Clinical recommendations for cardiovascular magnetic resonance mapping of T1, T2, T2 and extracellular volume: A consensus statement by the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) endorsed by the European Association for Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI)

Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance

Volumn 19, Issue 1, 2017, Pages

  Messroghli, Daniel R ^a,b,c   Moon, James C ^d   Ferreira, Vanessa M ^e   Grosse Wortmann, Lars ^f   He, Taigang ^g   Kellman, Peter ^h   Mascherbauer, Julia ⁱ   Nezafat, Reza ^j   Salerno, Michael ^k   Schelbert, Erik B ^l,m   Taylor, Andrew J ⁿ   Thompson, Richard ^o   Ugander, Martin ^p   Van Heeswijk, Ruud B ^q   Friedrich, Matthias G ^r,s,t,u  

^a DEUTSCHES HERZZENTRUM BERLIN   (Germany)

^b CHARITÉ UNIVERSITÄTSMEDIZIN BERLIN   (Germany)

^c DZHK GERMAN CENTRE FOR CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH   (Germany)

^d UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^f HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN   (Canada)

^g ST GEORGE S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^h NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH   (United States)

ⁱ Division of Cardiology   (Austria)

^j HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^k UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA HEALTH SYSTEM   (United States)

^l UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^m UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

ⁿ ALFRED HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^o UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^p KAROLINSKA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^q LAUSANNE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Switzerland)

^r MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^s UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

^t UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

^u UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMYLOIDOSIS; ANDERSON FABRY DISEASE; AORTIC STENOSIS; CARDIAC IMAGING; CARDIOMYOPATHY; CARDIOVASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE; CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT; EXTRACELLULAR SPACE; HEART FAILURE; HEART FAILURE WITH PRESERVED EJECTION FRACTION; HEART MUSCLE FIBROSIS; HEART MUSCLE INJURY; HEART VENTRICLE REMODELING; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; IMAGE ANALYSIS; IMAGE PROCESSING; INFLAMMATION; IRON OVERLOAD; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LYSOSOME STORAGE DISEASE; MYOCARDIAL DISEASE; NORMAL VALUE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY CONTROL; REFERENCE VALUE; RELAXATION TIME; REVIEW; VALVULAR HEART DISEASE; CONSENSUS; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; EUROPE; HEART; HEART DISEASE; MEDICAL SOCIETY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PROCEDURES;

CONSENSUS; EUROPE; HEART; HEART DISEASES; HUMANS; IMAGE PROCESSING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; SOCIETIES, MEDICAL;

EID: 85031043505     PISSN: 10976647     EISSN: 1532429X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s12968-017-0389-8     Document Type: Review

References (194)

