Distribution of glucose transporters in renal diseases

Journal of Biomedical Science

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 2017, Pages

  Szablewski, Leszek ^a  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF WARSAW   (Poland)

Author keywords

Diabetes; Familial renal glucosuria; Fanconi Bickel syndrome; GLUT proteins; Kidney; Renal cancers; SGLT proteins

Indexed keywords

CANAGLIFLOZIN; DAPAGLIFLOZIN; EMPAGLIFLOZIN; GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER; GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 10; GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 13; GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 2; GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 5; GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 9; HEMOGLOBIN A1C; INSULIN; IPRAGLIFLOZIN; LUSEOGLIFLOZIN; ORAL ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; SODIUM GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER; SODIUM GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER 1; SODIUM GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER 2; SODIUM GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER 3; SODIUM GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER 4; SODIUM GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER 5; SODIUM GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER 6; SWEET PROTEIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; URATE;

BRUSH BORDER; CELL MEMBRANE; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; END STAGE RENAL DISEASE; FAMILIAL DISEASE; FANCONI BICKEL SYNDROME; GLUCONEOGENESIS; GLUCOSE GALACTOSE MALABSORPTION; GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS; GLUCOSURIA; GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPOURICEMIA; INSULIN RELEASE; KIDNEY DISEASE; KIDNEY FUNCTION; LIPID BILAYER; MALABSORPTION; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; RENAL DIABETES; REVIEW; GENETICS; KIDNEY; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY;

GLUCOSE TRANSPORT PROTEINS, FACILITATIVE; HUMANS; KIDNEY; KIDNEY DISEASES; SODIUM-GLUCOSE TRANSPORT PROTEINS;

EID: 85028669994     PISSN: 10217770     EISSN: 14230127     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0371-7     Document Type: Review

References (150)

1. Triplitt CL. Understanding the kidneys' role in blood glucose regulation. Am J Manag Care. 2012;18:S11-6.
2. Gerich JE, Meyer C, Waerle HJ, Stumvoll M. Renal gluconeogenesis: its importance in human glucose homeostasis. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:382-91.
3. Marsenic O. Glucose control by the kidney: an emerging target in diabetes. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;53:875-83.
4. Wright EM. Glucose transport families SLC5 and SLC50. Mol Asp Med. 2013;34:183-96.
5. Pao SS, Paulsen IT, Saier MH Jr. Major facilitator superfamily. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev (Washington, DC). 1998;62:1-34.
6. Uldry M, Thorens B. The SLC2 family of facilitative hexose and polyol transporters. Pflugers Arch. 2004;447:480-9.
7. Augustin R. The protein family of glucose transport facilitators: It's not only about glucose after all. IUBMB Life. 2010;62:315-33.
8. Augustin R, Mayoux E. Mammalian sugar transporters. In: Szablewski L, editor. Glucose homeostasis. InTech; 2014. p. 3-36.
9. +-myo-inositol symporter expressed predominantly in the brain. EMBO J. 2001;20:4467-77.
10. Bibert S, Hess SK, Firsov D, et al. Mouse GLUT9: evidences for a urate uniporter. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2009;297:F612-9.
11. So A, Thorens B. Uric acid transport and disease. J Clin Invest. 2010;120:1791-9.
12. Maher F, Harrison LC. Hexose specificity for downregulation of HepG2/brain-type glucose transporter gene expression in L6 myocytes. Diabetologia. 1990;33:641-8.
13. Lee YC, Huang HY, Chang CJ, Cheng CH, Chen YT. Mitochondrial GLUT10 facilitates dehydroascorbic acid import and protects cells against oxidative stress: mechanistic insight into arterial tortuosity syndrome. Human Mol Genet. 2010;19:3721-33.
14. Mueckler M, Thorens B. The SLC2 (GLUT) family of membrane transporters. Mol Asp Med. 2013;34:121-38.
15. James DE, Brown R, Navarro M, Pilch PF. Insulin-regulatable tissues express a unique insulin sensitive glucose transporter protein. Nature. 1988;333:183-5.
