메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 24, Issue 8, 2017, Pages

Cytokines are markers of the Clostridium difficile-induced inflammatory response and predict disease severity

Author keywords

Clostridium difficile infection; Cytokine response; Disease severity; Glucosyltransferase activity

Indexed keywords

BETA INTERFERON; BIOCHEMICAL MARKER; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TOXIN A; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TOXIN B; CYTOKINE; GAMMA INTERFERON; GLUCOSYLTRANSFERASE; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 12P40; INTERLEUKIN 12P70; INTERLEUKIN 13; INTERLEUKIN 15; INTERLEUKIN 16; INTERLEUKIN 17; INTERLEUKIN 1ALPHA; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 2; INTERLEUKIN 4; INTERLEUKIN 5; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN 7; INTERLEUKIN 8; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR; VASCULOTROPIN;

EID: 85027219071     PISSN: 15566811     EISSN: 1556679X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/CVI.00037-17     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (90)

References (51)
  • 1
    • 84879028884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human monoclonal antibodies against Clostridium difficile toxins A and B inhibit inflammatory and histologic responses to the toxins in human colon and peripheral blood monocytes
    • Koon HW, Shih DQ, Hing TC, Yoo JH, Ho S, Chen X, Kelly CP, Targan SR, Pothoulakis C. 2013. Human monoclonal antibodies against Clostridium difficile toxins A and B inhibit inflammatory and histologic responses to the toxins in human colon and peripheral blood monocytes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57:3214–3223. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.02633-12.
    • (2013) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.57 , pp. 3214-3223
    • Koon, H.W.1    Shih, D.Q.2    Hing, T.C.3    Yoo, J.H.4    Ho, S.5    Chen, X.6    Kelly, C.P.7    Targan, S.R.8    Pothoulakis, C.9
  • 2
    • 77954848009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of toxin A and toxin B in Clostridium difficile-associated disease: Past and present perspectives
    • Carter GP, Rood JI, Lyras D. 2010. The role of toxin A and toxin B in Clostridium difficile-associated disease: past and present perspectives. Gut Microbes 1:58–64. https://doi.org/10.4161/gmic.1.1.10768.
    • (2010) Gut Microbes , vol.1 , pp. 58-64
    • Carter, G.P.1    Rood, J.I.2    Lyras, D.3
  • 3
    • 67649391053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection: New developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis
    • Rupnik M, Wilcox MH, Gerding DN. 2009. Clostridium difficile infection: new developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Microbiol 7:526–536. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2164.
    • (2009) Nat Rev Microbiol , vol.7 , pp. 526-536
    • Rupnik, M.1    Wilcox, M.H.2    Gerding, D.N.3
  • 4
    • 84876160855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of host defenses on Clostridium difficile toxin-induced intestinal barrier injury
    • Olson A, Diebel LN, Liberati DM. 2013. Effect of host defenses on Clostridium difficile toxin-induced intestinal barrier injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 74:983–989. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182858477.
    • (2013) J Trauma Acute Care Surg , vol.74 , pp. 983-989
    • Olson, A.1    Diebel, L.N.2    Liberati, D.M.3
  • 6
    • 79960420811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The host immune response to Clostridium difficile
    • Kelly CP, Kyne L. 2011. The host immune response to Clostridium difficile. J Med Microbiol 60:1070–1079. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.030015-0.
    • (2011) J Med Microbiol , vol.60 , pp. 1070-1079
    • Kelly, C.P.1    Kyne, L.2
  • 7
    • 84878317467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Markers of intestinal inflammation, not bacterial burden, correlate with clinical outcomes in Clostridium difficile infection
    • El Feghaly RE, Stauber JL, Deych E, Gonzalez C, Tarr PI, Haslam DB. 2013. Markers of intestinal inflammation, not bacterial burden, correlate with clinical outcomes in Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 56: 1713–1721. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit147.
    • (2013) Clin Infect Dis , vol.56 , pp. 1713-1721
    • El Feghaly, R.E.1    Stauber, J.L.2    Deych, E.3    Gonzalez, C.4    Tarr, P.I.5    Haslam, D.B.6
  • 8
    • 28844442756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced colonocyte apoptosis involves p53-dependent p21(WAF1/CIP1) induction via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase
    • Kim H, Kokkotou E, Na X, Rhee SH, Moyer MP, Pothoulakis C, Lamont JT. 2005. Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced colonocyte apoptosis involves p53-dependent p21(WAF1/CIP1) induction via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Gastroenterology 129:1875–1888. https://doi.org/10 .1053/j.gastro.2005.09.011.
