet. 135, 1127-1143 (2016).
44. Gilbert, E., Carmi, S., Ennis, S., Wilson, J. F. & Cavalleri, G. L. Genomic insights into the population structure and history of the Irish Travellers. Sci. Rep. 7, 42187 (2017).
45. Esko, T. et al. Genetic characterization of northeastern Italian population isolates in the context of broader European genetic diversity. Europ. J. Hum. Genet. 21, 659-665 (2013).
46. Bryc, K. et al. Colloquium paper: genome-wide patterns of population structure and admixture among Hispanic/Latino populations. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107 (Suppl. 2), 8954-8961 (2010).
47. Abdellaoui, A. et al. Association between autozygosity and major depression: stratification due to religious assortment. Behav. Genet. 43, 455-467 (2013).
48. Abdellaoui, A. et al. Educational attainment influences levels of homozygosity through migration and assortative mating. PLoS ONE 10, e0118935 (2015).
49. Nalls, M. A. et al. Measures of autozygosity in decline: globalization, urbanization, and its implications for medical genetics. PLoS Genet. 5, e1000415 (2009).
50. Higasa, K. et al. Evaluation of haplotype inference using definitive haplotype data obtained from complete hydatidiform moles, and its significance for the analyses of positively selected regions. PLoS Genet. 5, e1000468 (2009).
51. Papenhausen, P. et al. UPD detection using homozygosity profiling with a SNP genotyping microarray. Am. J. Med. Genet. A 155A, 757-768 (2011).
52. Schaaf, C. P. et al. Identification of incestuous parental relationships by SNP-based DNA microarrays. Lancet 377, 555-556 (2011).
53. Sund, K. L. et al. Regions of homozygosity identified by SNP microarray analysis aid in the diagnosis of autosomal recessive disease and incidentally detect parental blood relationships. Genet. Med. 15, 70-78 (2013).
54. Grote, L. et al. Variability in laboratory reporting practices for regions of homozygosity indicating parental relatedness as identified by SNP microarray testing. Genet. Med. 14, 971-976 (2012).
55. Hawass, Z. et al. Ancestry and pathology in King Tutankhamun's family. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 303, 638-647 (2010).
56. Leutenegger, A. L., Sahbatou, M., Gazal, S., Cann, H. & Genin, E. Consanguinity around the world: what do the genomic data of the HGDP-CEPH diversity panel tell us? Europ. J. Hum. Genet. 19, 583-587 (2011).
57. Jalkh, N. et al. Genome-wide inbreeding estimation within Lebanese communities using SNP arrays. Europ. J. Hum. Genet. 23, 1364-1369 (2015).
58. Curtis, D., Vine, A. E. & Knight, J. Study of regions of extended homozygosity provides a powerful method to explore haplotype structure of human populations. Ann. Hum. Genet. 72, 261-278 (2008).
59. Nothnagel, M. et al. Genomic and geographic distribution of SNP-defined runs of homozygosity in Europeans. Hum. Mol. Genet. 19, 2927-2935 (2010).
60. Lander, E. S. & Botstein, D. Homozygosity mapping - a way to map human recessive traits with the DNA of inbred children. Science 236, 1567-1570 (1987).
61. Rudan, I., Campbell, H., Carothers, A. D., Hastie, N. D. & Wright, A. F. Contribution of consanguinuity to polygenic and multifactorial diseases. Nat. Genet. 38, 1224-1225 (2006).
62. Keller, M. C. et al. Runs of homozygosity implicate autozygosity as a schizophrenia risk factor. PLoS Genet. 8, e1002656 (2012).
63. Johnson, E. C. et al. No reliable association between runs of homozygosity and schizophrenia in a well-powered replication study. PLoS Genet. 12, e1006343 (2016).
64. Panagiotou, O. A., Willer, C. J., Hirschhorn, J. N. & Ioannidis, J. P. The power of meta-analysis in genome-wide association studies. Annu. Rev. Genom. Hum. Genet. 14, 441-465 (2013).