16. Kayana T, Fukumoto H, Eddy RL, et al. Evidence for a family of human glucose transporter-like proteins. Sequence and gene localization of a protein expressed in fetal skeletal muscle and other tissues. J Biol Chem. 1988;263:15245-8.
17. Zhao F-Q, Heating AF. Functional properties and genomics of glucose transporters. Curr Genom. 2007;8:113-28.
18. Longo N, Elsas LJ. Human glucose transporters. Adv Pediatr Infect Dis. 1998;45:293-313.
19. Uldry M, Ibberson M, Hosokawa M, Thorens B. GLUT2 is a high affinity glucosamine transporter. FEBS Lett. 2002;524:199-203.
20. Colville CA, Seater MJ, Jess TJ, Gould GW, Thomas HM. Kinetic analysis of the liver-type (GLUT2) glucose transporters in Xenopus oocytes: substrate specificities and effects of transport inhibitors. Biochem J. 1993;290:701-6.
21. Thorens B, Cheng ZQ, Brown D, Lodish HF. Liver glucose transporter: a basolateral protein in hepatocytes and intestine and kidney cells. Am J Phys. 1990;259(6Pt1):C279-85.
22. Arluison M, Quignon M, Nguyen P, Thorens B, Leloup C, Penicaud L. Distribution and anatomical localization of the glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) in the adult brain - an immunological study. J Chem Neuroanat. 2004;28:117-36.
23. Mounien L, Marty N, Tarussion D, et al. Glut2-dependent glucose-sensing controls thermoregulation by enhancing the leptin sensitivity of NPY and POMC neurons. FASEB J. 2010;24:1747-58.
24. Garcia MA, Millan C, Balmaceda-Aguilera C, et al. Hypothalamic ependymal-glial cells express the glucose transporter GLUT2, a protein involved in glucose sensing. J Neurochem. 2003;86:709-24.
25. Wood IS, Trayhurn P. Glucose transporters (GLUT and SGLT): expanded families of sugar transport proteins. Br J Nutr. 2003;89:3-9.
26. Kayano T, Burant CF, Fukumoto H, et al. Human facilitative glucose transporters. Isolation, functional characterization, and gene localization of cDNAs encoding an isoform (GLUT5) expressed in small intestine, kidney, muscle, and adipose tissue and an unusual glucose transporter pseudogene-like sequence (GLUT6). J Biol Chem. 1990;265:13276-82.
27. Drozdowski LA, Thomson ABR. Intestinal sugar transport. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12:1657-70.
28. Burant CF, Takeda J, Brot LE, Bell GI, Davidson NO. Fructose transporter in human spermatozoa and small intestine is GLUT5. J Biol Chem. 1992;267:14523-6.
29. Maher F, Vanucci SJ, Simpson IA. Glucose transporter protein in brain. FASEB. 1994;8:1003-11.
30. Davidson NO, Hausman AM, Ifkovits CA, et al. Human intestinal glucose transporter expression and localization of GLUT5. Am J Phys. 1992;262:C795-800.
31. Blakemore SJ, Aledo JC, James J, Campbell FC, Lucocq JM, Hundal HS. The GLUT5 hexose transporter is also localized to the basolateral membrane of the human jejunum. Biochem J. 1995;309:7-12.
32. Sugawara-Yokoo M, Suzuki T, Matsuzaki T, Naruse T, Takata K. Presence of fructose transporter GLUT5 in the S3 proximal tubules in the rat kidney. Kidney Int. 1999;56:1022-8.
33. Douard V, Ferraris RP. Regulation of the fructose transporter GLUT5 in health and disease. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2008;295:E227-37.
34. Mate A, de la Hermosa MA, Barfull A, Planas JM, Vazquez CM. Characterization of d-fructose transport by rat kidney brush-border membrane vesicles: changes in hypertensive rats. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2001;58:1961-7.
35. Phay JE, Hussain HB, Moley JF. Cloning and expression analysis of a novel member of the facilitative glucose transporter family, SLC2A9 (GLUT9). Genomics. 2000;9:217-20.
