Climate response of fossil fuel and biofuel soot, accounting for soot's feedback to snow and sea ice albedo and emissivity

Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres

Volumn 109, Issue 21, 2004, Pages

  Jacobson, Mark Z ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Albedo; Black carbon; Climate change; Feedbacks; Radiative effects; Snow

Indexed keywords

ALBEDO; ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; BLACK CARBON; CLIMATE CHANGE; CLIMATE FORCING; FOSSIL FUEL; RADIATIVE FORCING;

EID: 13244270269     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2004JD004945     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Ackerman, T. P., and O. B. Toon (1981), Absorption of visible radiation in atmosphere containing mixtures of absorbing and nonabsorbing particles, Appl. Opt., 20, 3661-3667.
2. Aoki, T., T. Aoki, M. Fukabori, A. Hachikubo, Y. Tachibana, and F. Nishio (2000), Effects of snow physical parameters on spectral albedo and bi-directional reflectance of snow surface, J. Geophys. Res., 105 10,219-10,236.
3. Arakawa, A., and V. R. Lamb (1981), A potential enstrophy and energy conserving scheme for the shallow water equations, Mon. Weather Rev., 109, 18-36.
4. Bohren, C. F. (1986), Applicability of effective-medium theories to problems of scattering and absorption by nonhomogeneous atmospheric particles, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 468-475.
5. Bond, T. C., D. G. Streets, K. F. Yarber, S. M. Nelson, J. Woo, and Z. Klimont (2004), A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from combustion, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D14203, doi:10.1029/2003JD003697.
6. Chylek, P., V. Ramaswamy, and V. Srivastava (1983), Albedo of soot-contaminated snow, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 10,837-10,843.
7. Chylek, P., V. Srivastava, L. Cahenzli, R. G. Pinnick, R. L. Dod, T. Novakov, T. L. Cook, and B. D. Hinds (1987), Aerosol and graphitic carbon content of snow, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 9801-9809.
8. Chylek, P., V. Srivastava, R. G. Pinnick, and R. T. Wang (1988), Scattering of electromagnetic waves by composite spherical particles: Experiment and effective medium approximations, Appl. Opt., 27, 2396-2404.
9. Chylek, P., G. Videen, D. Ngo, R. G. Pinnick, and J. D. Klett (1995), Effect of black carbon on the optical properties and climate forcing of sulfate aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 16,325-16,332.
10. Chylek, P., L. Kou, B. Johnson, F. Boudala, and G. Lesins (1999), Black carbon concentrations in precipitation and near surface air in and near Halifax, Nova Scotia, Atmos. Environ., 33, 2269-2277.
11. Clark, R. N., and P. G. Lucey (1984), Spectral properties of ice-particulate mixtures and implications for remote sensing: 1. Intimate mixtures, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 6341-6348.
12. Clarke, A. D., and K. J. Noone (1985), Soot in the Arctic snowpack: A cause for perturbations in radiative transfer, Atmos. Environ., 19 2045-2053.
13. Conway, H., A. Gades, and C. F. Raymond (1996), Albedo of dirty snow during conditions of melt, Water Resour. Res., 32, 1713-1718.
14. Cooke, W. F., and J. J. N. Wilson (1996), A global black carbon aerosol model, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 19,395-19,409.
15. Cooke, W. F., C. Liousse, H. Cachier, and J. Feichter (1999), Construction of a 1° × 1° fossil fuel emission data set for carbonaceous aerosol and implementation and radiative impact in the ECHAM4 model, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 22,137-22,162.
16. Davidson, C. I, S. Santhanam, R. C. Fortmann, and M. P. Olson (1985), Atmospheric transport and deposition of trace elements onto the Greenland ice sheet, Atmos. Environ., 19, 2065-2081.
17. Ding, P., and D. A. Randall (1998), A cumulus parameterization with multiple cloud-base levels, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 11,341-11,353.
18. Ducret, J., and H. Cachier (1992), Particulate carbon content in rain at various temperature and tropical locations, J. Atmos. Chem., 15, 55-67.
