Dietary patterns, foods and nutrients in male fertility parameters and fecundability: A systematic review of observational studies

Human Reproduction Update

Volumn 23, Issue 4, 2017, Pages 371-389

  Salas Huetos, Albert ^a,b   Bulló, Mònica ^a,b   Salas Salvadó, Jordi ^a,b  

^a HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARI SANT JOAN DE REUS   (Spain)

^b Instituto de Salud Carlos III   (Spain)

Author keywords

Diet; Fecundability; Food; Male infertility; Nutrients; Nutrition; Sperm parameters

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ASCORBIC ACID; BETA CAROTENE; CAFFEINE; CRYPTOXANTHIN; FOLIC ACID; LYCOPENE; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; SATURATED FATTY ACID; SELENIUM; TRANS FATTY ACID; VITAMIN D; ZINC;

ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE; ARTICLE; CANDY; CEREAL; COFFEE; DAIRY PRODUCT; DIET; DIETARY COMPLIANCE; DIETARY INTAKE; DNA DAMAGE; FERTILIZATION; FOOD; FRUIT; HEALTHY DIET; HUMAN; MALE; MALE FERTILITY; MALE GENITAL TRACT PARAMETERS; MALE INFERTILITY; MILK; NUTRIENT; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; POTATO; POULTRY PRODUCT; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROCESSED MEAT; QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS; RED MEAT; SEA FOOD; SOY FOOD; SPERM QUALITY; SUGAR-SWEETENED BEVERAGE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; VEGETABLE; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; FERTILITY; INFERTILITY, MALE; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SEMEN ANALYSIS;

CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DIET; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; FERTILITY; FOOD; HUMANS; INFERTILITY, MALE; MALE; OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES AS TOPIC; PREGNANCY; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SEMEN ANALYSIS;

EID: 85019577858     PISSN: 13554786     EISSN: 14602369     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmx006     Document Type: Article

References (125)