36. Mobasheri A, Dobson H, Mason SL, et al. Expression of the GLUT1 and GLUT9 facilitative glucose transporters in embryonic chondroblasts and mature chondrocytes in ovine articular cartilage. Cell Biol Int. 2005;29:249-60.
37. Augustin R, Carayannopoulos MO, Dowd LO, Phay JE, Moley JF, Moley KH. Identification and characterization of human glucose transport-like protein-9 (GLUT9): alternative splicing alters trafficking. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:16229-36.
38. McVie-Wylie AJ, Laruson DR, Chen YT. Molecular cloning of a novel member of the GLUT family of transporters, SLC2A10 (GLUT10), localized on chromosome 20q13.1: a candidate gene for NIDDM susceptibility. Genomics. 2001;72:113-7.
39. Joost H-G, Thorens B. The extended GLUT-family of sugar/polyol transport facilitators - nomenclature, sequence characteristics, and potential function of its novel members. Mol Membr Biol. 2001;35:9-26.
40. Dawson PA, Mychaleckyj JC, Fossey SC, Mihic SJ, Craddock AL, Bowden DW. Sequence and functional analysis of GLUT1: a glucose transporter in the Type2 diabetes-linked region of chromosome 20q12-13.1. Mol Genet Metab. 2001;74:186-99.
41. Manolescu AR, Witkowska K, Kinnaird A, Cessford T, Cheeseman C. Facilitated hexose transporters: new perspectives on form and function. Physiology. 2007;22:234-40.
42. Crane RK. Intestinal absorption of sugars. Physiol Rev. 1960;40:789-825.
43. +-dependent transport in the intestine and other animal tissues. Fed Proc. 1965;24:1000-6.
44. Santer R, Calado J. Familial renal glucosuria and SGLT2: from a Mendelian trait to a therapeutic target. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5:133-41.
45. Wright EM, Loo DDE, Hirayama BA. Biology of human sodium glucose transporters. Physiol Rev. 2011;91:733-94.
46. Bianchi L, Diez-Sampedro A. A single amino acid change converts the sugar sensor SGLT3 into a sugar transporter. PLoS One. 2010;5:e10241.
47. +/glucose cotransporter. J Gen Physiol. 2006;127:145-58.
48. +/glucose cotransporter gene SGLT1. J Biol Chem. 1994;269:15204-9.
49. +/glucose cotransporters: SLC5. Physiology. 2004;19:370-6.
50. Wright EM, Turk E. The sodium/glucose cotransport family SLC5. Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol. 2004;447:510-8.
51. +/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT 1). J Cell Biochem. 2003;90:339-46.
52. +/glucose cotransporters1 (SGLT1). Am J Phys. 1996;270:6919-26.
53. +/glucose cotransporters: from genes to therapy. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2010;43:1019-26.
54. +/glucose cotransporters. Am J Phys. 2001;280:F10-8.
55. Kanai Y, Lee WS, You G, Brown D, Hediger MA. The human kidney low affinity Na+/glucose cotransporter SGLT2. Delineation of the major renal reabsorptive mechanism for D-glucose. J Clin Invest. 1994;93:397-404.
56. Diez-Sampedro A, Hirayama BA, Oswald C, et al. A glucose sensor binding in a family of transporters. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100:11753-8.
57. Kothinti RK, Blodgett AB, North PE, Roman RJ, Tabatabai NM. A novel SGLT is expressed in the human kidney. Eur J Pharmacol. 2012;690:77-83.
58. +-dependent glucose transporter, is an essential transporter for mannose, 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol, and fructose. Life Sci. 2005;76:1039-50.
59. Roll P, Massacrier A, Pereira S, Robaglia-Schlupp A, Cau P, Szepietowski P. New human sodium/glucose cotransporter gene (KST1): identification, characterization, and mutation analysis in ICCA (infantile convulsions and choreoathetosis) and BFIC (bening familial infantile convulsions) families. Gene. 2002;285:141-8.