    • (2005) Gastroenterology , vol.129 , pp. 1875-1888
    • Kim, H.1    Kokkotou, E.2    Na, X.3    Rhee, S.H.4    Moyer, M.P.5    Pothoulakis, C.6    Lamont, J.T.7
  • 9
    • 84867598881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cefoperazone-treated mice as an experimental platform to assess differential virulence of Clostridium difficile strains
    • Theriot CM, Koumpouras CC, Carlson PE, Bergin II, Aronoff DM, Young VB. 2011. Cefoperazone-treated mice as an experimental platform to assess differential virulence of Clostridium difficile strains. Gut Microbes 2:326–234. https://doi.org/10.4161/gmic.19142.
    • (2011) Gut Microbes , vol.2 , pp. 326-1234
    • Theriot, C.M.1    Koumpouras, C.C.2    Carlson, P.E.3    Bergin, I.I.4    Aronoff, D.M.5    Young, V.B.6
  • 10
    • 77951026738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA)
    • Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S, Kelly CP, Loo VG, McDonald LC, Pepin J, Wilcox MH. 2010. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). Infect Contrl Hosp Epidemiol 31:431– 455. https://doi.org/10.1086/651706.
    • (2010) Infect Contrl Hosp Epidemiol , vol.31 , pp. 431-455
    • Cohen, S.H.1    Gerding, D.N.2    Johnson, S.3    Kelly, C.P.4    Loo, V.G.5    McDonald, L.C.6    Pepin, J.7    Wilcox, M.H.8
  • 11
    • 34547133720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, stratified by disease severity
    • Zar FA, Bakkanagari SR, Moorthi KM, Davis MB. 2007. A comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, stratified by disease severity. Clin Infect Dis 45: 302–307. https://doi.org/10.1086/519265.
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.45 , pp. 302-307
    • Zar, F.A.1    Bakkanagari, S.R.2    Moorthi, K.M.3    Davis, M.B.4
  • 13
    • 19344364596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relatively poor outcome after treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis with metronidazole
    • Musher DM, Aslam S, Logan N, Nallacheru S, Bhaila I, Borchert F, Hamill RJ. 2005. Relatively poor outcome after treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis with metronidazole. Clin Infect Dis 40:1586–1590. https://doi.org/10.1086/430311.
    • (2005) Clin Infect Dis , vol.40 , pp. 1586-1590
    • Musher, D.M.1    Aslam, S.2    Logan, N.3    Nallacheru, S.4    Bhaila, I.5    Borchert, F.6    Hamill, R.J.7
  • 15
    • 84924181912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inflammasome activation contributes to interleukin-23 production in response to Clostridium difficile
    • Cowardin CA, Kuehne SA, Buonomo EL, Marie CS, Minton NP, Petri WA, Jr. 2015. Inflammasome activation contributes to interleukin-23 production in response to Clostridium difficile. mBio 6:e02386-14. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.02386-14.
    • (2015) Mbio , vol.6 , pp. e02386-e02414
    • Cowardin, C.A.1    Kuehne, S.A.2    Buonomo, E.L.3    Marie, C.S.4    Minton, N.P.5    Petri, W.A.6
  • 16
    • 36849012986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of transcription factor activator protein-1 on interleukin-8 expression and enteritis in response to Clostridium difficile toxin A
    • Lee JY, Park HR, Oh YK, Kim YJ, Youn J, Han JS, Kim JM. 2007. Effects of transcription factor activator protein-1 on interleukin-8 expression and enteritis in response to Clostridium difficile toxin A. J Mol Med 85: 1393–1404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-007-0237-7.
    • (2007) J Mol Med , vol.85 , pp. 1393-1404
    • Lee, J.Y.1    Park, H.R.2    Oh, Y.K.3    Kim, Y.J.4    Youn, J.5    Han, J.S.6    Kim, J.M.7
  • 18
    • 0033571379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roles of intracellular calcium and NF-kappa B in the Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced upregulation and secretion of IL-8 from human monocytes
    • Jefferson KK, Smith MF, Jr, Bobak DA. 1999. Roles of intracellular calcium and NF-kappa B in the Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced upregulation and secretion of IL-8 from human monocytes. J Immunol 163:5183–5191.