1. Abbasi A, Prasad A, Rabbani P. Experimental zinc deficiency in man: effect on spermatogenesis. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 1979;92:292-302
2. Afeiche M, Bridges N, Williams P, Gaskins A, Tanrikut C, Petrozza J, Hauser R, Chavarro J. Dairy intake and semen quality among men attending a fertility clinic. Fertil Steril 2014;101:1280-1287
3. Afeiche M, Gaskins A, Williams P, Toth T, Wright D, Tanrikut C, Hauser R, Chavarro J. Processed meat intake is unfavorably and fish intake favorably associated with semen quality indicators among men attending. J Nutr 2014;144: 1091-1098
4. Afeiche M, Williams PL, Mendiola J, Gaskins A, Jørgensen N, Swan SH, Chavarro JE. Dairy food intake in relation to semen quality and reproductive hormone levels among physically active young men. Hum Reprod 2013;28:2265-2275
5. Afeiche MC, Williams PL, Gaskins AJ, Mendiola J, Jørgensen N, Swan SH, Chavarro JE. Meat intake and reproductive parameters among young men. Epidemiology 2014;25:323-330
6. Aitken RJ. Oxidative stress and the etiology of male infertility. J Assist Reprod Genet 2016;32:1-2
7. Aitken RJ, Gibb Z, Baker MA, Drevet J, Gharagozloo P. Causes and consequences of oxidative stress in spermatozoa. Reprod Fertil Dev 2016;28:1-10
8. Aksoy Y, Aksoy H, Altinkaynak K, Aydin HR, Ozkan A. Sperm fatty acid composition in subfertile men. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2006;75:75-79
9. Amarnath R, Jesse NM, Jacob R. The role of estrogen modulators in male hypogonadism and infertility. Rev Urol 2016;18:66-72
10. Anderson JE, Farr SL, Jamieson DJ, Warner L, Macaluso M. Infertility services reported by men in the United States: national survey data. Fertil Steril 2009;91: 2466-2470
11. Anifandis G, Bounartzi T, Messini CI, Dafopoulos K, Sotiriou S, Messinis IE. The impact of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption on sperm parameters and sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) measured by Halosperm. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2014;290:777-782
12. Atkinson F, Foster-Powell K, Brand-Miller JC. International tables of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2008. Diabetes Care 2008;31:2281-2283
13. Attaman JA, Toth TL, Furtado J, Campos H, Hauser R, Chavarro JE. Dietary fat and semen quality among men attending a fertility clinic. Hum Reprod 2012;27: 1466-1474
14. Blesbois E, Lessire M, Grasseau I, Hallouis JM, Hermier D. Effect of dietary fat on the fatty acid composition and fertilizing ability of fowl semen. Biol Reprod 1997; 56:1216-1220
15. Boivin J, Bunting L, Collins JA, Nygren KG. International estimates of infertility prevalence and treatment-seeking: potential need and demand for infertility medical care. Hum Reprod 2007;22:1506-1512
16. Bonjour J-P, Benoit V, Rousseau B, Souberbielle J-C. Consumption of vitamin Dand calcium-fortified soft white cheese lowers the biochemical marker of bone resorption TRAP 5b in postmenopausal women at moderate risk of osteoporosis fracture. J Nutr 2012;142:698-703
17. Braga DPDAF, Halpern G, Figueira RDCS, Setti AS, Iaconelli A, Borges E, Figueira S, Sc M, Braga DPDAF, Halpern G et al. Food intake and social habits in male patients and its relationship to intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcomes. Fertil Steril 2012;97:53-59
18. Carlsen E, Giwercman A, Keiding N, Skakkebaek NE. Evidence for decreasing quality of semen during past 50 years. BMJ 1992;305:609-613
19. Chavarro JE, Toth TL, Sadio SM, Hauser R. Soy food and isoflavone intake in relation to semen quality parameters among men from an infertility clinic. Hum Reprod 2008;23:2584-2590
20. Chavarro JJE, Mínguez-Alarcón L, Mendiola J, Cutillas-Tolín A, López-Espín JJ, Torres-Cantero AAM. Trans fatty acid intake is inversely related to total sperm count in young healthy men. Hum Reprod 2014;29:429-440
21. Chiu YH, Afeiche MC, Gaskins AJ, Williams PL, Mendiola J, Jorgensen N, Swan SH, Chavarro JE. Sugar-sweetened beverage intake in relation to semen quality and reproductive hormone levels in young men. Hum Reprod 2014;29:1575-1584