60. Aouameur R, Da Cal S, Bissonnette P, Coady MJ, Lapointe JY. SMIT2 mediates all myo-inositol uptake in apical membranes of rat small intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2007;293:684-90.
61. +/myo-inositol cotransporter SMIT2 in rabbit kidney. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2007;1768:1154-9.
62. Lin X, Ma L, Fitzgerald RL, Ostlund RE Jr. Human sodium/inositol cotransporter2 (SMIT2) transports inositols but not glucose in L6 cell. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2009;481:197-201.
63. Tsai LJ, Hsiao SH, Tsai LM, et al. The sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter SLC5A11 as an autoimmune modifier gene in SLE. Tissue Antig. 2008;71:114-26.
64. +/myo-inositol cotransporter gene (SLC5A3): molecular cloning and localization to chromosome 21. Genomics. 1995;25:507-13.
65. +/myo-inositol cotransporter. J Biol Chem. 2002;277:35219-24.
66. +/multivitamin transporter (hSMVT). J Biol Chem. 2011;286:131-7.
67. +/monocarboxylate cotransporter SMCT1. Biophys J. 2007;93:2325-31.
68. Miauchi S, Gopal E, Fei YJ, Ganapathy V. Functional identification of SLC5A8, a tumor suppressor down-regulated in colon cancer, as a Na(+)-coupled transporter for short-chain fatty acids. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:13293-6.
69. Szablewski L. Glucose transporters in healthy heart and in cardiac disease. Int J Cardiol. 2017;230:70-5.
70. Szablewski L. Glucose transporters in brain: in health and in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimer Dis. 2017;55:1307-20.
71. Szablewski L. From obesity through immunity to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries. 2016; https://doi.org/10.1007/s13410-016-0531-4.
72. Szablewski L, Sulima A. The structural and functional changes of blood cells and molecular components in diabetes mellitus. Biol Chem. 2016; https://doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2016-0196.
73. Karalliedd J, Viberti GC. In: MAS D, editor. Diabetic nephropathy. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2011.
74. Larkins RG, Dunlop ME. The link between hyperglycaemia and diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia. 1992;35:499-504.
75. Zanoli L, Granata A, Lentini P, et al. Sodium-glucose linked transporter-2 inhibitors in chronic kidney disease. Sci World J. 2015; article ID 317507 https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/317507
76. Coresh J, Selvin E, Stevens LA, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. JAMA. 2007;298:2038-47.
77. Pyram R, Kansara A, Banerji MA, Loney-Hutchinson L. Chronic kidney disease and diabetes. Maturatis. 2012;71:94-103.
78. Komala MG, Panchapakessan U, Pollock C, Mather A. Sodium glucose transporter 2 and the diabetic kidney. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2013;22:113-9.
79. Meyer C, Stumvoll M, Nadkarni J, Dostou J, Mitrakou A, Gerich J. Abnormal renal and hepatic glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest. 1998;102:619-24.
80. Stanton RC. Sodium glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition decreases glomerular hyperfiltration. Is there a role for SGLT2 inhibitors in diabetic kidney disease? Circulation. 2014;129:542-4.
81. Kamran M, Peterson RG, Dominiquez JH. Overexpression of GLUT2 gene in renal proximal tubules of diabetic Zucker rats. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1997;8:943-8.
82. Tabatabai NM, Sharma M, Blumenthal SS, Petering DH. Enhanced expression of sodium-glucose cotransporters in the kidneys of diabetic Zucker rats. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2009;83:e27-30.
83. Rahmoune H, Thompson PW, Ward JM, Smith CD, Hong G. Glucose transporters in human renal proximal tubular cells isolated from the urine of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetes. 2005;54:3427-34.
84. Vestri S, Okamoto MM, de Freitas H, et al. Changes in sodium or glucose filtration rate modulate expression of glucose transporters in renal proximal tubular cells of rat. J Membr Biol. 2001;182:105-12.
85. +-glucose transporter-2 messenger ribonucleic acid expression in kidney of diabetic rats correlates with glycemic levels: involvement of hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α expression and activity. Endocrinology. 2008;149:717-24.
