Properties of black carbon and other insoluble light-absorbing particles in seasonal snow of northwestern China

Cryosphere

Volumn 11, Issue 3, 2017, Pages 1213-1233

  Pu, Wei ^a   Wang, Xin ^a   Wei, Hailun ^a   Zhou, Yue ^a   Shi, Jinsen ^a   Hu, Zhiyuan ^a   Jin, Hongchun ^a   Chen, Quanliang ^b  

^a LANZHOU UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b CHENGDU UNIVERSITY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABSORPTION; BLACK CARBON; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; ESTIMATION METHOD; INDUSTRIAL EMISSION; ORGANIC CARBON; SEASONAL VARIATION; SNOW; SNOWPACK;

CHINA; QINGHAI; XINJIANG UYGUR;

EID: 85019477699     PISSN: 19940416     EISSN: 19940424     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/tc-11-1213-2017     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. lfaro, S. C., Lafon, S., Rajot, J. L., Formenti, P., Gaudichet, A., and Maille, M.: Iron oxides and light absorption by pure desert dust: An experimental study, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D08208, doi:10. 1029/2003JD004374, 2004.
2. Amato, F. and Hopke, P. K.: Source apportionment of the ambient PM2:5 across St. Louis using constrained positive matrix factorization, Atmos. Environ., 46, 329-337, 2012.
3. Amato, F., Pandolfi, M., Escrig, A., Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Pey, J., Perez, N., and Hopke, P.: Quantifying road dust resuspension in urban environment by multilinear engine: a comparison with PMF2, Atmos. Environ., 43, 2770-2780, 2009.
4. Andreae, M. O. and Merlet, P.: Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 15, 955-966, 2001.
5. Anttila, P., Paatero, P., Tapper, U., and Järvinen, O.: Source identification of bulk wet deposition in Finland by positive matrix factorization, Atmos. Environ., 29, 1705-1718, 1995.
6. Arimoto, R., Duce, R. A., Savoie, D. L., Prospero, J. M., Talbot, R., Cullen, J. D., Tomza, U., Lewis, N. F., and Jay, B. J.: Relationships among aerosol constituents from Asia and the North Pacific during PEM-West A, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 2011-2023, doi:10. 1029/95JD01071, 1996.
7. Belis, C. A., Favez, O., Harrison, R. M., Larsen, B. R., Amato, F., El Haddad, I., Hopke, P. K., Nava, S., Paatero, P., Prévôt, A., Quass, U., Vecchi, R., and Viana, M.: European Guide on Air Pollution Source Apportionment with Receptor Models, JRC Reference Reports, Report EUR 26080 EN, doi:10. 2788/9307, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2014.
8. Bond, T. C. and Bergstrom, R. W.: Light Absorption by Carbonaceous Particles: An Investigative Review, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 40, 27-67, 2006.
9. Bond, T. C., Streets, D. G., Yarber, K. F., Nelson, S. M., Woo, J. H., and Klimont, Z.: A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from combustion, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D14203, doi:10. 1029/2003JD003697, 2004.
10. Bond, T. C., Doherty, S. J., Fahey, D. W., Forster, P. M., Berntsen, T., DeAngelo, B. J., Flanner, M. G., Ghan, S., Karcher, B., Koch, D., Kinne, S., Kondo, Y., Quinn, P. K., Sarofim, M. C., Schultz, M. G., Schulz, M., Venkataraman, C., Zhang, H., Zhang, S., Bellouin, N., Guttikunda, S. K., Hopke, P. K., Jacobson, M. Z., Kaiser, J. W., Klimont, Z., Lohmann, U., Schwarz, J. P., Shindell, D., Storelvmo, T., Warren, S. G., and Zender, C. S.: Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 5380-5552, 2013.
11. Brandt, R. E., Warren, S. G., and Clarke, A. D.: A controlled snowmaking experiment testing the relation between black carbon content and reduction of snow albedo, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D08109, doi:10. 1029/2010JD015330, 2011.
12. Cachier, H. and Pertuisot, M. H.: Particulate Carbon in Arctic Ice, Analusis, 22, M34-M37, 1994.
13. Chen, L.-W. A., Watson, J. G., Chow, J. C., and Magliano, K. L.: Quantifying PM2. 5 source contributions for the San Joaquin Valley with multivariate receptor models, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 2818-2826, 2007.