19. Fuller, K. A., W. C. Malm, and S. M. Kreidenweis (1999), Effects of mixing on extinction by carbonaceous particles, J. Geophys. Res., 104 15,941-15,954.
20. Grenfell, T. C., S. G. Warren, and P. C. Mullen (1994), Reflection of solar radiation by the Antarctic snow surface at ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared wavelengths, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 18,669-18,684.
21. Grenfell, T. C., B. Light, and M. Sturm (2002), Spatial distribution and radiative effects of soot in the snow and sea ice during the SHEBA experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 107(C10), 8032, doi:10.1029/2000JC000414.
22. Gribbon, P. W. F. (1979), Cryoconite holes on Sermikavsak, West Greenland, J. Glaciol., 22, 177-181.
23. Hansen, J., and L. Nazarenko (2003), Soot climate forcing via snow and ice albedos, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 101(2), 423-428, doi:10.1073/pnas.2237157100.
24. Higuchi, K., and A. Nagoshi (1977), Effect of particulate matter in surface snow layers on the albedo of perennial snow patches, IAHS AISH Publ., 118, 95-97.
25. Jacobson, M. Z. (1997a), Development and application of a new air pollution modeling system. II: Aerosol module structure and design, Atmos. Environ., 31, 131-144.
26. Jacobson, M. Z. (1997b), Development and application of a new air pollution modeling system, III: Aerosol-phase simulations, Atmos. Environ., 31, 587-608.
27. Jacobson, M. Z. (1999), Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
28. Jacobson, M. Z. (2000), A physically-based treatment of elemental carbon optics: Implications for global direct forcing of aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 217-220.
29. Jacobson, M. Z. (2001a), Strong radiative heating due to the mixing state of black carbon in atmospheric aerosols, Nature, 409, 695-697.
30. Jacobson, M. Z. (2001b), GATOR-GCMM: A global- through urban-scale air pollution and weather forecast model: 1. Model design and treatment of subgrid soil, vegetation, roads, rooftops, water, sea ice, and snow, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 5385-5402.
31. Jacobson, M. Z. (2001c), GATOR-GCMM: 2, A study of daytime and nighttime ozone layers aloft, ozone in national parks, and weather during the SARMAP field campaign, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 5403-5420.
32. Jacobson, M. Z. (2002a), Control of fossil-fuel particulate black carbon plus organic matter, possibly the most effective method of slowing global warming, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D19), 4410, doi:10.1029/2001JD001376.
33. Jacobson, M. Z. (2002b), Analysis of aerosol interactions with numerical techniques for solving coagulation, nucleation, condensation, dissolution, and reversible chemistry among multiple size distributions, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D19), 4366, doi:10.1029/2001JD002044.
34. Jacobson, M. Z. (2003), Development of mixed-phase clouds from multiple aerosol size distributions and the effect of the clouds on aerosol removal, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D8), 4245, doi:10.1029 /2002JD002691.
35. Jacobson, M. Z. (2004), A refined method of parameterizing absorption coefficients among multiple gases simultaneously from line-by-line data, J. Atmos. Sci., in press.
36. Jacobson, M. Z., J. H. Seinfeld, G. R. Carmichael, and D. G. Streets (2004), The effect on photochemical smog of converting the U.S. fleet of gasoline vehicles to modern diesel vehicles, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31 L02116, doi:10.1029/2003GL018448.
37. Kiehl, J. T., J. J. Hack, and J. W. Hurrell (1998), The energy budget of the NCAR Community Climate Model: CCM3, J. Clim., 11, 1151-1178.
38. Krekov, G. M. (1993), Models of atmospheric aerosols, in Aerosol Effects on Climate, edited by S. G. Jennings, pp. 9-72, Univ. of Ariz. Press Tucson.
39. Lesins, G., P. Chylek, and U. Lohmann (2002), A study of internal and external mixing scenarios and its effect on aerosol optical properties and direct radiative forcing, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D10), 4094, doi:10.1029/2001JD000973.