    • (1999) J Immunol , vol.163 , pp. 5183-5191
    • Jefferson, K.K.1    Smith, M.F.2    Bobak, D.A.3
  • 19
    • 33745536745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NF-kappa B activation pathway is essential for the chemokine expression in intestinal epithelial cells stimulated with Clostridium difficile toxin A
    • Kim JM, Lee JY, Yoon YM, Oh YK, Youn J, Kim YJ. 2006. NF-kappa B activation pathway is essential for the chemokine expression in intestinal epithelial cells stimulated with Clostridium difficile toxin A. Scand J Immunol 63: 453– 460. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.2006.001756.x.
    • (2006) Scand J Immunol , vol.63 , pp. 453-460
    • Kim, J.M.1    Lee, J.Y.2    Yoon, Y.M.3    Oh, Y.K.4    Youn, J.5    Kim, Y.J.6
  • 20
    • 78649835299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A common polymorphism in the interleukin-8 gene promoter is associated with an increased risk for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
    • Garey KW, Jiang ZD, Ghantoji S, Tam VH, Arora V, Dupont HL. 2010. A common polymorphism in the interleukin-8 gene promoter is associated with an increased risk for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 51:1406 –1410. https://doi.org/10.1086/657398.
    • (2010) Clin Infect Dis , vol.51 , pp. 1406-1410
    • Garey, K.W.1    Jiang, Z.D.2    Ghantoji, S.3    Tam, V.H.4    Arora, V.5    Dupont, H.L.6
  • 21
    • 33646578156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A common polymorphism in the interleukin 8 gene promoter is associated with Clostridium difficile diarrhea
    • Jiang ZD, DuPont HL, Garey K, Price M, Graham G, Okhuysen P, Dao-Tran T, LaRocco M. 2006. A common polymorphism in the interleukin 8 gene promoter is associated with Clostridium difficile diarrhea. Am J Gastroenterol 101:1112–1116. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00482.x.
    • (2006) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.101 , pp. 1112-1116
    • Jiang, Z.D.1    DuPont, H.L.2    Garey, K.3    Price, M.4    Graham, G.5    Okhuysen, P.6    Dao-Tran, T.7    LaRocco, M.8
  • 22
    • 84855804372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interleukin-15 biology and its therapeutic implications in cancer
    • Steel JC, Waldmann TA, Morris JC. 2012. Interleukin-15 biology and its therapeutic implications in cancer. Trends Pharmacol Sci 33:35–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2011.09.004.
    • (2012) Trends Pharmacol Sci , vol.33 , pp. 35-41
    • Steel, J.C.1    Waldmann, T.A.2    Morris, J.C.3
  • 23
    • 0028246297 scopus 로고
    • Molecular and functional analysis of a lymphocyte chemoattractant factor: Association of biologic function with CD4 expression
    • Cruikshank WW, Center DM, Nisar N, Wu M, Natke B, Theodore AC, Kornfeld H. 1994. Molecular and functional analysis of a lymphocyte chemoattractant factor: association of biologic function with CD4 expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91:5109–5113. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.91.11.5109.
    • (1994) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.91 , pp. 5109-5113
    • Cruikshank, W.W.1    Center, D.M.2    Nisar, N.3    Wu, M.4    Natke, B.5    Theodore, A.C.6    Kornfeld, H.7
  • 26
    • 0029868433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of Clostridium difficile toxin A on human intestinal epithelial cells: Induction of interleukin 8 production and apoptosis after cell detachment
    • Mahida YR, Makh S, Hyde S, Gray T, Borriello SP. 1996. Effect of Clostridium difficile toxin A on human intestinal epithelial cells: induction of interleukin 8 production and apoptosis after cell detachment. Gut 38: 337. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.38.3.337.
    • (1996) Gut , vol.38 , pp. 337
    • Mahida, Y.R.1    Makh, S.2    Hyde, S.3    Gray, T.4    Borriello, S.P.5
  • 27
    • 0034176003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IL-15 is highly expressed in inflammatory bowel disease and regulates local T cell-dependent cytokine production
    • Liu Z, Geboes K, Colpaert S, D’Haens GR, Rutgeerts P, Ceuppens JL. 2000. IL-15 is highly expressed in inflammatory bowel disease and regulates local T cell-dependent cytokine production. J Immunol 164:3608–3615. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.164.7.3608.