65. Power, R. A. et al. A recessive genetic model and runs of homozygosity in major depressive disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 165B, 157-166 (2014).
66. McQuillan, R. et al. Evidence of inbreeding depression on human height. PLoS Genet. 8, e1002655 (2012).
67. Howrigan, D. P. et al. Genome-wide autozygosity is associated with lower general cognitive ability. Mol. Psychiatry 21, 837-843 (2016).
68. Morton, N. E. Effects of inbreeding on IQ and mental retardation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 75, 3906-3908 (1978).
69. Schull, W. J. Inbreeding and maternal effects in the Japanese. Eugen. Q. 9, 14-22 (1962).
70. Rudan, I. et al. Quantifying the increase in average human heterozygosity due to urbanisation. Europ. J. Hum. Genet. 16, 1097-1102 (2008).
71. Yang, H. C., Chang, L. C., Liang, Y. J., Lin, C. H. & Wang, P. L. A genome-wide homozygosity association study identifies runs of homozygosity associated with rheumatoid arthritis in the human major histocompatibility complex. PLoS ONE 7, e34840 (2012).
72. Yang, T. L. et al. Genome-wide survey of runs of homozygosity identifies recessive loci for bone mineral density in Caucasian and Chinese populations. J. Bone Miner. Res. 30, 2119-2126 (2015).
73. Kaiser, V. B. et al. Homozygous loss of function variants in European cosmopolitan and isolate populations. Hum. Mol. Genet. 24, 5464-5474 (2015).
74. Lim, E. T. et al. Distribution and medical impact of loss of function variants in the Finnish founder population. PLoS Genet. 10, e1004494 (2014).
75. Saleheen, D. et al. Human knockouts and phenotypic analysis in a cohort with a high rate of consanguinity. Nature 544, 235-239 (2017).
76. Sudlow, C. et al. UK Biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age. PLoS Med. 12, e1001779 (2015).
77. Gaziano, J. M. et al. Million Veteran Program: a mega-biobank to study genetic influences on health and disease. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 70, 214-223 (2016).
78. Nagai, A. et al. Overview of the BioBank Japan project: study design and profile. J. Epidemiol. 27, S2-S8 (2017).
79. Chen, Z. et al. China Kadoorie Biobank of 0.5 million people: survey methods, baseline characteristics and long-term follow up. Int. J. Epidemiol. 40, 1652-1666 (2011).
80. Ebel, E. R. & Phillips, P. C. Intrinsic differences between males and females determine sex-specific consequences of inbreeding. BMC Evol. Biol. 16, 36 (2016).
81. Darwin, C. R. The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication. (John Murray, 1868).
82. Darwin, C. R. The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom. (John Murray, 1876).
83. Berra, T. M. Darwin & His Children: His Other Legacy. (Oxford Univ. Press, 2013).
84. Berra, T. M., Alvarez, G. & Ceballos, F. C. Was the Darwin/Wedgwood dynasty adversely affected by consanguinity? Bioscience 60, 376-383 (2010).
85. Alvarez, G., Ceballos, F. C. & Berra, T. M. Darwin was right: inbreeding depression on male fertility in the Darwin family. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 114, 474-483 (2015).
86. Ober, C., Hyslop, T. & Hauck, W. W. Inbreeding effects on fertility in humans: evidence for reproductive compensation. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 64, 225-231 (1999).
87. Bittles, A. H. & Neel, J. V. The costs of human inbreeding and their implications for variations at the DNA level. Nat. Genet. 8, 117-121 (1994).
88. Ceballos, F. C. & Alvarez, G. Royal dynasties as human inbreeding laboratories: the Habsburgs. Heredity 111, 114-121 (2013).
89. Alvarez, G. & Ceballos, F. C. Royal inbreeding and the extinction of lineages of the Habsburg dynasty. Hum. Hered. 80, 62-68 (2015).
90. Alvarez, G., Ceballos, F. C. & Quinteiro, C. The role of inbreeding in the extinction of a European royal dynasty. PLoS ONE 4, e5174 (2009).