40. Light, B., H. Eicken, G. A. Maykut, and T. C. Grenfell (1998), The effect of included particulates on the spectral albedo of sea ice, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 27,739-27,752.
41. Maricq, M., D. H. Podsiadlik, and R. E. Chase (2000), Size distributions of motor vehicle exhaust PM: A comparison between ELPI and SMPS measurements, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 33, 239-260.
42. Massom, R. A., et al. (2001), Snow on Antarctica sea ice, Rev. Geophys., 39, 413-445.
43. Mellor, G. L., and T. Yamada (1982), Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems, Rev. Geophys., 20, 851-875.
44. Nijssen, B., R. Schnur, and D. P. Lettenmaier (2001), Global retrospective estimation of soil moisture using the variable infiltration capacity land surface model, 1980-1993, J. Clim., 14, 1790-1808.
45. Noone, K. J., and A. D. Clarke (1988), Soot scavenging measurements in Arctic snowfall, Atmos. Environ., 22, 2773-2778.
46. Ogren, J. A., P. J. Groblicki, and R. J. Charlson (1984), Measurement of the removal rate of elemental carbon from the atmosphere, Sci. Total Environ., 36, 329-338.
47. Podgorny, J. A., and T. C. Grenfell (1996), Absorption of solar energy in a cryoconite hole, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2465-2468.
48. Rhodes, J. J., R. L. Armstrong, and S. G. Warren (1987), Mode of formation of "ablation hollows" controlled by dirt content of snow, J. Glaciol., 33, 135-139.
49. Schnaiter, M., H. Horvath, O. Mohler, K.-H. Naumann, H. Saathoff and O. W. Schock (2003), UV-VIS-NIR spectral optical properties of soot and soot-containing aerosols, J. Aerosol Sci., 34, 1421-1444.
50. Toon, O. B., and T. P. Ackerman (1981), Algorithms for the calculation of scattering by stratified spheres, Appl. Opt., 20, 3657-3660.
51. Toon, O. B., C. P. McKay, T. P. Ackerman, and K. Santhanam (1989), Rapid calculation of radiative heating rates and photodissociation rates in inhomogeneous multiple scattering atmospheres, J. Geophys. Res., 94 16,287-16,301.
52. Turpin, B. J., and H.-J. Lim (2001), Species contributions to PM2.5 mass concentrations: Revisiting common assumptions for estimating organic mass, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 35, 602-610.
53. Twohy, C.H., A. D. Clarke, S. G. Warren, L. F. Radke, and R. J. Charlson (1989), Light-absorbing material extracted from cloud droplets and its effect on cloud albedo, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 8623-8631.
54. Vehkamaki, H., M. Kulmala, I. Napari, K. E. J. Lehtinen, C. Timmreck, M. Noppel, and A. Laaksonen (2002), An improved parameterization for sulfuric acid-water nucleation rates for tropospheric and stratospheric conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D22), 4622, doi:10.1029/2002JD002184.
55. Vogelmann, A. M., A. Robock, and R. G. Ellingson (1988), Effects of dirty snow in nuclear winter simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 5319-5332.
56. Walcek, C. J., and N. M. Aleksic (1998), A simple but accurate mass conservative, peak-preserving, mixing ratio bounded advection algorithm with FORTRAN code, Atmos. Environ., 32, 3863-3880.
57. Warren, S. G. (1982), Optical properties of snow, Rev. Geophys., 20 67-89.
58. Warren, S. G. (1984), Impurities in snow: Effects on albedo and snowmelt, Ann. Glaciol., 5, 177-179.
59. Warren, S. G., and A. D. Clarke (1990), Soot in the atmosphere and snow surface of Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 1811-1816.
60. Warren, S. G., and W. J. Wiscombe (1980), A model for the spectral albedo of snow. II: Snow containing atmospheric aerosols, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2734-2745.
61. Warren, S. G., and W. J. Wiscombe (1985), Dirty snow after nuclear war, Nature, 313, 467-470.
62. Woo, M.-K., and M.-A. Dubreuil (1985), Empirical relationship between dust content and arctic snow albedo, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 10, 125-132.
63. Zeng, X, R. E. Dickinson, A. Walker, M. Shaikh, R. S. DeFries, and J. Qi (2000), Derivation and evaluation of global 1-km fractional vegetation cover data for land modeling, J. Appl. Meteorol., 39, 826-839.