    • (2000) J Immunol , vol.164 , pp. 3608-3615
    • Liu, Z.1    Geboes, K.2    Colpaert, S.3    D’Haens, G.R.4    Rutgeerts, P.5    Ceuppens, J.L.6
  • 30
    • 0030853278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fecal lactoferrin, interleukin-1beta, and interleukin-8 are elevated in patients with severe Clostridium difficile colitis
    • Steiner TS, Flores CA, Pizarro TT, Guerrant RL. 1997. Fecal lactoferrin, interleukin-1beta, and interleukin-8 are elevated in patients with severe Clostridium difficile colitis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 4:719–722.
    • (1997) Clin Diagn Lab Immunol , vol.4 , pp. 719-722
    • Steiner, T.S.1    Flores, C.A.2    Pizarro, T.T.3    Guerrant, R.L.4
  • 31
    • 1342345853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Essential involvement of IFN-gamma in Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced enteritis
    • Ishida Y, Maegawa T, Kondo T, Kimura A, Iwakura Y, Nakamura S, Mukaida N. 2004. Essential involvement of IFN-gamma in Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced enteritis. J Immunol 172:3018–3025. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.172.5.3018.
    • (2004) J Immunol , vol.172 , pp. 3018-3025
    • Ishida, Y.1    Maegawa, T.2    Kondo, T.3    Kimura, A.4    Iwakura, Y.5    Nakamura, S.6    Mukaida, N.7
  • 33
    • 0028044948 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile colitis
    • Kelly CP, Pothoulakis C, LaMont JT. 1994. Clostridium difficile colitis. N Engl J Med 330:257–262. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199401273300406.
    • (1994) N Engl J Med , vol.330 , pp. 257-262
    • Kelly, C.P.1    Pothoulakis, C.2    LaMont, J.T.3
  • 35
    • 0020029308 scopus 로고
    • Effects of the two toxins of Clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated cecitis in hamsters
    • Libby JM, Jortner BS, Wilkins TD. 1982. Effects of the two toxins of Clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated cecitis in hamsters. Infect Immun 36:822–829.
    • (1982) Infect Immun , vol.36 , pp. 822-829
    • Libby, J.M.1    Jortner, B.S.2    Wilkins, T.D.3
  • 36
    • 0021049242 scopus 로고
    • Toxin A of Clostridium difficile: Production, purification and effect in mouse intestine
    • Lonnroth I, Lange S. 1983. Toxin A of Clostridium difficile: production, purification and effect in mouse intestine. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand B 91:395–400.
    • (1983) Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand B , vol.91 , pp. 395-400
    • Lonnroth, I.1    Lange, S.2
  • 37
    • 0030271882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large clostridial cytotoxins–a family of glycosyltransferases modifying small GTP-binding proteins
    • von Eichel-Streiber C, Boquet P, Sauerborn M, Thelestam M. 1996. Large clostridial cytotoxins–a family of glycosyltransferases modifying small GTP-binding proteins. Trends Microbiol 4:375–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/0966-842X(96)10061-5.
    • (1996) Trends Microbiol , vol.4 , pp. 375-382
    • Von Eichel-Streiber, C.1    Boquet, P.2    Sauerborn, M.3    Thelestam, M.4
  • 38
    • 58549112757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxin A promotes dendritic cell maturation and chemokine CXCL2 expression through p38, IKK, and the NF-kappa B signaling pathway
    • Lee JY, Kim H, Cha MY, Park HG, Kim YJ, Kim IY, Kim JM. 2009. Clostridium difficile toxin A promotes dendritic cell maturation and chemokine CXCL2 expression through p38, IKK, and the NF-kappa B signaling pathway. J Mol Med (Berlin) 87:169 –180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-008-0415-2.
    • (2009) J Mol Med (Berlin) , vol.87 , pp. 169-180
    • Lee, J.Y.1    Kim, H.2    Cha, M.Y.3    Park, H.G.4    Kim, Y.J.5    Kim, I.Y.6    Kim, J.M.7
  • 39
    • 0030987740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxin A induces the release of neutrophil chemotactic factors from rat peritoneal macrophages: Role of interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and leukotrienes
    • Rocha MF, Maia ME, Bezerra LR, Lyerly DM, Guerrant RL, Ribeiro RA, Lima AA. 1997. Clostridium difficile toxin A induces the release of neutrophil chemotactic factors from rat peritoneal macrophages: role of interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and leukotrienes. Infect Immun 65:2740–2746.