22. Collins GG, Rossi BV. The impact of lifestyle modifications, diet, and vitamin supplementation on natural fertility. Fertil Res Pract 2015;1:11
23. Curtis KM, Savitz DA, Arbuckle TE. Effects of cigarette smoking, caffeine consumption, and alcohol intake on fecundability. Am J Epidemiol 1997;146:32-41
24. Cutillas-Tolin A, Minguez-Alarcon L, Mendiola J, Lopez-Espin JJ, Jorgensen N, Navarrete-Munoz EM, Torres-Cantero AM, Chavarro JE. Mediterranean and western dietary patterns are related to markers of testicular function among healthy men. Hum Reprod 2015;30:2945-2955
25. de Jong AME, Menkveld R, Lens JW, Nienhuis SE, Rhemrev JPT. Effect of alcohol intake and cigarette smoking on sperm parameters and pregnancy. Andrologia 2014;46:112-117
26. de Ruyter JC, Olthof MR, Seidell JC, Katan MB. A trial of sugar-free or sugarsweetened beverages and body weight in children. N Engl J Med 2012;367: 1397-1406
27. Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Bourguignon J-P, Giudice LC, Hauser R, Prins GS, Soto AM, Zoeller RT, Gore AC. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: an Endocrine Society scientific statement. Endocr Rev 2009;30:293-342
28. Ding G-L, Liu Y, Liu M-E, Pan J-X, Guo M-X, Sheng J-Z, Huang H-F. The effects of diabetes on male fertility and epigenetic regulation during spermatogenesis. Asian J Androl 2015;17:948-953
29. Dong J-Y, Zhang L, Zhang Y-H, Qin L-Q. Dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load in relation to the risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Br J Nutr 2011;106:1649-1654
30. Ebbeling C, Feldmen H, Chomitz V, Antonelli T, Gortmaker S, Osganian S, Ludwig D. A randomized trial of sugar-sweetened beverages and adolescent body weight. N Engl J Med 2012;367:1407-1416
31. Eskenazi B, Kidd SA, Marks AR, Sloter E, Block G, Wyrobek AJ. Antioxidant intake is associated with semen quality in healthy men. Hum Reprod 2005;20: 1006-1012
32. Eslamian G, Amirjannati N, Rashidkhani B, Sadeghi MR, Baghestani AR, Hekmatdoost A. Dietary fatty acid intakes and asthenozoospermia: A casecontrol study. Fertil Steril 2015;103:190-198
33. Eslamian G, Amirjannati N, Rashidkhani B, Sadeghi MR, Hekmatdoost A. Intake of food groups and idiopathic asthenozoospermia: a case-control study. Hum Reprod 2012;27:3328-3336
34. Eslamian G, Amirjannati N, Rashidkhani B, Sadeghi MR, Hekmatdoost A. Nutrient patterns and asthenozoospermia: a case-control study. Andrologia 2016. In Press
35. Esmaeili V, Shahverdi AH, Alizadeh AR, Alipour H, Chehrazi M. Saturated, omega-6 and omega-3 dietary fatty acid effects on the characteristics of fresh, frozenthawed semen and blood parameters in rams. Andrologia 2014;46:42-49
36. Esmaeili V, Shahverdi AH, Moghadasian MH, Alizadeh AR. Dietary fatty acids affect semen quality: a review. Andrology 2015;3:450-461
37. Evers JLH. Female subfertility. Lancet 2002;360:151-159
38. Fair S, Doyle D, Diskin M, Hennessy A, Kenny D. The effect of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation of rams on semen quality and subsequent quality of liquid stored semen. Theriogenology 2014;81:210-219
39. Ferreira-Pêgo C, Babio N, Bes-Rastrollo M, Corella D, Estruch R, Ros E, Fitó M, Serra-Majem L, Arós F, Fiol M et al. Frequent consumption of sugar-and artificially sweetened severages and natural and bottled fruit juices is associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome in a Mediterranean population at high cardiovascular disease risk. J Nutr 2016;146:1528-1536
40. Florack EI, Zielhuis GA, Rolland R. Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and caffeine intake and fecundability. Prev Med (Baltim) 1994;23:175-180
41. Forshee RA, Anderson PA, Storey ML. Sugar-sweetened beverages and body mass index in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87: 1662-1671
42. Ganmaa D, Qin L, Wang P. A two-generation reproduction study to assess the effects of cows' milk on reproductive development in male and female rats. Fertil Steril 2004;82:1106-1114
43. Ganmaa D, Wang PY, Qin LQ, Hoshi K, Sato A. Is milk responsible for male reproductive disorders? Med Hypotheses 2001;57:510-514