91. Cassidy, L. M. et al. Neolithic and Bronze Age migration to Ireland and establishment of the insular Atlantic genome. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113, 368-373 (2016).
92. Gamba, C. et al. Genome flux and stasis in a five millennium transect of European prehistory. Nat. Commun. 5, 5257 (2014).
93. Kilinç, G. M. et al. The demographic development of the first farmers in Anatolia. Curr. Biol. 26, 2659-2666 (2016).
94. Prüfer, K. et al. The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains. Nature 505, 43-49 (2014).
95. Kuhlwilm, M. et al. Ancient gene flow from early modern humans into Eastern Neanderthals. Nature 530, 429-433 (2016).
96. Prado-Martinez, J. et al. Great ape genetic diversity and population history. Nature 499, 471-475 (2013).
97. Callaway, E. DNA mutation clock proves tough to set. Nature 519, 139-140 (2015).
98. Kong, A. et al. Rate of de novo mutations and the importance of father's age to disease risk. Nature 488, 471-475 (2012).
99. Campbell, C. D. et al. Estimating the human mutation rate using autozygosity in a founder population. Nat. Genet. 44, 1277-1281 (2012).
100. Alkuraya, F. S. Autozygome decoded. Genet. Med. 12, 765-771 (2010).
101. Narasimhan, V. M. et al. in 65th Annual Meeting of The American Society of Human Genetics PgmNr 353 (Baltimore, MD, 2015).
102. Lipson, M. et al. Calibrating the human mutation rate via ancestral recombination density in diploid genomes. PLoS Genet. 11, e1005550 (2015).
103. Palamara, P. F., Lencz, T., Darvasi, A. & Pe'er, I. Length distributions of identity by descent reveal fine-scale demographic history. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 91, 809-822 (2012).
104. The 1000 Genomes Project Consortium. An integrated map of genetic variation from 1,092 human genomes. Nature 491, 56-65 (2012).
105. Behar, D. M. et al. The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people. Nature 466, 238-U112 (2010).
106. Busby, G. B. J. et al. The role of recent admixture in forming the contemporary west Eurasian genomic landscape. Curr. Biol. 25, 2518-2526 (2015).
107. Henn, B. M. et al. Hunter-gatherer genomic diversity suggests a southern African origin for modern humans. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, 5154-5162 (2011).
108. Li, J. Z. et al. Worldwide human relationships inferred from genome-wide patterns of variation. Science 319, 1100-1104 (2008).
109. Hellenthal, G. et al. A genetic atlas of human admixture history. Science 343, 747-751 (2014).
110. Metspalu, M. et al. Shared and unique components of human population structure and genome-wide signals of positive selection in South Asia. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 89, 731-744 (2011).
111. Pagani, L. et al. Ethiopian genetic diversity reveals linguistic stratification and complex influences on the Ethiopian gene pool. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 91, 83-96 (2012).
112. Rasmussen, M. et al. Ancient human genome sequence of an extinct Palaeo-Eskimo. Nature 463, 757-762 (2010).
113. Schlebusch, C. M. et al. Genomic variation in seven Khoe-San groups reveals adaptation and complex African history. Science 338, 374-379 (2012).
114. Hodoglugil, U. & Mahley, R. W. Turkish population structure and genetic ancestry reveal relatedness among Eurasian populations. Ann. Hum. Genet. 76, 128-141 (2012).
115. Yunusbayev, B. et al. The Caucasus as an asymmetric semipermeable barrier to ancient human migrations. Mol. Biol. Evol. 29, 359-365 (2012).
116. Vine, A. E. et al. No evidence for excess runs of homozygosity in bipolar disorder. Psychiatr. Genet. 19, 165-170 (2009).
117. Nalls, M. A. et al. Extended tracts of homozygosity identify novel candidate genes associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Neurogenetics 10, 183-190 (2009).
118. Ghani, M. et al. Association of long runs of homozygosity with Alzheimer disease among african american individuals. JAMA Neurol. 72, 1313-1323 (2015).
119. Chahrour, M. H. et al. Whole-Exome sequencing and homozygosity analysis implicate depolarization-regulated neuronal genes in autism. PLoS Genet. 8, 236-244 (2012).