1. Modell B, Khan M, Darlison M, Westwood MA, Ingram D, Pennell DJ. Improved survival of thalassaemia major in the UK and relation to T2 cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2008;10:42.
2. Moon JC, Messroghli DR, Kellman P, Piechnik SK, Robson MD, Ugander M, et al. Myocardial T1 mapping and extracellular volume quantification: a Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) and CMR Working Group of the European Society of Cardiology consensus statement. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2013;15:92.
3. Messroghli DR, Radjenovic A, Kozerke S, Higgins DM, Sivananthan MU, Ridgway JP. Modified Look-Locker inversion recovery (MOLLI) for high-resolution T1 mapping of the heart. Magn Reson Med. 2004;52:141-6.
4. Messroghli DR, Plein S, Higgins DM, Walters K, Jones TR, Ridgway JP, et al. Human myocardium: single-breath-hold MR T1 mapping with high spatial resolution - reproducibility study. Radiology. 2006;238:1004-12.
5. Messroghli DR, Greiser A, Fröhlich M, Dietz R, Schulz-Menger J. Optimization and validation of a fully-integrated pulse sequence for modified look-locker inversion-recovery (MOLLI) T1 mapping of the heart. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2007;26:1081-6.
6. Piechnik SK, Ferreira VM, Dall'Armellina E, Cochlin LE, Greiser A, Neubauer S, et al. Shortened Modified Look-Locker Inversion recovery (ShMOLLI) for clinical myocardial T1-mapping at 1.5 and 3 T within a 9 heartbeat breathhold. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2010;12:69.
7. Mehta BB, Chen X, Bilchick KC, Salerno M, Epstein FH. Accelerated and navigator-gated look-locker imaging for cardiac t1 estimation (ANGIE): Development and application to T1 mapping of the right ventricle. Magn Reson Med. 2015;73(1):150-60.
8. Weingärtner S, Roujol S, Akçakaya M, Basha TA, Nezafat R. Free-breathing multislice native myocardial T1 mapping using the slice-interleaved T1 (STONE) sequence. Magn Reson Med. 2014
9. Fitts M, Breton E, Kholmovski EG, Dosdall DJ, Vijayakumar S, Hong KP, et al. Arrhythmia insensitive rapid cardiac T1 mapping pulse sequence. Magn Reson Med. 2013;70:1274-82.
10. Chow K, Flewitt JA, Green JD, Pagano JJ, Friedrich MG, Thompson RB. Saturation recovery single-shot acquisition (SASHA) for myocardial T1 mapping. Magn Reson Med. 2014;71:2082-95.
11. Higgins DM, Ridgway JP, Radjenovic A, Sivananthan UM, Smith MA. T1 measurement using a short acquisition period for quantitative cardiac applications. Med Phys. 2005;32:1738-46.
12. Weingärtner S, Akçakaya M, Basha T, Kissinger KV, Goddu B, Berg S, et al. Combined saturation/inversion recovery sequences for improved evaluation of scar and diffuse fibrosis in patients with arrhythmia or heart rate variability. Magn Reson Med. 2014;71:1024-34.
13. Look DC, Locker DR. Time saving in measurement of NMR and EPR relaxation times. Rev Sci Instrum. 1970;41:250-1.
14. Messroghli DR, Walters K, Plein S, Sparrow P, Friedrich MG, Ridgway JP, et al. Myocardial T1 mapping: application to patients with acute and chronic myocardial infarction. Magn Reson Med. 2007;58:34-40.
15. Robson MD, Piechnik SK, Tunnicliffe EM, Neubauer S. T1 measurements in the human myocardium: The effects of magnetization transfer on the SASHA and MOLLI sequences. Magn Reson Med. 2013; Epub ahead of print
16. Kellman P, Hansen MS. T1-mapping in the heart: accuracy and precision. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2014;16:2.
17. Kellman P, Herzka DA, Arai AE, Hansen MS. Influence of Off-resonance in myocardial T1-mapping using SSFP based MOLLI method. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2013;15:63.
18. Kellman P, Herzka DA, Hansen MS. Adiabatic inversion pulses for myocardial T1 mapping. Magn Reson Med. 2014;71:1428-34.
19. Roujol S, Weingärtner S, Foppa M, Chow K, Kawaji K, Ngo LH, et al. Accuracy, Precision, and Reproducibility of Four T1 Mapping Sequences: A Head- to-Head Comparison of MOLLI, ShMOLLI, SASHA, and SAPPHIRE. Radiology. 2014;272:683-9.
20. Bhuva AN, Nordin S, Bulluck H, Treibel TA, Abdel-Gadir A, Rosmini S, et al. Reproducibility of native T1 mapping using ShMOLLI and MOLLI - implications for sample size calculation. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2016;18:P2.
21. Kellman P, Arai AE, Xue H. T1 and extracellular volume mapping in the heart: estimation of error maps and the influence of noise on precision. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2013;15
22. Kellman P, Wilson JR, Xue H, Ugander M, Arai AE. Extracellular volume fraction mapping in the myocardium, part 1: evaluation of an automated method. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2012;14:63.
23. Marty B, Vignaud A, Greiser A, Robert B, de Sousa PL, Carlier PG. BLOCH equations-based reconstruction of myocardium t1 maps from modified look-locker inversion recovery sequence. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0126766.
24. Shao J, Rapacchi S, Nguyen K-L, Hu P. Myocardial T1 mapping at 3.0 tesla using an inversion recovery spoiled gradient echo readout and Bloch equation simulation with slice profile correction (BLESSPC) T1 estimation algorithm. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2016;43:414-25.
25. Shao J, Nguyen K-L, Natsuaki Y, Spottiswoode B, Hu P. Instantaneous signal loss simulation (InSiL): an improved algorithm for myocardial T1 mapping using the MOLLI sequence. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2015;41:721-9.
26. Chow K, Yang Y, Shaw P, Kramer CM, Salerno M. Robust free-breathing SASHA T1 mapping with high-contrast image registration. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2016;18:47.
27. Ferreira VM, Wijesurendra RS, Liu A, Greiser A, Casadei B, Robson MD, et al. Systolic ShMOLLI myocardial T1-mapping for improved robustness to partial-volume effects and applications in tachyarrhythmias. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2015;17:77.
28. Zhao L, Li S, Ma X, Greiser A, Zhang T, An J, et al. Systolic MOLLI T1 mapping with heart-rate-dependent pulse sequence sampling scheme is feasible in patients with atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2016;18:13.
29. Miller CA, Naish JH, Bishop P, Coutts G, Clark D, Zhao S, et al. Comprehensive validation of cardiovascular magnetic resonance techniques for the assessment of myocardial extracellular volume. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6:373-83.
30. Flett AS, Sado DM, Quarta G, Mirabel M, Pellerin D, Herrey AS, et al. Diffuse myocardial fibrosis in severe aortic stenosis: an equilibrium contrast cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. Eur Hear J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;13:819-26.