44. Gaskins AJ, Colaci DS, Mendiola J, Swan SH, Chavarro JE. Dietary patterns and semen quality in young men. Hum Reprod 2012;27:2899-2907
45. Ghanem H, Shaeer O, El-Segini A. Combination clomiphene citrate and antioxidant therapy for idiopathic male infertility: a randomized controlled trial. Fertil Steril 2010;93:2232-2235
46. Gharagozloo P, Aitken RJ. The role of sperm oxidative stress in male infertility and the significance of oral antioxidant therapy. Hum Reprod 2011;26:1628-1640
47. Giahi L, Mohammadmoradi S, Javidan A, Sadeghi MR. Nutritional modifications in male infertility: a systematic review covering 2 decades. Nutr Rev 2016;74: 118-130
48. Goldin B, Adlercreutz H, Gorbach S, Warram J, Dwyer J, Swenson L, Woods M. Estrogen excretion patterns and plasma levels in vegetarian and omnivorous women. N Engl J Med 1982;307:1542-1547
49. Goverde HJ, Dekker HS, Janssen HJ, Bastiaans BA, Rolland R, Zielhuis GA. Semen quality and frequency of smoking and alcohol consumption-an explorative study. Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud 1995;40:135-138
50. Greenwood DC, Threapleton DE, Evans CEL, Cleghorn CL, Nykjaer C, Woodhead C, Burley VJ. Association between sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened soft drinks and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and doseresponse meta-analysis of prospective studies. Br J Nutr 2014;112:725-734
51. Gulaya NM, Margitich VM, Govseeva NM, Klimashevsky VM, Gorpynchenko II, Boyko MI. Phospholipid composition of human sperm and seminal plasma in relation to sperm fertility. Arch Androl 2001;46:169-175
52. Hanis T, Zidek V, Sachova J, Klir P, Deyl Z. Effects of dietary trans-fatty acids on reproductive performance of Wistar rats. Br J Nutr 1989;61:519-529
53. Hansen ML, Thulstrup AM, Bonde JP, Olsen J, Håkonsen LB, Ramlau-Hansen CH. Does last week's alcohol intake affect semen quality or reproductive hormones? A cross-sectional study among healthy young Danish men. Reprod Toxicol 2012; 34:457-462
54. Hassan MAM, Killick SR. Negative lifestyle is associated with a significant reduction in fecundity. Fertil Steril 2004;81:384-392
55. Hayden JA, Cote P, Bombardier C. Evaluation of the quality of prognosis studies in systematic reviews. Ann Intern Med 2006;144:427-437
56. Hoppe C, Molgaard C, Vaag A, Barkholt V, Michaelsen KF. High intakes of milk, but not meat, increase serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 in 8-year-old boys. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005;59:393-398
57. Hu Y, Block G, Norkus EP, Morrow JD, Dietrich M, Hudes M. Relations of glycemic index and glycemic load with plasma oxidative. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84:70-76
58. Huang P, Zhou Z, Shi F, Shao G, Wang R, Wang J, Wang K, Ding W. Effects of the IGF-1/PTEN/Akt/FoxO signaling pathway on male reproduction in rats subjected to water immersion and restraint stress. Mol Med Rep 2016;5116-5124
59. Imamura F, O'Connor L, Ye Z, Mursu J, Hayashino Y, Bhupathiraju SN, Forouhi NG. Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, and fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes: systematic review, metaanalysis, and estimation of population attributable fraction. BMJ 2015;351:h3576
60. Jensen TK, Heitmann BL, Jensen MB, Halldorsson TI, Andersson AM, Skakkebæk NE, Joensen UN, Lauritsen MP, Christiansen P, Dalgard C et al. High dietary intake of saturated fat is associated with reduced semen quality among 701 young Danish men from the general population. Am J Clin Nutr 2013;97:411-418
61. Jensen TK, Henriksen TB, Hjollund NHI, Scheike T, Kolstad H, Giwercman A, Ernst E, Bonde JP, Skakkebæk NE, Olsen J. Caffeine intake and fecundability: a follow-up study among 430 Danish couples planning their first pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol 1998;12:289-295
62. Jensen TK, Swan S, Jorgensen N, Toppari J, Redmon B, Punab M, Drobnis EZ, Haugen TB, Zilaitiene B, Sparks AE et al. Alcohol and male reproductive health: a cross-sectional study of 8344 healthy men from Europe and the USA. Hum Reprod 2014;29:1801-1809