14. Chýlek, P., Ramaswamy, V., and Srivastava, V.: Albedo of Soot-Contaminated Snow, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 10837-10843, doi:10. 1029/JC088iC15p10837, 1983.
15. Chýlek, P., Srivastava, V., Cahenzli, L., Pinnick, R. G., Dod, R. L., Novakov, T., Cook, T. L., and Hinds, B. D.: Aerosol and Graphitic Carbon Content of Snow, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 9801-9809, 1987.
16. Chýlek, P., Johnson, B., Damiano, P. A., Taylor, K. C., and Clement, P.: Biomass Burning Record and Black Carbon in the GISP2 Ice Core, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 89-92, 1995.
17. Clarke, A. D. and Noone, K. J.: Soot in the Arctic Snowpack-a Cause for Perturbations in Radiative-Transfer, Atmos. Environ., 19, 2045-2053, 1985.
18. Cong, Z. Y., Kang, S. C., Gao, S. P., Zhang, Y. L., Li, Q., and Kawamura, K.: Historical Trends of Atmospheric Black Carbon on Tibetan Plateau As Reconstructed from a 150-Year Lake Sediment Record, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 2579-2586, 2013.
19. Dall'Osto, M., Querol, X., Amato, F., Karanasiou, A., Lucarelli, F., Nava, S., Calzolai, G., and Chiari, M.: Hourly elemental concentrations in PM2:5 aerosols sampled simultaneously at urban background and road site during SAPUSS-diurnal variations and PMF receptor modelling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4375-4392, doi:10. 5194/acp-13-4375-2013, 2013.
20. Dang, C. and Hegg, D. A.: Quantifying light absorption by organic carbon in Western North American snow by serial chemical extractions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 10247-10210, 2014.
21. Doherty, S. J., Warren, S. G., Grenfell, T. C., Clarke, A. D., and Brandt, R. E.: Light-absorbing impurities in Arctic snow, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11647-11680, doi:10. 5194/acp-10-11647-2010, 2010.
22. Doherty, S. J., Grenfell, T. C., Forsstrom, S., Hegg, D. L., Brandt, R. E., and Warren, S. G.: Observed vertical redistribution of black carbon and other insoluble light-absorbing particles in melting snow, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 5553-5569, 2013.
23. Doherty, S. J., Dang, C., Hegg, D. A., Zhang, R., and Warren, S. G.: Black carbon and other light-absorbing particles in snow of central North America, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 12807-12812, 2014.
24. Doherty, S. J., Steele, M., Rigor, I., and Warren, S. G.: Interannual variations of light-absorbing particles in snow on Arctic sea ice, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 11391-11400, 2015.
25. Eleftheriadis, K., Vratolis, S., and Nyeki, S.: Aerosol black carbon in the European Arctic: Measurements at Zeppelin station, Ny-Alesund, Svalbard from 1998-2007, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L02809, doi:10. 1029/2008GL035741, 2009.
26. Flanner, M. G., Zender, C. S., Randerson, J. T., and Rasch, P. J.: Present-day climate forcing and response from black carbon in snow, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D11202, doi:10. 1029/2006JD008003, 2007.
27. Flanner, M. G., Zender, C. S., Hess, P. G., Mahowald, N. M., Painter, T. H., Ramanathan, V., and Rasch, P. J.: Springtime warming and reduced snow cover from carbonaceous particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2481-2497, doi:10. 5194/acp-9-2481-2009, 2009.
28. Forsström, S., Ström, J., Pedersen, C. A., Isaksson, E., and Gerland, S.: Elemental carbon distribution in Svalbard snow, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D19112, doi:10. 1029/2008JD011480, 2009.
29. Gabbi, J., Huss, M., Bauder, A., Cao, F., and Schwikowski, M.: The impact of Saharan dust and black carbon on albedo and long-term mass balance of an Alpine glacier, The Cryosphere, 9, 1385-1400, doi:10. 5194/tc-9-1385-2015, 2015.
30. Gianini, M. F. D., Fischer, A., Gehrig, R., Ulrich, A., Wichser, A., Piot, C., Besombes, J.-L., and Hueglin, C.: Comparative source apportionment of PM10 in Switzerland for 2008/2009 and 1998/1999 by Positive Matrix Factorisation, Atmos. Environ., 54, 149-158, 2012.