31. Messroghli DR, Nordmeyer S, Dietrich T, Dirsch O, Kaschina E, Savvatis K, et al. Assessment of diffuse myocardial fibrosis in rats using small animal Look-Locker inversion recovery (SALLI) T1 mapping. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4:636-40.
32. Treibel TA, Fontana M, Maestrini V, Castelletti S, Rosmini S, Simpson J, et al. Automatic measurement of the myocardial interstitium: synthetic extracellular volume quantification without hematocrit sampling. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;9:54-63.
33. Biesbroek PS, Amier RP, Teunissen PFA, Hofman MBM, Robbers LFHJ, van de Ven PM, et al. Changes in remote myocardial tissue after acute myocardial infarction and its relation to cardiac remodeling: A CMR T1 mapping study. PLoS One. 2017;e0180115:12.
34. Xue H, Shah S, Greiser A, Guetter C, Littmann A, Jolly MP, et al. Motion correction for myocardial T1 mapping using image registration with synthetic image estimation. Magn Reson Med. 2012;67 https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.23153.
35. Roujol S, Foppa M, Weingärtner S, Manning WJ, Nezafat R. Adaptive registration of varying contrast-weighted images for improved tissue characterization (ARCTIC): Application to T1 mapping. Magn Reson Med. 2014;0:1-14.
36. Kellman P, Arai AE, Xue H. T1 and extracellular volume mapping in the heart: estimation of error maps and the influence of noise on precision. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2013;15:56.
37. Hosch W, Bock M, Libicher M, Ley S, Hegenbart U, Dengler TJ, et al. MR-relaxometry of myocardial tissue: significant elevation of T1 and T2 relaxation times in cardiac amyloidosis. Investig Radiol. 2007;42:636-42.
38. McNamara MT, Higgins CB, Schechtmann N, Botvinick E, Lipton MJ, Chatterjee K, et al. Detection and characterization of acute myocardial infarction in man with use of gated magnetic resonance. Circulation. 1985;71:717-24.
39. Giri S, Chung Y-C, Merchant A, Mihai G, Rajagopalan S, Raman SV, et al. T2 quantification for improved detection of myocardial edema. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2009;11:56.
40. Foltz WD, Al-Kwifi O, Sussman MS, Stainsby JA, Wright G. a. Optimized spiral imaging for measurement of myocardial T2 relaxation. Magn Reson Med. 2003;49:1089-97.
41. Huang T-Y, Liu Y-J, Stemmer A, Poncelet BP. T2 measurement of the human myocardium using a T2-prepared transient-state TrueFISP sequence. Magn Reson Med. 2007;57:960-6.
42. van Heeswijk RB, Feliciano H, Bongard C, Bonanno G, Coppo S, Lauriers N, et al. Free-breathing 3 T magnetic resonance T2-mapping of the heart. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;5:1231-9.
43. Sprinkart AM, Luetkens JA, Träber F, Doerner J, Gieseke J, Schnackenburg B, et al. Gradient Spin Echo (GraSE) imaging for fast myocardial T2 mapping. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2015;17:12.
44. Akçakaya M, Basha TA, Weingärtner S, Roujol S, Berg S, Nezafat R. Improved quantitative myocardial T2 mapping: Impact of the fitting model. Magn Reson Med. 2015;74(1):93-105.
45. Roujol S, Basha TA, Weingärtner S, Akçakaya M, Berg S, Manning WJ, et al. Impact of motion correction on reproducibility and spatial variability of quantitative myocardial T2 mapping. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2015;17:46.
46. Bellm S, Basha TA, Shah R V, Murthy VL, Liew C, Tang M, et al. Reproducibility of myocardial T1 and T2 relaxation time measurement using slice-interleaved T1 and T2 mapping sequences. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2016;44(5):1159-167.
47. Baeßler B, Schaarschmidt F, Stehning C, Schnackenburg B, Giolda A, Maintz D, et al. Reproducibility of three different cardiac T2 -mapping sequences at 1.5T. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2016;44(5):1168-178.
48. von Knobelsdorff-Brenkenhoff F, Prothmann M, Dieringer MA, Wassmuth R, Greiser A, Schwenke C, et al. Myocardial T1 and T2 mapping at 3 T: reference values, influencing factors and implications. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2013;15:53.
49. Wassmuth R, Prothmann M, Utz W, Dieringer M, von Knobelsdorff-Brenkenhoff F, Greiser A, et al. Variability and homogeneity of cardiovascular magnetic resonance myocardial T2-mapping in volunteers compared to patients with edema. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2013;15:27.
50. McAlindon EJ, Pufulete M, Harris JM, Lawton CB, Moon JC, Manghat N, et al. Measurement of myocardium at risk with cardiovascular MR: comparison of techniques for edema imaging. Radiology. 2015;275:61-70.
51. Bano W, Feliciano H, Coristine AJ, Stuber M, van Heeswijk RB. On the accuracy and precision of cardiac magnetic resonance T2 mapping: A high-resolution radial study using adiabatic T2 preparation at 3 T. Magn Reson Med. 2016
52. Giri S, Shah S, Xue H, Chung Y-C, Pennell ML, Guehring J, et al. Myocardial T2 mapping with respiratory navigator and automatic nonrigid motion correction. Magn Reson Med. 2012;68:1570-8.
53. van Heeswijk RB, Piccini D, Feliciano H, Hullin R, Schwitter J, Stuber M. Self-navigated isotropic three-dimensional cardiac T2 mapping. Magn Reson Med. 2015;73:1549-54.
54. Ding H, Fernandez-de-Manuel L, Schär M, Schuleri KH, Halperin H, He L, et al. Three-dimensional whole-heart T2 mapping at 3T. Magn Reson Med. 2015;74:803-16.
55. Basha TA, Bellm S, Roujol S, Kato S, Nezafat R. Free-breathing slice-interleaved myocardial T2 mapping with slice-selective T2 magnetization preparation. Magn Reson Med. 2016;76:555-65.
56. Chavhan GB, Babyn PS, Thomas B, Shroff MM, Haacke EM. Principles, techniques, and applications of T2-based MR imaging and its special applications. Radiographics. 29:1433-49.
57. Brittenham GM. Iron-chelating therapy for transfusional iron overload. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:146-56.
58. Westwood M, Anderson LJ, Firmin DN, Gatehouse PD, Charrier CC, Wonke B, et al. A single breath-hold multiecho T2 cardiovascular magnetic resonance technique for diagnosis of myocardial iron overload. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2003;18:33-9.
59. He T, Gatehouse PD, Kirk P, Tanner MA, Smith GC, Keegan J, et al. Black-blood T2 technique for myocardial iron measurement in thalassemia. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2007;25:1205-9.
60. Kirk P, He T, Anderson LJ, Roughton M, Tanner MA, Lam WWM, et al. International reproducibility of single breathhold T2 MR for cardiac and liver iron assessment among five thalassemia centers. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2010;32:315-9.