63. Jungwirth A, Giwercman A, Tournaye H, Diemer T, Kopa Z, Dohle G, Krausz C. European association of urology guidelines on male infertility: the 2012 update. Eur Urol 2012;62:324-332
64. Jurewicz J, Radwan M, Sobala W, Ligocka D, Radwan P, Bochenek M, Hawula W, Jakubowski L, Hanke W. Human urinary phthalate metabolites level and main semen parameters, sperm chromatin structure, sperm aneuploidy and reproductive hormones. Reprod Toxicol 2013;42:232-241
65. Karayiannis D, Kontogianni MD, Mendorou C, Douka L, Mastrominas M, Yiannakouris N. Association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and semen quality parameters in male partners of couples attempting fertility. Hum Reprod 2016;32:215-222
66. Khan TA, Sievenpiper JL. Controversies about sugars: results from systematic reviews and meta-analyses on obesity, cardiometabolic disease and diabetes. Eur J Nutr 2016;55(Suppl. 2):25-43
67. Kristo AS, Matthan NR, Lichtenstein AH. Effect of diets differing in glycemic index and glycemic load on cardiovascular risk factors: review of randomized controlled-feeding trials. Nutrients 2013;5:1071-1080
68. La Vignera S, Condorelli RA, Balercia G, Vicari E, Calogero AE. Does alcohol have any effect on male reproductive function? A review of literature. Asian J Androl 2013;15:221-225
69. Liberati A, Altman DG, TetzlaffJ, Mulrow C, Goetzsche PC, Ioannidis JP, Clarke M, Devereaux P, Kleijnen J, Moher D. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. J Clin Epidemiol 2009;62:e1-34
70. Malik VS, Pan A, Willett WC, Hu FB. Sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain in children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2013;98:1084-1102
71. Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, Despres JP, Willett WC, Hu FB. Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2010;33:2477-2481
72. Maneesh M, Dutta S, Chakrabarti A. Alcohol abuse-duration dependent decrease in plasma testosterone and antioxidants in males. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2006; 50:291-296
73. McMichael-Phillips DF, Harding C, Morton M, Roberts SA, Howell A, Potten CS, Bundred NJ. Effects of soy-protein supplementation on epithelial proliferation in the histologically normal human breast. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:1431S-1435S
74. Mendiola J, Jørgensen N, Mínguez-Alarcón L, Sarabia-Cos L, López-Espín JJ, Vivero-Salmerón G, Ruiz-Ruiz KJ, Fernández MF, Olea N, Swan SH et al. Sperm counts may have declined in young university students in Southern Spain. Andrology 2013;1:408-413
75. Mendiola J, Torres-Cantero AM, Moreno-Grau JM, Ten J, Roca M, Moreno-Grau S, Bernabeu R. Food intake and its relationship with semen quality: a case-control study. Fertil Steril 2009;91:812-818
76. Mendiola J, Torres-Cantero AM, Vioque J, Moreno-Grau JM, Ten J, Roca M, Moreno-Grau S, Bernabeu R. A low intake of antioxidant nutrients is associated with poor semen quality in patients attending fertility clinics. Fertil Steril 2010;93: 1128-1133
77. Merzenich H, Zeeb H, Blettner M. Decreasing sperm quality: a global problem? BMC Public Health 2010;10:1-5
78. Miki K. Energy metabolism and sperm function. Soc Reprod Fertil Suppl 2007;65: 309-325
79. Mínguez-Alarcón L, Mendiola J, López-Espín J, Sarabia-Cos L, Vivero-Salmerón G, Vioque J, Navarrete-Muñoz E, Torres-Cantero A. Dietary intake of antioxidant nutrients is associated with semen quality in young university students. Hum Reprod 2012;27:2807-2814
80. Mitchell J, Cawood E, Kinniburgh D, Provan A, Collins A, Irvine D. Effect of a phytoestrogen food supplement on reproductive health in normal males. Clin Sci (Lond) 2001;100:613-618
81. Mitchell M, Bakos HW, Lane M. Paternal diet-induced obesity impairs embryo development and implantation in the mouse. Fertil Steril 2011;95:1349-1353
82. Molloy AM. Genetic aspects of folate metabolism. In: Stanger O (ed). Water Soluble Vitamins; Vol 18. Netherlands: Springer, 2012;105-130
83. Morgan DH, Ghribi O, Hui L, Geiger JD, Chen X. Cholesterol-enriched diet disrupts the blood-testis barrier in rabbits. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014;307: 1125-1130