31. Grenfell, T. C., Light, B., and Sturm, M.: Spatial distribution and radiative effects of soot in the snow and sea ice during the SHEBA experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 107, SHE 7-1-SHE 7-7, doi:10. 1029/2000JC000414, 2002.
32. Grenfell, T. C., Doherty, S. J., Clarke, A. D., and Warren, S. G.: Light absorption from particulate impurities in snow and ice determined by spectrophotometric analysis of filters, Appl. Optics, 50, 2037-2048, 2011.
33. Hadley, O. L. and Kirchstetter, T. W.: Black-carbon reduction of snow albedo, Nature Climate Change, 2, 437-440, 2012.
34. Hadley, O. L., Corrigan, C. E., Kirchstetter, T. W., Cliff, S. S., and Ramanathan, V.: Measured black carbon deposition on the Sierra Nevada snow pack and implication for snow pack retreat, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7505-7513, doi:10. 5194/acp-10-7505-2010, 2010.
35. Hagler, G. S. W., Bergin, M. H., Smith, E. A., and Dibb, J. E.: A summer time series of particulate carbon in the air and snow at Summit, Greenland, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D21309, doi:10. 1029/2007JD008993, 2007a.
36. Hagler, G. S. W., Bergin, M. H., Smith, E. A., Dibb, J. E., Anderson, C., and Steig, E. J.: Particulate and water-soluble carbon measured in recent snow at Summit, Greenland, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L16505, doi:10. 1029/2007GL030110, 2007b.
37. Hailin, W., Zhuang, Y., Ying, W., Yele, S., Hui, Y., Zhuang, G., and Zhengping, H.: Long-term monitoring and source apportionment of PM2:5/PM10 in Beijing, China, J. Environ. Sci., 20, 1323-1327, 2008.
38. Hansen, J. and Nazarenko, L.: Soot climate forcing via snow and ice albedos, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 101, 423-428, 2004.
39. Hegg, D. A., Warren, S. G., Grenfell, T. C., Doherty, S. J., Larson, T. V., and Clarke, A. D.: Source Attribution of Black Carbon in Arctic Snow, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 4016-4021, 2009.
40. Hegg, D. A., Warren, S. G., Grenfell, T. C., Sarah J Doherty, and Clarke, A. D.: Sources of light-absorbing aerosol in arctic snow and their seasonal variation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10923-10938, doi:10. 5194/acp-10-10923-2010, 2010.
41. Hsu, S. C., Liu, S. C., Huang, Y. T., Chou, C. C. K., Lung, S. C. C., Liu, T. H., Tu, J. Y., and Tsai, F. J.: Long-range southeastward transport of Asian biosmoke pollution: Signature detected by aerosol potassium in Northern Taiwan, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D14301, doi:10. 1029/2009JD011725, 2009.
42. Hsu, S. C., Liu, S. C., Tsai, F., Engling, G., Lin, I. I., Chou, C. K. C., Kao, S. J., Lung, S. C. C., Chan, C. Y., Lin, S. C., Huang, J. C., Chi, K. H., Chen, W. N., Lin, F. J., Huang, C. H., Kuo, C. L., Wu, T. C., and Huang, Y. T.: High wintertime particulate matter pollution over an offshore island (Kinmen) off southeastern China: An overview, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D17309, doi:10. 1029/2009JD013641, 2010.
43. Huang, J., Fu, Q., Zhang, W., Wang, X., Zhang, R., Ye, H., and Warren, S. G.: Dust and Black Carbon in Seasonal Snow Across Northern China, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 92, 175-181, 2011.
44. Huang, R. J., Zhang, Y., Bozzetti, C., Ho, K. F., Cao, J. J., Han, Y., Daellenbach, K. R., Slowik, J. G., Platt, S. M., Canonaco, F., Zotter, P., Wolf, R., Pieber, S. M., Bruns, E. A., Crippa, M., Ciarelli, G., Piazzalunga, A., Schwikowski, M., Abbaszade, G., Schnelle-Kreis, J., Zimmermann, R., An, Z., Szidat, S., Baltensperger, U., El Haddad, I., and Prevot, A. S.: High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate pollution during haze events in China, Nature, 514, 218-222, 2014.
45. IPCC: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution ofWorking Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M., Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp., 2013.
46. Jacobson, M. Z.: Strong radiative heating due to the mixing state of black carbon in atmospheric aerosols, Nature, 409, 695-697, 2001.