61. Smith GC, Carpenter JP, He T, Alam MH, Firmin DN, Pennell DJ. Value of black blood T2 cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2011;13:21.
62. Pennell DJ, Udelson JE, Arai AE, Bozkurt B, Cohen AR, Galanello R, et al. Cardiovascular function and treatment in β-thalassemia major: a consensus statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;128:281-308.
63. Baksi AJ, Pennell DJ. T2 imaging of the heart: methods, applications, and outcomes. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2014;23:13-20.
64. Ferreira VM, Piechnik SK, Dall'Armellina E, Karamitsos TD, Francis JM, Choudhury RP, et al. Non-contrast T1-mapping detects acute myocardial edema with high diagnostic accuracy: a comparison to T2-weighted cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2012;14:42.
65. Peller M, Kurze V, Loeffler R, Pahernik S, Dellian M, Goetz AE, et al. Hyperthermia induces T1 relaxation and blood flow changes in tumors. A MRI thermometry study in vivo. Magn Reson Imaging. 2003;21:545-51.
66. Dalager-Pedersen S, Falk E, Ringgaard S, Kristensen IB, Pedersen EM. Effects of temperature and histopathologic preparation on the size and morphology of atherosclerotic carotid arteries as imaged by MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1999;10:876-85.
67. Captur G, Gatehouse P, Keenan KE, Heslinga FG, Bruehl R, Prothmann M, et al. A medical device-grade T1 and ECV phantom for global T1 mapping quality assurance - the T1 Mapping and ECV standardization in cardiovascular magnetic resonance (T1MES) program. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2016;18:58.
68. Kirk P, Smith GC, Roughton M, He T, Pennell DJ. Myocardial T2 is not affected by ageing, myocardial fibrosis, or impaired left ventricular function. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2010;32:1095-8.
69. Liu C-Y, Liu Y-C, Wu C, Armstrong A, Volpe GJ, van der Geest RJ, et al. Evaluation of age-related interstitial myocardial fibrosis with cardiac magnetic resonance contrast-enhanced T1 mapping: MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:1280-7.
70. Piechnik SK, Ferreira VM, Lewandowski AJ, Ntusi N. a B, Banerjee R, Holloway C, et al. Normal variation of magnetic resonance T1 relaxation times in the human population at 1.5 T using ShMOLLI. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2013;15:13.
71. Bönner F, Janzarik N, Jacoby C, Spieker M, Schnackenburg B, Range F, et al. Myocardial T2 mapping reveals age- and sex-related differences in volunteers. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2015;17:9.
72. Petersen SE, Matthews PM, Francis JM, Robson MD, Zemrak F, Boubertakh R, et al. UK Biobank's cardiovascular magnetic resonance protocol. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2015;18:8.
73. Williams ES, Kaplan JI, Thatcher F, Zimmerman G, Knoebel SB. Prolongation of proton spin lattice relaxation times in regionally ischemic tissue from dog hearts. J Nucl Med. 1980;21:449-53.
74. Fernández-Jiménez R, Sánchez-González J, Aguero J, Del Trigo M, Galán-Arriola C, Fuster V, et al. Fast T2 gradient-spin-echo (T2-GraSE) mapping for myocardial edema quantification: first in vivo validation in a porcine model of ischemia/reperfusion. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2015;17:92.
75. Ugander M, Bagi PS, Oki AJ, Chen B, Hsu L-Y, Aletras AH, et al. Myocardial edema as detected by pre-contrast T1 and T2 CMR delineates area at risk associated with acute myocardial infarction. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;5:596-603.
76. Goldfarb JW, Arnold S, Han J. Recent myocardial infarction: assessment with unenhanced T1-weighted MR imaging. Radiology. 2007;245:245-50.
77. Bulluck H, White SK, Rosmini S, Bhuva A, Treibel TA, Fontana M, et al. T1 mapping and T2 mapping at 3T for quantifying the area-at-risk in reperfused STEMI patients. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2015;17:73.
78. Schelbert EB, Messroghli DR. Clinical applications of cardiac T1 mapping. Radiology. 2015;278:658-76.
79. Armellina ED, Piechnik SK, Ferreira VM, Si QL, Robson MD, Francis JM, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance by non contrast T1-mapping allows assessment of severity of injury in acute myocardial infarction. 2012;1-13.
80. Carrick D, Haig C, Rauhalammi S, Ahmed N, Mordi I, McEntegart M, et al. Prognostic significance of infarct core pathology revealed by quantitative non-contrast in comparison with contrast cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in reperfused ST-elevation myocardial infarction survivors. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(13):1044-59. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv372.
81. Pedersen SF, Thrysøe SA, Robich MP, Paaske WP, Ringgaard S, Bøtker HE, et al. Assessment of intramyocardial hemorrhage by T1-weighted cardiovascular magnetic resonance in reperfused acute myocardial infarction. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2012;14:59.
82. Chan W, Duffy SJ, White DA, Gao X-M, Du X-J, Ellims AH, et al. Acute left ventricular remodeling following myocardial infarction: coupling of regional healing with remote extracellular matrix expansion. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;5:884-93.
83. Carrick D, Haig C, Rauhalammi S, Ahmed N, Mordi I, McEntegart M, et al. Pathophysiology of LV Remodeling in Survivors of STEMI: Inflammation, Remote Myocardium, and Prognosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8:779-89.
84. Carberry J, Carrick D, Haig C, Rauhalammi SM, Ahmed N, Mordi I, et al. Remote zone extracellular volume and left ventricular remodeling in survivors of ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Hypertension. 2016;68:385-91.
85. Zia MI, Ghugre NR, Connelly KA, Strauss BH, Sparkes JD, Dick AJ, et al. Characterizing myocardial edema and hemorrhage using quantitative T2 and T2 mapping at multiple time intervals post ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;5:566-72.
86. Higgins CB, Herfkens R, Lipton MJ, Sievers R, Sheldon P, Kaufman L, et al. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of acute myocardial infarction in dogs: alterations in magnetic relaxation times. Am J Cardiol. 1983;52:184-8.
87. Ferreira VM, Piechnik SK, Dall'armellina E, Karamitsos TD, Francis JM, Ntusi N, et al. T1 Mapping for the Diagnosis of Acute Myocarditis Using CMR: Comparison to T2-weighted and late gadolinium enhanced imaging. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;2013:1048-58.