84. Muraki I, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Manson JE, Hu FB, Sun Q. Potato consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from three prospective cohort studies. Diabetes Care 2016;39:376-384
85. Muthusami KR, Chinnaswamy P. Effect of chronic alcoholism on male fertility. Fertil Steril 2005;84:919-924
86. Ng S-F, Lin RCY, Laybutt DR, Barres R, Owens JA, Morris MJ. Chronic high-fat diet in fathers programs ß-cell dysfunction in female rat offspring. Nature 2010;467: 963-966
87. Olsen J, Bolumar F, Boldsen J, Bisanti L, Group S. Does moderate alcohol intake reduce fecundability? A European multicenter study on infertility and subfecundity. European Study Group on Infertility and Subfecundity. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1997;21:206-212
88. Pajarinen JT, Karhunen P. Spermatogenic arrest and 'Sertoli cell-only' syndrome-common alcohol-induced disorders of the human testis. Int J Androl 1994;17:292-299
89. Palmer NO, Bakos HW, Fullston T, Lane M. Impact of obesity on male fertility, sperm function and molecular composition. Spermatogenesis 2012;2:253-263
90. Palmer NO, Bakos HW, Owens JA, Setchell BP, Lane M. Diet and exercise in an obese mouse fed a high fat diet improves metabolic health and reverses perturbed sperm function. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012;3002:768-780
91. Park K, Gross M, Lee D-H, Holvoet P, Himes JH, Shikany J, Jacobs JDR. Oxidative stress and insulin resistance: the coronary artery risk development in young adults study. Diabetes Care 2009;32:1302-1307
92. Ramlau-Hansen CH, Thulstrup AM, Bonde JP, Olsen J, Bech BH. Semen quality according to prenatal coffee and present caffeine exposure: two decades of follow-up of a pregnancy cohort. Hum Reprod 2008;23:2799-2805
93. Rato L, Alves MG, Cavaco JE, Oliveira PF. High-energy diets: a threat for male fertility? Obes Rev 2014;15:996-1007
94. Ricci E, Al Beitawi S, Cipriani S, Candiani M, Chiaffarino F, Viganò P, Noli S, Parazzini F. Semen quality and alcohol intake: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Reprod Biomed Online 2016;34:38-47
95. Ross C, Morriss A, Khairy M, Khalaf Y, Braude P, Coomarasamy A, El-Toukhy T. A systematic review of the effect of oral antioxidants on male infertility. Reprod Biomed Online 2010;20:711-723
96. Rozati R, Reddy PP, Reddanna P, Mujtaba R. Role of environmental estrogens in the deterioration of male factor fertility. Fertil Steril 2002;78:1187-1194
97. RuffJS, Suchy AK, Hugentobler SA, Sosa MM, Schwartz BL, Morrison LC, Gieng SH, Shigenaga MK, Potts WK. Human-relevant levels of added sugar consumption increase female mortality and lower male fitness in mice. Nat Commun 2013;4:2245
98. Safarinejad MR. Effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on semen profile and enzymatic anti-oxidant capacity of seminal plasma in infertile men with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratospermia: a double-blind, placebocontrolled, randomised study. Andrologia 2011;43:38-47
99. Saleh RA, Agarwal A, Nada EA, El-Tonsy MH, Sharma RK, Meyer A, Nelson DR, Thomas AJ. Negative effects of increased sperm DNA damage in relation to seminal oxidative stress in men with idiopathic and male factor infertility. Fertil Steril 2003;79:1597-1605
100. Samadian F, Towhidi A, Rezayazdi K, Bahreini M. Effects of dietary n-3 fatty acids on characteristics and lipid composition of ovine sperm. Animal 2010;4:2017-2022
101. Santti R, Mäkelä S, Strauss L, Korkman J, Kostian M. Phytoestrogens: potential endocrine disruptors in males. Toxicol Ind Health 1998;14:223-237
102. Schmid TE, Eskenazi B, Marchetti F, Young S, Weldon RH, Baumgartner A, Anderson D, Wyrobek AJ. Micronutrients intake is association with improved sperm DNA quality in older men. Fertil Steril 2012;98:1130-1137
103. Schoeller EL, Albanna G, Frolova AI, Moley KH. Insulin rescues impaired spermatogenesis via the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in Akita diabetic mice and restores male fertility. Diabetes 2012;61:1869-1878