47. Jacobson, M. Z.: Control of fossil-fuel particulate black carbon and organic matter, possibly the most effective method of slowing global warming, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4410, doi:10. 1029/2001JD001376, 2002.
48. Jacobson, M. Z.: Climate response of fossil fuel and biofuel soot, accounting for soot's feedback to snow and sea ice albedo and emissivity, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D21201, doi:10. 1029/2004JD004945, 2004.
49. Kang, S. C., Zhang, Q. G., Kaspari, S., Qin, D. H., Cong, Z. Y., Ren, J. W., and Mayewski, P. A.: Spatial and seasonal variations of elemental composition in Mt. Everest (Qomolangma) snow/firn, Atmos. Environ., 41, 7208-7218, 2007.
50. Koch, D., Menon, S., Del Genio, A., Ruedy, R., Alienov, I., and Schmidt, G. A.: Distinguishing Aerosol Impacts on Climate over the Past Century, J. Climate, 22, 2659-2677, 2009.
51. Kulkarni, S.: Assessment of source-receptor relationships of aerosols: an integrated forward and backward modeling approach, PhD thesis, University of Iowa, USA, 2009.
52. Lack, D. A. and Langridge, J. M.: On the attribution of black and brown carbon light absorption using the Ångström exponent, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 10535-10543, doi:10. 5194/acp-13-10535-2013, 2013.
53. Lafon, S., Rajot, J. L., Alfaro, S. C., and Gaudichet, A.: Quantification of iron oxides in desert aerosol, Atmos. Environ., 38, 1211-1218, 2004.
54. Lafon, S., Sokolik, I. N., Rajot, J. L., Caquineau, S., and Gaudichet, A.: Characterization of iron oxides in mineral dust aerosols: Implications for light absorption, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D21207, doi:10. 1029/2005JD007016, 2006.
55. Landis, M. S., Norris, G. A., Williams, R. W., and Weinstein, J. P.: Personal exposures to PM2:5 mass and trace elements in Baltimore, MD, USA, Atmos. Environ., 35, 6511-6524, 2001.
56. Li, C., Bosch, C., Kang, S., Andersson, A., Chen, P., Zhang, Q., Cong, Z., Chen, B., Qin, D., and Gustafsson, Ö.: Sources of black carbon to the Himalayan-Tibetan Plateau glaciers, Nature Communications, 7, 12574, doi:10. 1038/ncomms12574, 2016.
57. McConnell, J. R., Edwards, R., Kok, G. L., Flanner, M. G., Zender, C. S., Saltzman, E. S., Banta, J. R., Pasteris, D. R., Carter, M. M., and Kahl, J. D. W.: 20th-century industrial black carbon emissions altered arctic climate forcing, Science, 317, 1381-1384, 2007.
58. Ming, J., Cachier, H., Xiao, C., Qin, D., Kang, S., Hou, S., and Xu, J.: Black carbon record based on a shallow Himalayan ice core and its climatic implications, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1343-1352, doi:10. 5194/acp-8-1343-2008, 2008.
59. Ming, J., Xiao, C. D., Cachier, H., Qin, D. H., Qin, X., Li, Z. Q., and Pu, J. C.: Black Carbon (BC) in the snow of glaciers in west China and its potential effects on albedos, Atmos. Res., 92, 114-123, 2009.
60. Oh, M.-S., Lee, T.-J., and Kim, D.-S.: Quantitative source apportionment of size-segregated particulate matter at urbanized local site in Korea, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 11, 247-264, 2011.
61. Paatero, P., Hopke, P. K., Hoppenstock, J., and Eberly, S. I.: Advanced factor analysis of spatial distributions of PM2:5 in the eastern United States, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 2460-2476, 2003.
62. Painter, T. H., Barrett, A. P., Landry, C. C., Neff, J. C., Cassidy, M. P., Lawrence, C. R., McBride, K. E., and Farmer, G. L.: Impact of disturbed desert soils on duration of mountain snow cover, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L12502, doi:10. 1029/2007GL030284, 2007.
63. Painter, T. H., Deems, J. S., Belnap, J., Hamlet, A. F., Landry, C. C., and Udall, B.: Response of Colorado River runoff to dust radiative forcing in snow, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 17125-17130, 2010.
64. Painter, T. H., Flanner, M. G., Kaser, G., Marzeion, B., VanCuren, R. A., and Abdalati, W.: End of the Little Ice Age in the Alps forced by industrial black carbon, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 15216-15221, 2013.