86. Pontoglio M, Prié D, Cheret C, et al. HNF1α controls renal glucose reabsorption in mouse and man. EMBO Rep. 2000;1:359-65.
87. Pontoglio M. Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1, a transcription factor at the crossroad of glucose homeostasis. Am J Soc Nephrol. 2000;11:S140-3.
88. Albertoni Borghese MF, Majowicz MP, Ortiz MC, Passalacgua NB, Vidal NA. Expression and activity of SGLT2 in diabetes induced by streptozotocin: relationship with the lipid environment. Nephron Physiol. 2009;112:45-52.
89. Mogensen CE. Maximum tubular reabsorption capacity for glucose and renal hemodynamics during rapid hypertonic glucose infucion in normal and diabetic subjects. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1971;28:101-9.
90. Chin E, Zamah AM, Landau D, et al. Changes in facilitative glucose transporter messenger ribonucleic acid levels in the diabetic rat kidney. Endocrinology. 1997;138:1267-75.
91. Marks J, Carvou NJ, Debnam ES, Srai SK, Unwin RJ. Diabetes increases facilitative glucose uptake and GLUT2 expression at the rat proximal tubule brush border membrane. J Physiol. 2003;553:137-45.
92. Inoki K, Haneda M, Maedas S, Koya D, Kikkawa R. TGF-beta 1 stimulates glucose uptake by enhancing GLUT1 expression in mesangial cells. Kidney Int. 1999;55:1704-12.
93. Heilig CW, Concepcion LA, Riser BL, Freytag SO, Zhu M, Cortes P. Overexpression of glucose transporters in rat messengial cells cultured in a normal glucose milieu mimics the diabetic phenotype. J Clin Invest. 1995;96:1802-14.
94. Pfäfflin A, Brodbeck K, Heilig CW, Härring HU, Schleicher ED, Weigert C. Increased glucose uptake and metabolism in mesangial cells overexpressing glucose transporter 1 increases interleukin-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor production: role of AP-1 and HIF-1α. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2006;18:199-210.
95. Gnudi L, Thomas SM, Viberti G. Mechanical forces in diabetic kidney disease: a trigger for impaired glucose metabolism. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18:2226-32.
96. Hsu CC, Kao WL, Steffes MW, et al. Genetic variation of glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1) and albuminuria in 10,278 European Americans and African Americans: a case-control study in the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study. BMC Med Genet. 2011;12:16.
97. Panchapakesan U, Pegg K, Gross S, et al. Effects of SGLT2 inhibition in human kidney proximal tubular cells - renoprotection in diabetic nephropathy? PLoS One. 2013;8:e54442.
98. Maltese G, Abou-Saleh A, Gnudi L, Karalliedde J. Preventing diabetic renal disease: the potential reno-protective effects of SGLT2 inhibitors. Br J Diabet Vasc Dis. 2015;15:114-8.
99. De Nicola L, Gabbai FB, Liberti ME, et al. Sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and prevention of diabetic nephropathy: targeting the renal tubule in diabetes. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014;64:16-24.
100. -2 inhibition in diabetes. Diab Metab. 2014;40:S17-22.
101. Thynne T, Doogue M. Sodium-glucose co-transporter inhibitors: mechanisms of action. Exp Clin Pharm. 2013;37:14-6.
102. Ferrannini E, Veltkamp SA, Smulders RA, Kadokura T. Impact of chronic kidney disease and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:1260-5.
103. Poudel RR. Renal glucose handling in diabetes and sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition. Ind J Endocrinol Metab. 2013;17:588-93.
104. Mudaliar S, Palidori D, Zambrowicz B, Henry RR. Sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors: effects on renal and intestinal glucose transport. From bench to bedside. Diab Care. 2015;38:2344-53.
105. Cersosimo E, Solis-Herrera C, Triplitt C. Inhibition of renal glucose reabsorption as a novel treatment for diabetes patients. J Bras Nefrol. 2014;36:80-92.
106. Scheen PJ, Paquot N. Metabolic effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors beyond increased glucosuria: a review of the clinical evidence. Diab Metab. 2014;40:S4-S11.