88. Thavendiranathan P, Walls M, Giri S, Verhaert D, Rajagopalan S, Moore S, et al. Improved detection of myocardial involvement in acute inflammatory cardiomyopathies using T2 mapping. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;5:102-10.
89. Verhaert D, Thavendiranathan P, Giri S, Mihai G, Rajagopalan S, Simonetti OP, et al. Direct t2 quantification of myocardial edema in acute ischemic injury. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4:269-78.
90. Ferreira VM, Piechnik SK, Dall'Armellina E, Karamitsos TD, Francis JM, Ntusi N, et al. Native T1-mapping detects the location, extent and patterns of acute myocarditis without the need for gadolinium contrast agents. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2014;16:36.
91. Lurz P, Luecke C, Eitel I, Föhrenbach F, Frank C, Grothoff M, et al. Comprehensive cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients with suspected myocarditis: The MyoRacer-Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:1800-11.
92. Ntusi NA, Piechnik SK, Francis JM, Ferreira VM, Rai AB, Matthews PM, et al. Subclinical myocardial inflammation and diffuse fibrosis are common in systemic sclerosis - a clinical study using myocardial T1-mapping and extracellular volume quantification. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2014;16:21.
93. Ntusi NAB, Piechnik SK, Francis JM, Ferreira VM, Matthews PM, Robson MD, et al. Diffuse myocardial fibrosis and inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis: insights from CMR T1 mapping. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8:526-36.
94. Puntmann VO, D'Cruz D, Smith Z, Pastor A, Choong P, Voigt T, et al. Native myocardial T1 mapping by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in subclinical cardiomyopathy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6:295-301.
95. Ferreira VM, Marcelino M, Piechnik SK, Marini C, Karamitsos TD, Ntusi NAB, et al. Pheochromocytoma is characterized by catecholamine-mediated myocarditis, focal and diffuse myocardial fibrosis, and myocardial dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:2364-74.
96. Ntusi N, O'Dwyer E, Dorrell L, Wainwright E, Piechnik S, Clutton G, et al. HIV-1-related cardiovascular disease is associated with chronic inflammation, frequent pericardial effusions, and probable myocardial edema. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;e004430:9.
97. Crouser ED, Ono C, Tran T, He X, Raman SV. Improved detection of cardiac sarcoidosis using magnetic resonance with myocardial T2 mapping. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;189:109-12.
98. Usman AA, Taimen K, Wasielewski M, McDonald J, Shah S, Giri S, et al. Cardiac magnetic resonance T2 mapping in the monitoring and follow-up of acute cardiac transplant rejection: A pilot study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;5:782-90.
99. Mordi I, Carrick D, Bezerra H, Tzemos N. T1 and T2 mapping for early diagnosis of dilated non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy in middle-aged patients and differentiation from normal physiological adaptation. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015
100. Dweck MR, Boon NA, Newby DE. Calcific aortic stenosis: A disease of the valve and the myocardium. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:1854-63.
101. Cioffi G, Faggiano P, Vizzardi E, Tarantini L, Cramariuc D, Gerdts E, et al. Prognostic effect of inappropriately high left ventricular mass in asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis. Heart. 2011;97:301-7.
102. Lee S-P, Lee W, Lee JM, Park E-A, Kim H-K, Kim Y-J, et al. Assessment of diffuse myocardial fibrosis by using MR imaging in asymptomatic patients with aortic stenosis. Radiology. 2015;274:359-69.
103. White SK, Sado DM, Fontana M, Banypersad SM, Maestrini V, Flett AS, et al. T1 mapping for myocardial extracellular volume measurement by CMR: bolus only versus primed infusion technique. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6:955-62.
104. Mahmod M, Piechnik SK, Levelt E, Ferreira VM, Francis JM, Lewis A, et al. Adenosine stress native T1 mapping in severe aortic stenosis: evidence for a role of the intravascular compartment on myocardial T1 values. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2014;16:92.
105. Treibel TA, Zemrak F, Sado DM, Banypersad SM, White SK, Maestrini V, et al. Extracellular volume quantification in isolated hypertension - changes at the detectable limits? J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2015;17:74.
106. Kuruvilla S, Janardhanan R, Antkowiak P, Keeley EC, Adenaw N, Brooks J, et al. Increased extracellular volume and altered mechanics are associated with LVH in hypertensive heart disease, not hypertension alone. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8:172-80.
107. Rodrigues JCL, Amadu AM, Dastidar AG, Szantho GV, Lyen SM, Godsave C, et al. Comprehensive characterisation of hypertensive heart disease left ventricular phenotypes. Heart. 2016;102:1671-9.
108. Hinojar R, Varma N, Child N, Goodman B, Jabbour A, Yu C-Y, et al. T1 Mapping in Discrimination of hypertrophic phenotypes: hypertensive heart disease and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: findings from the international T1 multicenter cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015:8.
109. McLellan AJA, Schlaich MP, Taylor AJ, Prabhu S, Hering D, Hammond L, et al. Reverse cardiac remodeling after renal denervation: Atrial electrophysiologic and structural changes associated with blood pressure lowering. Hear Rhythm. 2016;12:982-90.
110. Karamitsos TD, Piechnik SK, Banypersad SM, Fontana M, Ntusi NB, Ferreira VM, et al. Noncontrast T1 mapping for the diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6:488-97.
111. Fontana M, Banypersad SM, Treibel TA, Maestrini V, Sado DM, White SK, et al. Native T1,apping in transthyretin amyloidosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;7(2):157-65.
112. Banypersad SM, Sado DM, Flett AS, Gibbs SDJ, Pinney JH, Maestrini V, et al. Quantification of myocardial extracellular volume fraction in systemic AL amyloidosis: an equilibrium contrast cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6:34-9.
113. Fontana M, Pica S, Reant P, Abdel-Gadir A, Treibel TA, Banypersad SM, et al. Prognostic value of late gadolinium enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance in cardiac amyloidosis. Circulation. 2015;132:1570-9.
114. Fontana M, Banypersad SM, Treibel TA, Abdel-Gadir A, Maestrini V, Lane T, et al. Differential myocyte responses in patients with cardiac transthyretin amyloidosis and light-chain amyloidosis: a cardiac MR imaging study. Radiology. 2015;277:388-97.