    • (1997) Infect Immun , vol.65 , pp. 2740-2746
    • Rocha, M.F.1    Maia, M.E.2    Bezerra, L.R.3    Lyerly, D.M.4    Guerrant, R.L.5    Ribeiro, R.A.6    Lima, A.A.7
  • 40
    • 84979775141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucosylation drives the innate inflammatory response to Clostridium difficile toxin A
    • Cowardin CA, Jackman BM, Noor Z, Burgess SL, Feig AL, Petri WA, Jr. 2016. Glucosylation drives the innate inflammatory response to Clostridium difficile toxin A. Infect Immun 84:2317–2323. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00327-16.
    • (2016) Infect Immun , vol.84 , pp. 2317-2323
    • Cowardin, C.A.1    Jackman, B.M.2    Noor, Z.3    Burgess, S.L.4    Feig, A.L.5    Petri, W.A.6
  • 41
    • 78049517380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of Clostridium difficile infections by quantitative detection of tcdB toxin by use of a real-time cell analysis system
    • Ryder AB, Huang Y, Li H, Zheng M, Wang X, Stratton CW, Xu X, Tang YW. 2010. Assessment of Clostridium difficile infections by quantitative detection of tcdB toxin by use of a real-time cell analysis system. J Clin Microbiol 48:4129–4134. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01104-10.
    • (2010) J Clin Microbiol , vol.48 , pp. 4129-4134
    • Ryder, A.B.1    Huang, Y.2    Li, H.3    Zheng, M.4    Wang, X.5    Stratton, C.W.6    Xu, X.7    Tang, Y.W.8
  • 42
    • 17444366186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxins: Mechanism of action and role in disease
    • Voth DE, Ballard JD. 2005. Clostridium difficile toxins: mechanism of action and role in disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 18:247–263. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.18.2.247-263.2005.
    • (2005) Clin Microbiol Rev , vol.18 , pp. 247-263
    • Voth, D.E.1    Ballard, J.D.2
  • 43
    • 84944448131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucosyltransferase activity of Clostridium difficile toxin B is essential for disease pathogenesis
    • Yang Z, Zhang Y, Huang T, Feng H. 2015. Glucosyltransferase activity of Clostridium difficile toxin B is essential for disease pathogenesis. Gut Microbes 6:221–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2015.1062965.
    • (2015) Gut Microbes , vol.6 , pp. 221-224
    • Yang, Z.1    Zhang, Y.2    Huang, T.3    Feng, H.4
  • 44
    • 84917706337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection aggravates colitis in interleukin 10-deficient mice
    • Kim MN, Koh SJ, Kim JM, Im JP, Jung HC, Kim JS. 2014. Clostridium difficile infection aggravates colitis in interleukin 10-deficient mice. World J Gastroenterol 20:17084 –17091. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i45.17084.
    • (2014) World J Gastroenterol , vol.20 , pp. 17084-17091
    • Kim, M.N.1    Koh, S.J.2    Kim, J.M.3    Im, J.P.4    Jung, H.C.5    Kim, J.S.6
  • 47
    • 84868203487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immune responses to Clostridium difficile infection
    • Madan R, Petri WA, Jr. 2012. Immune responses to Clostridium difficile infection. Trends Mol Med 18:658–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2012.09.005.
    • (2012) Trends Mol Med , vol.18 , pp. 658-666
    • Madan, R.1    Petri, W.A.2
  • 49
    • 56649108115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of recombinant Clostridium difficile toxin A and B in Bacillus megaterium
    • Yang G, Zhou B, Wang J, He X, Sun X, Nie W, Tzipori S, Feng H. 2008. Expression of recombinant Clostridium difficile toxin A and B in Bacillus megaterium. BMC Microbiol 8:192. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-8-192.
    • (2008) BMC Microbiol , vol.8 , pp. 192
    • Yang, G.1    Zhou, B.2    Wang, J.3    He, X.4    Sun, X.5    Nie, W.6    Tzipori, S.7    Feng, H.8
  • 51
    • 0031931516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytokine production in cell culture by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from immunocompetent host
    • Katial RK, Sachanandani D, Pinney C, Lieberman MM. 1998. Cytokine production in cell culture by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from immunocompetent host. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 5:78–81.
    • (1998) Clin Diagn Lab Immunol , vol.5 , pp. 78-81
    • Katial, R.K.1    Sachanandani, D.2    Pinney, C.3    Lieberman, M.M.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.