107. Rajesh R, Naren P, Vidyasagar S, et al. Sodium glucose co transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors: a new sword for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2010;1:139-47.
108. Haas B, Eckstein N, Pfeifer V, Mayer P, Hass MDS. Efficacy, safety and regulatory status of SGLT2 inhibitors: focus on canagliflozin. Nutr Diab. 2014;4:e143. https://doi.org/10.1038/nutd.2014.40.
109. Pruijm M, Wuerzner G, Maillard M, et al. Glomerular hyperfiltration and increased proximal sodium reabsorption in subjects with type 2 diabetes or impaired fasting glucose in a population of the African regions. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010;25:2225-31.
110. Bank N, Aynedjian HS. Progressive increases in luminal glucose stimulate proximal sodium absorption in normal and diabetic rats. J Clin Invest. 1990;86:309-16.
111. Kumar AM, Gupta RK, Spitzer A. Intracellular sodium in proximal tubules of diabetic rats. Role of glucose. Kidney Int. 1988;33:792-7.
112. Pollock CA, Lawrence JR, Field MJ. Tubular sodium handling and tubuloglomerular feedback in experimental diabetes mellitus. Am J Phys. 1991;260:F946-52.
113. Besse-Eschmann V, Klisic I, Niet V, Le Hir M, Kaissling B, Ambühl PM. Regulation of the proximal tubular sodium/proton exchanger NHE3 in rats with puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN)-induced nephrotic syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:2199-206.
114. + exchanger 3 attenuates diabetes-induced increase in kidney weight and blood pressure. FASEB J. 2016;30(Suppl):740-20.
115. O'Hagan M, Howey J, Greene SA. Increased proximal tubular reabsorption of sodium in childhood diabetes mellitus. Diab Med. 1991;8:44-8.
116. Mbanya JC, Thomas TH, Taylor R, Alberti KG, Wilkinson R. Increased proximal tubular sodium reabsorption in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes. Diab Med. 1989;6:614-20.
117. Rossetti L, Smith D, Shulman GI, Papachristou D, DeFronzo RA. Correction of hyperglycemia with phlorizin normalizes tissue sensitivity to insulin in diabetic rats. J Clin Invest. 1987;79:1510-5.
118. Petersen C. Analyse des phloridizins. Ann Acad Sci Fr. 1835;15:178.
119. Foote C, Perkovic V, Neal B. Effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on cardiovascular outcomes. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2012;9:117-23.
120. Brodehl J, Oemar BS, Hoyer PF. Renal glucosuria. Pediatr Nephrol. 1987;1:502-8.
121. Santer R, Kinner M, Lassen CL, et al. Molecular analysis of the SGLT2 gene in patients with renal glucosuria. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14:2873-82.
122. Calado J, Santer R, Rueff J. Effect of kidney disease on glucose handling (including genetic defects). Kidney Int. 2011;79:S7-S13.
123. Calado J, Sznajer Y, Metzger D, et al. Twenty-one additional cases of familial renal glucosuria. Absence of genetic heterogeneity, high prevalence of private mutations and further evidence of volume depletion. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23:3874-9.
124. De Marchi S, Cecchin E, Basile A, et al. Close genetic linkage between HLA and renal glycosuria. Am J Nephrol. 1984;4:280-6.
125. Wright EM, Hirayama BA, Loo DF. Active sugar transport in health and disease. J Intern Med. 2007;261:32-43.
126. Martin MG, Turk E, Lostao MP, Kerner C, Wright EM. Defects in Na(+)/glucose cotransporter (SGLT1) trafficking and function cause glucose-galactose malabsorption. Nat Genet. 1996;12:216-20.
127. Tasic V, Slaveska N, Blau N, Santer R. Nephrolithiasis in a child with glucose-galactose malabsorption. Pediatr Nephrol. 2004;19:244-6.