115. Treibel TA, Fontana M, Gilbertson JA, Castelletti S, White SK, Scully PR, et al. Occult transthyretin cardiac amyloid in severe calcific aortic stenosis: prevalence and prognosis in patients undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016:9.
116. Richards DB, Cookson LM, Berges AC, Barton SV, Lane T, Ritter JM, et al. Therapeutic clearance of amyloid by antibodies to serum amyloid P component. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:1106-14.
117. Sado DM, White SK, Piechnik SK, Banypersad SM, Treibel T, Captur G, et al. Identification and assessment of Anderson-Fabry disease by cardiovascular magnetic resonance noncontrast myocardial T1 mapping. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6:392-8.
118. Thompson RB, Chow K, Khan A, Chan A, Shanks M, Paterson I, et al. T1 mapping with cardiovascular MRI is highly sensitive for fabry disease independent of hypertrophy and sex. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6:637-45.
119. Nordin S, Kozor R, Bulluck H, Castelletti S, Rosmini S, Abdel-Gadir A, et al. Cardiac Fabry Disease with late gadolinium enhancement is a chronic inflammatory cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68:1707-8.
120. Anderson LJ, Holden S, Davis B, Prescott E, Charrier CC, Bunce NH, et al. Cardiovascular T2-star (T2) magnetic resonance for the early diagnosis of myocardial iron overload. Eur Heart J. 2001;22:2171-9.
121. Tanner MA, He T, Westwood MA, Firmin DN, Pennell DJ. Thalassemia International Federation Heart T2 Investigators. Multi-center validation of the transferability of the magnetic resonance T2 technique for the quantification of tissue iron. Haematologica. 2006;91:1388-91.
122. Westwood MA, Anderson LJ, Firmin DN, Gatehouse PD, Lorenz CH, Wonke B, et al. Interscanner reproducibility of cardiovascular magnetic resonance T2 measurements of tissue iron in thalassemia. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2003;18:616-20.
123. Kirk P, Roughton M, Porter JB, Walker JM, Tanner MA, Patel J, et al. Cardiac T2 magnetic resonance for prediction of cardiac complications in thalassemia major. Circulation. 2009;120:1961-8.
124. Tanner MA, Galanello R, Dessi C, Smith GC, Westwood MA, Agus A, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of the effect of combined therapy with deferoxamine and deferiprone on myocardial iron in thalassemia major using cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Circulation. 2007;115:1876-84.
125. Pennell DJ, Porter JB, Piga A, Lai Y-R, El-Beshlawy A, Elalfy M, et al. Sustained improvements in myocardial T2 over 2 years in severely iron-overloaded patients with beta thalassemia major treated with deferasirox or deferoxamine. Am J Hematol. 2015;90:91-6.
126. Fernandes JL, Sampaio EF, Fertrin K, Coelho OR, Loggetto S, Piga A, et al. Amlodipine reduces cardiac iron overload in patients with Thalassemia major: A pilot trial. Am J Med. 2013;126:834-7.
127. Feng Y, He T, Carpenter J-P, Jabbour A, Alam MH, Gatehouse PD, et al. In vivo comparison of myocardial T1 with T2 and T2 in thalassaemia major. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2013;38:588-93.
128. Sado DM, Maestrini V, Piechnik SK, Banypersad SM, White SK, Flett AS, et al. Noncontrast myocardial T1 mapping using cardiovascular magnetic resonance for iron overload. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2015;41:1505-11.
129. Hanneman K, Nguyen ET, Thavendiranathan P, Ward R, Greiser A, Jolly M-P, et al. Quantification of myocardial extracellular volume fraction with cardiac MR imaging in Thalassemia Major. Radiology. 2016;279:720-30.
130. Weber KT, Brilla CG. Pathological hypertrophy and cardiac interstitium. Fibrosis and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Circulation. 1991;83:1849-65.
131. Salerno M, Kramer CM. Advances in parametric mapping with CMR imaging. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6:806-22.
132. Schelbert EB, Fonarow GC, Bonow RO, Butler J, Gheorghiade M. Therapeutic targets in heart failure: refocusing on the myocardial interstitium. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:2188-98.
133. Flett AS, Hayward MP, Ashworth MT, Hansen MS, Taylor AM, Elliott PM, et al. Equilibrium contrast cardiovascular magnetic resonance for the measurement of diffuse myocardial fibrosis: preliminary validation in humans. Circulation. 2010;122:138-44.
134. Zeng M, Zhang N, He Y, Wen Z, Wang Z, Zhao Y, et al. Histological validation of cardiac magnetic resonance T1 mapping for detecting diffuse myocardial fibrosis in diabetic rabbits. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2016;44(5):1179-185.
135. Aus dem Siepen F, Buss SJ, Messroghli D, Andre F, Lossnitzer D, Seitz S, et al. T1 mapping in dilated cardiomyopathy with cardiac magnetic resonance: quantification of diffuse myocardial fibrosis and comparison with endomyocardial biopsy. Eur Hear J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;16:210-6.
136. Fontana M, White SK, Banypersad SM, Sado DM, Maestrini V, Flett AS, et al. Comparison of T1 mapping techniques for ECV quantification. Histological validation and reproducibility of ShMOLLI versus multibreath-hold T1 quantification equilibrium contrast CMR. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2012;14:88.
137. de Meester de Ravenstein C, Bouzin C, Lazam S, Boulif J, Amzulescu M, Melchior J, et al. Histological validation of measurement of diffuse interstitial myocardial fibrosis by myocardial extravascular volume fraction from Modified Look-Locker imaging (MOLLI) T1 mapping at 3 T. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2015;17:48.
138. Inui K, Tachi M, Saito T, Kubota Y, Murai K, Kato K, et al. Superiority of the extracellular volume fraction over the myocardial T1 value for the assessment of myocardial fibrosis in patients with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy. Magn Reson Imaging. 2016;34:1141-5.
139. Liu A, Wijesurendra RS, Francis JM, Robson MD, Neubauer S, Piechnik SK, et al. Adenosine stress and rest T1 mapping can differentiate between ischemic, infarcted, remote, and normal,yocardium without the need for gadolinium contrast agents. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;9:27-36.
140. Kuijpers D, Prakken NH, Vliegenthart R, van Dijkman PRM, van der Harst P, Oudkerk M. Caffeine intake inverts the effect of adenosine on myocardial perfusion during stress as measured by T1 mapping. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;32:1545-53.