120. Casey, J. P. et al. A novel approach of homozygous haplotype sharing identifies candidate genes in autism spectrum disorder. Hum. Genet. 131, 565-579 (2012).
121. Lin, P. I. et al. Runs of homozygosity associated with speech delay in autism in a taiwanese han population: evidence for the recessive model. PLoS ONE 8, e72056 (2013).
122. Gamsiz, E. D. et al. Intellectual disability is associated with increased runs of homozygosity in simplex autism. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 93, 103-109 (2013).
123. Gandin, I. et al. Excess of runs of homozygosity is associated with severe cognitive impairment in intellectual disability. Genet. Med. 17, 396-399 (2015).
124. Iourov, I. Y., Vorsanova, S. G., Korostelev, S. A., Zelenova, M. A. & Yurov, Y. B. Long contiguous stretches of homozygosity spanning shortly the imprinted loci are associated with intellectual disability, autism and/or epilepsy. Mol. Cytogenet. 8, 77 (2015).
125. Melhem, N. M. et al. Characterizing runs of homozygosity and their impact on risk for psychosis in a population isolate. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 165B, 521-530 (2014).
126. Bacolod, M. D. et al. The signatures of autozygosity among patients with colorectal cancer. Cancer Res. 68, 2610-2621 (2008).
127. Spain, S. L. et al. Colorectal cancer risk is not associated with increased levels of homozygosity in a population from the United Kingdom. Cancer Res. 69, 7422-7429 (2009).
128. Siraj, A. K. et al. Colorectal cancer risk is not associated with increased levels of homozygosity in Saudi Arabia. Genet. Med. 14, 720-728 (2012).
129. Hosking, F. J. et al. Genome-wide homozygosity signatures and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia risk. Blood 115, 4472-4477 (2010).
130. Enciso-Mora, V., Hosking, F. J. & Houlston, R. S. Risk of breast and prostate cancer is not associated with increased homozygosity in outbred populations. Europ. J. Hum. Genet. 18, 909-914 (2010).
131. Orloff, M. S., Zhang, L., Bebek, G. & Eng, C. Integrative genomic analysis reveals extended germline homozygosity with lung cancer risk in the PLCO cohort. PLoS ONE 7, e31975 (2012).
132. Thomsen, H. et al. Inbreeding and homozygosity in breast cancer survival. Sci. Rep. 5, 16467 (2015).
133. Thomsen, H. et al. Runs of homozygosity and inbreeding in thyroid cancer. BMC Cancer 16, 227 (2016).
134. McLaughlin, R. L. et al. Homozygosity mapping in an Irish ALS case-control cohort describes local demographic phenomena and points towards potential recessive risk loci. Genomics 105, 237-241 (2015).
135. McWhirter, R. E., McQuillan, R., Visser, E., Counsell, C. & Wilson, J. F. Genome-wide homozygosity and multiple sclerosis in Orkney and Shetland Islanders. Europ. J. Hum. Genet. 20, 198-202 (2012).
136. Binzer, S. et al. High inbreeding in the Faroe Islands does not appear to constitute a risk factor for multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. 21, 996-1002 (2015).
137. Christofidou, P. et al. Runs of homozygosity: association with coronary artery disease and gene expression in monocytes and macrophages. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 97, 228-237 (2015).
138. Kuningas, M. et al. Runs of homozygosity do not influence survival to old age. PLoS ONE 6, e22580 (2011).
139. Yang, T. L. et al. Runs of homozygosity identify a recessive locus 12q21.31 for human adult height. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 95, 3777-3782 (2010).
140. Power, R. A., Nagoshi, C., DeFries, J. C., Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 2 & Plomin, R. Genome-wide estimates of inbreeding in unrelated individuals and their association with cognitive ability. Europ. J. Hum. Genet. 22, 386-390 (2014).
141. Verweij, K. J. et al. The association of genotype-based inbreeding coefficient with a range of physical and psychological human traits. PLoS ONE 9, e103102 (2014).