128. Rohr K. Familial panmyelophthisis, Fanconi syndrome in adults. Blood. 1949;4:130-41.
129. Santer R, Steinmann B, Schaub J. Fanconi-Bickel syndrome - a congentital defect of facilitative glucose transport. Curr Mol Med. 2002;2:213-27.
130. Santer R, Scheppenheim R, Suter D, Schaub J, Steinmann B. Fanconi-Bickel syndrome - the original patient and his natural history, historical steps leading to the primary defect, and a review of the literature. Eur J Pediatr. 1998;157:783-97.
131. Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DM. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer. 2010;127:2893-917.
132. Linehan WM. Genetic basis of kidney cancer: role of genomics for the development of disease-based therapeutics. Genome Res. www.genome.org/cgi/doi/10.1101/gr.131110.111
133. Warburg O. On the origin of cancer cells. Science. 1956;123:309-14.
134. Szablewski L. Expression of glucose transporters in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer. 1835;2013:164-9.
135. Vander Heiden MG, Cantley LC, Thompson CB. Understanding the Warburg effect: the metabolic requirements of cell proliferation. Science. 2009;324:1029-33.
136. Ozcan A, Shen SS, Zhai QJ, Truony LD. Expression of GLUT1 in primary renal tumors. Am J Clin Pathol. 2007;128:245-54.
137. + T-cell infiltration in the tumor. Int J Cancer. 2011;128:2085-95.
138. Ljungberg B, Hanbury DC, Kuczyk MA, et al. European Association of Urology Guideline Group for renal cell carcinoma. Renal cell carcinoma guideline. Eur Urol. 2007;51:1502-10.
139. Hammerschmied CG, Walter B, Hartmann A. Renal cell carcinoma 2008. Histopathology, molecular genetics and new therapeutic options. Pathologe. 2008;29:354-63.
140. Cheville JC, Lohse CM, Zincke H, Weaver AL, Blute ML. Comparison of outcome and prognostic features among histologic subtypes of renal cell carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2003;27:612-24.
141. Suganuma N, Segade F, Matsuzu K, Bowden DW. Differential expression of facilitative glucose transporters in normal and tumor kidney tissues. Br J Urol Int. 2007;99:1143-9.
142. Chan DA, Sutphin PD, Nguyen P, et al. Targeting GLUT1 and the Warburg effect in renal cell carcinoma by chemical synthetic lethality. Sci Transl Med. 2011;3:94ra70. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3002394.
143. Soltysova A, Breza J, Takacova M, et al. Deregulation of energetic metabolism in the clear cell renal carcinoma: a multiple pathway analysis based on microarray profiling. Int J Oncol. 2015;47:287-95.
144. Lidgren A, Bergh A, Grankvist K, Rasmuson T, Ljungberg B. Glucose transporter-1 expression in renal cell carcinoma and its correlation with hypoxia inducible factor α. Br J Urol Int. 2007;101:480-4.
145. Calvo MB, Figueroa A, Pulido EG, Campelo RG, Aparicio LA. Potential role of sugar transporters in cancer and their relationship with anticancer therapy. Int J Endocrinol. 2010, Article ID 205357; https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/205357.
146. Aparicio LMA, Villaamil VM, Calvo MB, et al. Glucose transporter expression and the potential role of fructose in renal cell carcinoma: a correlation with pathological parameters. Mol Med Rep. 2010;3:575-80.
147. Page T, Hodgkinson AD, Ollerenshaw M, Hammonds JC, Demaine AG. Glucose transporter polymorphisms are associtaed with clear-cell renal carcinoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 2005;163:151-5.
148. Long W, Cheeseman CI. Structure of, and functional insight into the GLUT family of membrane transporters. Cell Health Cytosk. 2015;7:167-83.
149. Jeannin G, Chiarelli N, Gaggiotti M, et al. Recurrent exercise-induced acute renal failure in a young Pakistani man with severe renal hypouricemia and SLC2A9 compound heterozygosity. BMC Med Genet. 2014;15:1-8.
150. Mou L, Jiang L, Hu Y. A novel homozygous GLUT9 mutation cause recurrent exercise-induced acute renal failure and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. J Nephrol. 2015;28:387-92.