65. Peltoniemi, J. I., Gritsevich, M., Hakala, T., Dagsson-Waldhauserová, P., Arnalds, Ò., Anttila, K., Hannula, H.-R., Kivekäs, N., Lihavainen, H., Meinander, O., Svensson, J., Virkkula, A., and de Leeuw, G.: Soot on Snow experiment: bidirectional reflectance factor measurements of contaminated snow, The Cryosphere, 9, 2323-2337, doi:10. 5194/tc-9-2323-2015, 2015.
66. Pio, C. A., Legrand, M., Oliveira, T., Afonso, J., Santos, C., Caseiro, A., Fialho, P., Barata, F., Puxbaum, H., Sanchez-Ochoa, A., Kasper-Giebl, A., Gelencser, A., Preunkert, S., and Schock, M.: Climatology of aerosol composition (organic versus inorganic) at nonurban sites on a west-east transect across Europe, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D23S02, doi:10. 1029/2006JD008038, 2007.
67. Pu, W., Wang, X., Zhang, X. Y., Ren, Y., Shi, J. S., Bi, J. R., and Zhang, B. D.: Size Distribution and Optical Properties of Particulate Matter (PM10) and Black Carbon (BC) during Dust Storms and Local Air Pollution Events across a Loess Plateau Site, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 15, 2212-2224, 2015.
68. Qian, Y., Gustafson, W. I., Leung, L. R., and Ghan, S. J.: Effects of soot-induced snow albedo change on snowpack and hydrological cycle in western United States based on Weather Research and Forecasting chemistry and regional climate simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D03108, doi:10. 1029/2008JD011039, 2009.
69. Qiu, J.: China: the third pole, Nature News, 454, 393-396, 2008.
70. Ramanathan, V. and Carmichael, G.: Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon, Nat. Geosci., 1, 221-227, 2008.
71. Shindell, D. and Faluvegi, G.: Climate response to regional radiative forcing during the twentieth century, Nat. Geosci., 2, 294-300, 2009.
72. Shindell, D. T., Chin, M., Dentener, F., Doherty, R. M., Faluvegi, G., Fiore, A. M., Hess, P., Koch, D. M., MacKenzie, I. A., Sanderson, M. G., Schultz, M. G., Schulz, M., Stevenson, D. S., Teich, H., Textor, C., Wild, O., Bergmann, D. J., Bey, I., Bian, H., Cuvelier, C., Duncan, B. N., Folberth, G., Horowitz, L. W., Jonson, J., Kaminski, J. W., Marmer, E., Park, R., Pringle, K. J., Schroeder, S., Szopa, S., Takemura, T., Zeng, G., Keating, T. J., and Zuber, A.: A multi-model assessment of pollution transport to the Arctic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 5353-5372, doi:10. 5194/acp-8-5353-2008, 2008.
73. Thevenon, F., Anselmetti, F. S., Bernasconi, S. M., and Schwikowski, M.: Mineral dust and elemental black carbon records from an Alpine ice core (Colle Gnifetti glacier) over the last millennium, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D17102, doi:10. 1029/2008JD011490, 2009.
74. Thompson, L. G., Yao, T., Mosley-Thompson, E., Davis, M. E., Henderson, K. A., and Lin, P. N.: A high-resolution millennial record of the South Asian Monsoon from Himalayan ice cores, Science, 289, 1916-1919, 2000.
75. Waked, A., Favez, O., Alleman, L. Y., Piot, C., Petit, J.-E., Delaunay, T., Verlinden, E., Golly, B., Besombes, J.-L., Jaffrezo, J.-L., and Leoz-Garziandia, E.: Source apportionment of PM10 in a north-western Europe regional urban background site (Lens, France) using positive matrix factorization and including pri-mary biogenic emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 3325-3346, doi:10. 5194/acp-14-3325-2014, 2014.
76. Wang, H. and Han, G. L.: Chemical composition of rainwater and anthropogenic influences in Chengdu, Southwest China, Atmos. Res., 99, 190-196, 2011.
77. Wang, X., Doherty, S. J., and Huang, J.: Black carbon and other light-absorbing impurities in snow across Northern China, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 1471-1492, 2013.
78. Wang, X., Xu, B. Q., and Ming, J.: An Overview of the Studies on Black Carbon and Mineral Dust Deposition in Snow and Ice Cores in East Asia, Journal of Meteorological Research, 28, 354-370, 2014.