104. Schoeller EL, Schon S, Moley KH. The effects of type 1 diabetes on the hypothalamic, pituitary and testes axis. Cell Tissue Res 2012;349:839-847
105. Scott R, MacPherson A, Yates R, Hussain B, Dixon J. The effect of oral selenium supplementation on human sperm motility. Br J Urol 1998;82:76-80
106. Serra-Majem L, Bassas L, García-Glosas R, Ribas L, Inglés C, Casals I, Saavedra P, Renwick AG. Cyclamate intake and cyclohexylamine excretion are not related to male fertility in humans. Food Addit Contam 2003;20:1097-1104
107. Sharlip ID, Jarow JP, Belker AM, Lipshultz LI, Sigman M, Thomas AJ, Schlegel PN, Howards SS, Nehra A, Damewood MD et al. Best practice policies for male infertility. Fertil Steril 2002;77:873-882
108. Showell M, Mackenzie-Proctor R, Brown J, Yazdani A, Stankiewicz M, Hart R. Antioxidants for male subfertility. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Antioxid 2014;1:1-188
109. Silver EW, Eskenazi B, Evenson DP, Block G, Young S, Wyrobek AJ. Effect of antioxidant intake on sperm chromatin stability in healthy nonsmoking men. J Androl 2005;26:550-556
110. Stanhope KL, Schwarz JM, Keim NL, Griffen SC, Bremer AA, Graham JL, Hatcher B, Cox CL, Dyachenko A, Zhang W et al. Consuming fructosesweetened, not glucose-sweetened, beverages increase visceral adiposity and lipids and decrease insulin sensitivity in overweight/obese men. J Clin Invest 2009;1334:1322-1334
111. Stutz G, Zamudio J, Santillán ME, Vincenti L, de Cuneo MF, Ruiz RD, Emilia M. The effect of alcohol, tobacco, and aspirin consumption on seminal quality among healthy young men. Arch Environ Health 2004;59:548-552
112. Swan SH, Liu F, Overstreet JW, Brazil C, Skakkebaek NE. Semen quality of fertile US males in relation to their mothers' beef consumption during pregnancy. Hum Reprod 2007;22:1497-1502
113. Te Morenga L, Mallard S, Mann J. Dietary sugars and body weight: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies. BMJ 2013;346:e7492
114. Tremellen K. Oxidative stress and male infertility-a clinical perspective. Hum Reprod Update 2008;14:243-258
115. Veaute C, Andreoli MF, Racca A, Bailat A, Scalerandi MV, Bernal C, Borel IM. Effects of isomeric fatty acids on reproductive parameters in mice. Am J Reprod Immunol 2007;58:487-496
116. Vujkovic M, De Vries JH, Dohle GR, Bonsel GJ, Lindemans J, MacKlon NS, Van Der Spek PJ, Steegers EAP, Steegers-Theunissen RPM. Associations between dietary patterns and semen quality in men undergoing IVF/ICSI treatment. Hum Reprod 2009;24:1304-1312
117. Wang M, Yu M, Fang L, Hu R-Y. Association between sugar-sweetened beverages and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. J Diabetes Investig 2015;6:360-366
118. Wathes DC, Abayasekara D, Aitken RJ. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in male and female reproduction. Biol Reprod 2007;77:190-201
119. Williams A, Ford W. The role of glucose in supporting motility and capacitation in human spermatozoa. J Androl 2001;22:680-695
120. World Health Organization. Laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen. 5th ed. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2010
121. Wong W, Merkus H, Thomas C, Menkveld R, Zielhuis G, Steegers-Theunissen R. Effects of folic acid and zinc sulfate on male factor subfertility: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Fertil Steril 2002;77:491-498
122. Xia W, Chiu Y, Williams P, Gaskins A, Toth T, Tanrikut C, Hauser R, Chavarro J. Men's meat intake and treatment outcomes among couples undergoing assisted reproduction. Fertil Steril 2015;104:972-979
123. Young SS, Eskenazi B, Marchetti FM, Block G, Wyrobek AJ. The association of folate, zinc and antioxidant intake with sperm aneuploidy in healthy non-smoking men. Hum Reprod 2008;23:1014-1022
124. Zalata AA, Christophe AB, Depuydt CE, Schoonjans F, Comhaire FH. The fatty acid composition of phospholipids of spermatozoa from infertile patients. Mol Hum Reprod 1998;4:111-118
125. Zareba P, Colaci DS, Afeiche M, Gaskins AJ, Jorgensen N, Mendiola J, Swan SH, Chavarro JE. Semen quality in relation to antioxidant intake in a healthy male population. Fertil Steril 2013;100:1572-1579