141. Schelbert EB, Piehler KM, Zareba KM, Moon JC, Ugander M, Messroghli DR, et al. Myocardial fibrosis quantified by extracellular volume is associated with subsequent hospitalization for heart failure, death, or both across the spectrum of ejection fraction and heart failure stage. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;e002613:4.
142. McDiarmid AK, Swoboda PP, Erhayiem B, Ripley DP, Kidambi A, Broadbent DA, et al. Single bolus versus split dose gadolinium administration in extra-cellular volume calculation at 3 Tesla. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2015;17:6.
143. Schelbert EB, Testa SM, Meier CG, Ceyrolles WJ, Levenson JE, Blair AJ, et al. Myocardial extravascular extracellular volume fraction measurement by gadolinium cardiovascular magnetic resonance in humans: slow infusion versus bolus. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2011;13:16.
144. Kawel N, Nacif M, Zavodni A, Jones J, Liu S, Sibley CT, et al. T1 mapping of the myocardium: intra-individual assessment of the effect of field strength, cardiac cycle and variation by myocardial region. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2012;14:27.
145. Chin CWL, Semple S, Malley T, White AC, Mirsadraee S, Weale PJ, et al. Optimization and comparison of myocardial T1 techniques at 3T in patients with aortic stenosis. Eur Hear J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;15:556-65.
146. Singh A, Horsfield MA, Bekele S, Khan JN, Greiser A, McCann GP. Myocardial T1 and extracellular volume fraction measurement in asymptomatic patients with aortic stenosis: reproducibility and comparison with age-matched controls. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;16:763-70.
147. Liu S, Han J, Nacif MS, Jones J, Kawel N, Kellman P, et al. Diffuse myocardial fibrosis evaluation using cardiac magnetic resonance T1 mapping: sample size considerations for clinical trials. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2012;14:90.
148. Mascherbauer J, Marzluf BA, Tufaro C, Pfaffenberger S, Graf A, Wexberg P, et al. Cardiac magnetic resonance postcontrast T1 time is associated with outcome in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6:1056-65.
149. Kammerlander AA, Marzluf BA, Zotter-Tufaro C, Aschauer S, Duca F, Bachmann A, et al. T1 mapping by CMR imaging: from histological validation to clinical implication. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;9:14-23.
150. Wong TC, Piehler K, Meier CG, Testa SM, Klock AM, Aneizi AA, et al. Association between extracellular matrix expansion quantified by cardiovascular magnetic resonance and short-term mortality. Circulation. 2012;126:1206-16.
151. Wong TC, Piehler KM, Kang IA, Kadakkal A, Kellman P, Schwartzman DS, et al. Myocardial extracellular volume fraction quantified by cardiovascular magnetic resonance is increased in diabetes and associated with mortality and incident heart failure admission. Eur Heart J. 2014;35:657-64.
152. Banypersad SM, Fontana M, Maestrini V, Sado DM, Captur G, Petrie A, et al. T1 mapping and survival in systemic light-chain amyloidosis. Eur Heart J. 2015;36(4):244-51.
153. Duca F, Kammerlander AA, Tufaro C, Aschauer S, Schwaiger ML, Marzluf BA, et al. Interstitial fibrosis, functional status, and outcomes in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: Insights from a prospective cardiac magnetic resonance imaging study. Circ Cardiovasc imaging.
154. Duca F, Zotter-Tufaro C, Kammerlander AA, Panzenböck A, Aschauer S, Dalos D, et al. Cardiac extracellular matrix is associated with adverse outcome in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19(4):502-11.
155. Aoki T, Fukumoto Y, Sugimura K, Oikawa M, Satoh K, Nakano M, et al. Prognostic impact of myocardial interstitial fibrosis in non-ischemic heart failure. -Comparison between preserved and reduced ejection fraction heart failure. Circ J. 2011;75:2605-13.
156. Dass S, Suttie JJ, Piechnik SK, Ferreira VM, Holloway CJ, Banerjee R, et al. Myocardial tissue characterization using magnetic resonance noncontrast T1 mapping in hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathy. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;5:726-33.
157. Puntmann VO, Carr-White G, Jabbour A, Yu C-Y, Gebker R, Kelle S, et al. T1-Mapping and Outcome in Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;9:40-50.
158. aus dem Siepen F, Buss SJ, Messroghli D, Andre F, Lossnitzer D, Seitz S, et al. T1 mapping in dilated cardiomyopathy with cardiac magnetic resonance: quantification of diffuse myocardial fibrosis and comparison with endomyocardial biopsy. Eur Hear J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;16(2):210-6.
159. Ho CY, Abbasi SA, Neilan TG, Shah RV, Chen Y, Heydari B, et al. T1 Measurements identify extracellular volume expansion in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy sarcomere mutation carriers with and without left ventricular hypertrophy. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6:415-22.
160. Dusenbery SM, Jerosch-Herold M, Rickers C, Colan SD, Geva T, Newburger JW, et al. Myocardial extracellular remodeling is associated with ventricular diastolic dysfunction in children and young adults with congenital aortic stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:1778-85.
161. Sparrow P, Messroghli DR, Reid S, Ridgway JP, Bainbridge G, Sivananthan MU. Myocardial T1 mapping for detection of left ventricular myocardial fibrosis in chronic aortic regurgitation: pilot study. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;187:W630-5.
162. Edwards NC, Moody WE, Yuan M, Weale P, Neil D, Townend J, et al. Quantification of left ventricular interstitial fibrosis in asymptomatic chronic primary degenerative mitral regurgitation world wide web at: Quantification of left ventricular interstitial fibrosis in asymptomatic chronic primary degenerative mitral reg. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;7:946-53.
163. Kali A, Choi E-Y, Sharif B, Kim YJ, Bi X, Spottiswoode B, et al. Native T1 Mapping by 3-T CMR Imaging for Characterization of Chronic Myocardial Infarctions. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8:1019-30.
164. Carrick D, Haig C, Rauhalammi S, Ahmed N, Mordi I, McEntegart M, et al. Pathophysiology of LV remodelling in survivors of STEMI: inflammation, remote myocardium, and prognosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8(7):779-89.
165. Wacker CM, Fidler F, Dueren C, Hirn S, Jakob PM, Ertl G, et al. Quantitative assessment of myocardial perfusion with a spin-labeling technique: Preliminary results in patients with coronary artery disease. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2003;18:555-60.