79. Wang, X., Pu, W., Zhang, X., Ren, Y., and Huang, J.: Water-soluble ions and trace elements in surface snow and their potential source regions across northeastern China, Atmos. Environ., 114, 57-65, 2015.
80. Wang, X., Pu, W., Ren, Y., Zhang, X., Zhang, X., Shi, J., Jin, H., Dai, M., and Chen, Q.: Observations and model simulations of snow albedo reduction in seasonal snow due to insoluble lightabsorbing particles during 2014 Chinese survey, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 2279-2296, doi:10. 5194/acp-17-2279-2017, 2017.
81. Warren, S. G.: Impurities in Snow-Effects on Albedo and Snowmelt Review, Ann. Glaciol., 5, 177-179, 1984.
82. Warren, S. G. and Wiscombe, W. J.: A Model for the Spectral Albedo of Snow. II. Snow Containing Atmospheric Aerosols, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2734-2745, 1980.
83. Wedepohl, K. H.: The Composition of the Continental-Crust, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 59, 1217-1232, 1995.
84. Xie, S. D., Liu, Z., Chen, T., and Hua, L.: Spatiotemporal variations of ambient PM10 source contributions in Beijing in 2004 using positive matrix factorization, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2701-2716, doi:10. 5194/acp-8-2701-2008, 2008.
85. Xu, B. Q., Yao, T. D., Liu, X. Q., and Wang, N. L.: Elemental and organic carbon measurements with a two-step heating-gas chromatography system in snow samples from the Tibetan Plateau, Ann. Glaciol., 43, 257-262, 2006.
86. Xu, B. Q., Cao, J. J., Hansen, J., Yao, T. D., Joswia, D. R., Wang, N. L., Wu, G. J., Wang, M., Zhao, H. B., Yang, W., Liu, X. Q., and He, J. Q.: Black soot and the survival of Tibetan glaciers, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 22114-22118, 2009.
87. Xu, B. Q., Cao, J. J., Joswiak, D. R., Liu, X. Q., Zhao, H. B., and He, J. Q.: Post-depositional enrichment of black soot in snowpack and accelerated melting of Tibetan glaciers, Environ. Res. Lett., 7, 044002, doi:10. 1088/1748-9326/7/4/044002, 2012.
88. Xu, J., Zhang, Q., Li, X., Ge, X., Xiao, C., Ren, J., and Qin, D.: Dissolved Organic Matter and Inorganic Ions in a Central Himalayan Glacier-Insights into Chemical Composition and Atmospheric Sources, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 6181-6188, 2013.
89. Yan, X. Y., Ohara, T., and Akimoto, H.: Bottom-up estimate of biomass burning in mainland China, Atmos. Environ., 40, 5262-5273, 2006.
90. Ye, H., Zhang, R., Shi, J., Huang, J., Warren, S. G., and Fu, Q.: Black carbon in seasonal snow across northern Xinjiang in northwestern China, Environ. Res. Lett., 7, 044002, doi:10. 1088/1748-9326/7/4/044002, 2012.
91. Yesubabu, V., Srinivas, C. V., Hariprasad, K. B. R. R., and Baskaran, R.: A Study on the Impact of Observation Assimilation on the Numerical Simulation of Tropical Cyclones JAL and THANE Using 3DVAR, Pure Appl. Geophys., 171, 2023-2042, 2014.
92. Zhang, R., Hegg, D. A., Huang, J., and Fu, Q.: Source attribution of insoluble light-absorbing particles in seasonal snow across northern China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 6091-6099, doi:10. 5194/acp-13-6091-2013, 2013a.
93. Zhang, R., Jing, J., Tao, J., Hsu, S.-C., Wang, G., Cao, J., Lee, C. S. L., Zhu, L., Chen, Z., Zhao, Y., and Shen, Z.: Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM2:5 in Beijing: seasonal perspective, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 7053-7074, doi:10. 5194/acp-13-7053-2013, 2013b.
94. Zhao, C., Hu, Z., Qian, Y., Ruby Leung, L., Huang, J., Huang, M., Jin, J., Flanner, M. G., Zhang, R., Wang, H., Yan, H., Lu, Z., and Streets, D. G.: Simulating black carbon and dust and their radiative forcing in seasonal snow: a case study over North China with field campaign measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 11475-11491, doi:10. 5194/acp-14-11475-2014, 2014.