166. Riesenkampff E, Messroghli DR, Redington AN, Grosse-Wortmann L. Myocardial T1 mapping in pediatric and congenital heart disease. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8:e002504.
167. Chen C-A, Dusenbery SM, Valente AM, Powell AJ, Geva T. Myocardial ECV fraction assessed by CMR is associated with type of hemodynamic load and arrhythmia in repaired Tetralogy of Fallot. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;9:1-10.
168. Riesenkampff E, Luining W, Seed M, Chungsomprasong P, Manlhiot C, Elders B, et al. Increased left ventricular myocardial extracellular volume is associated with longer cardiopulmonary bypass times, biventricular enlargement and reduced exercise tolerance in children after repair of Tetralogy of Fallot. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2017;18:75.
169. Broberg CS, Huang J, Hogberg I, McLarry J, Woods P, Burchill LJ, et al. Diffuse LV myocardial fibrosis and its clinical associations in adults with repaired Tetralogy of Fallot. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;9:86-7.
170. Sarikouch S, Boethig D, Peters B, Kropf S, Dubowy K-O, Lange P, et al. Poorer right ventricular systolic function and exercise capacity in women after repair of tetralogy of fallot: a sex comparison of standard deviation scores based on sex-specific reference values in healthy control subjects. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6:924-33.
171. Anderson PAW, Sleeper LA, Mahony L, Colan SD, Atz AM, Breitbart RE, et al. Contemporary outcomes after the Fontan procedure: a Pediatric Heart Network multicenter study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:85-98.
172. Plymen CM, Sado DM, Taylor AM, Bolger AP, Lambiase PD, Hughes M, et al. Diffuse myocardial fibrosis in the systemic right ventricle of patients late after Mustard or Senning surgery: an equilibrium contrast cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;14:963-8.
173. Messroghli DR, Nordmeyer S, Buehrer M, Kozerke S, Dietrich T, Kaschina E, et al. Small animal Look-Locker Inversion Recovery (SALLI) for simultaneous generation of cardiac T1 maps and cine and inversion recovery - prepared images at high heart rates: initial experience. Radiology. 2011;261:258-65.
174. Soslow JH, Damon SM, Crum K, Lawson MA, Slaughter JC, Xu M, et al. Increased myocardial native T1 and extracellular volume in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2016;18:5.
175. Olivieri LJ, Kellman P, McCarter RJ, Cross RR, Hansen MS, Spurney CF. Native T1 values identify myocardial changes and stratify disease severity in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2016;18:72.
176. Ferreira VM, Holloway CJ, Piechnik SK, Karamitsos TD, Neubauer S. Is it really fat? Ask a T1-map. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;14:1060.
177. Reiter U, Reiter G, Asslaber M, Dacar D, Maderthaner R, Binder J, et al. Characterization of a calcified intra-cardiac pseudocyst of the mitral valve by magnetic resonance imaging including T1 and T2 mapping. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2014;14:11.
178. Kellman P, Bandettini WP, Mancini C, Hammer-Hansen S, Hansen MS, Arai AE. Characterization of myocardial T1-mapping bias caused by intramyocardial fat in inversion recovery and saturation recovery techniques. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2015;17:33.
179. 1 measurements using modified Look-Locker inversion recovery (MOLLI) methods at 3T. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2016;44:105-11.
180. He T, Gatehouse PD, Kirk P, Mohiaddin RH, Pennell DJ, Firmin DN. Myocardial T 2 measurement in iron-overloaded thalassemia: an ex vivo study to investigate optimal methods of quantification. Magn Reson Med. 2008;60:350-6.
181. Feng Y, He T, Feng M, Carpenter J-P, Greiser A, Xin X, et al. Improved pixel-by-pixel MRI R2 relaxometry by nonlocal means. Magn Reson Med. 2014;72:260-8.
182. Sandino CM, Kellman P, Arai AE, Hansen MS, Xue H. Myocardial T2 mapping: influence of noise on accuracy and precision. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2015;17:7.
183. Feng Y, He T, Gatehouse PD, Li X, Harith Alam M, Pennell DJ, et al. Improved MRI R2 relaxometry of iron-loaded liver with noise correction. Magn Reson Med. 2013;70:1765-74.
184. Baeßler B, Schaarschmidt F, Dick A, Stehning C, Schnackenburg B, Michels G, et al. Mapping tissue inhomogeneity in acute myocarditis: a novel analytical approach to quantitative myocardial edema imaging by T2-mapping. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2015;17:115.
185. Lustig M, Donoho D, Pauly JM. Sparse MRI: The application of compressed sensing for rapid MR imaging. Magn Reson Med. 2007;58:1182-95.
186. Feng L, Otazo R, Jung H, Jensen JH, Ye JC, Sodickson DK, et al. Accelerated cardiac T2 mapping using breath-hold multiecho fast spin-echo pulse sequence with k-t FOCUSS. Magn Reson Med. 2011;65:1661-9.
187. Clique H, Cheng H-LM, Marie P-Y, Felblinger J, Beaumont M. 3D myocardial T1 mapping at 3T using variable flip angle method: pilot study. Magn Reson Med. 2014;71:823-9.
188. McDiarmid AK, Swoboda PP, Erhayiem B, Lancaster RE, Lyall GK, Broadbent DA, et al. Athletic cardiac adaptation in males is a consequence of elevated myocyte mass. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;9:e003579.
189. Kvernby S, Warntjes MJB, Haraldsson H, Carlhäll C-J, Engvall J, Ebbers T. Simultaneous three-dimensional myocardial T1 and T2 mapping in one breath hold with 3D-QALAS. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2014;16:102.
190. Santini F, Kawel-Boehm N, Greiser A, Bremerich J, Bieri O. Simultaneous T1 and T2 quantification of the myocardium using cardiac balanced-SSFP inversion recovery with interleaved sampling acquisition (CABIRIA). Magn Reson Med. 2015;74:365-71.
191. Hamilton JI, Jiang Y, Chen Y, Ma D, Lo W-C, Griswold M, et al. MR fingerprinting for rapid quantification of myocardial T1, T2, and proton spin density. Magn Reson Med. 2017;77(4):1446-458.
192. Sullivan DC, Obuchowski NA, Kessler LG, Raunig DL, Gatsonis C, Huang EP, et al. Metrology standards for quantitative imaging biomarkers. Radiology. 2015;277:813-25.
193. Haaf P, Garg P, Messroghli DR, Broadbent DA, Greenwood JP, Plein S. Cardiac T1 Mapping and Extracellular Volume (ECV) in clinical practice: a comprehensive review. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2016;18:89.
194. Captur G, Manisty C, Moon JC. Cardiac MRI evaluation of myocardial disease. Heart. 2016;102:1429-35.