An overview of the studies on black carbon and mineral dust deposition in snow and ice cores in East Asia

Journal of Meteorological Research

Volumn 28, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 354-370

  Wang, Xin ^a   Xu, Baiqing ^b   Ming, Jing ^c  

^a LANZHOU UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS   (China)

^c China Meteorological Administration   (China)

Author keywords

black carbon; ice core; mineral dust; radiative forcing; seasonal snow; Tibetan Plateau

Indexed keywords

AIR TEMPERATURE; BLACK CARBON; DUST; GLACIER; ICE CORE; RADIATIVE FORCING; SNOW ACCUMULATION; SOLAR RADIATION;

CHINA; HIMALAYAS; NEI MONGGOL; QILIAN MOUNTAINS; QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU;

EID: 84904160153     PISSN: 20956037     EISSN: 21980934     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s13351-014-4005-7     Document Type: Review

References (144)

1. Alfaro, S. C., S. Lafon, J. L. Rajot, et al., 2004: Iron oxides and light absorption by pure desert dust: An experimental study. J. Geophys. Res., 109(D8), doi: 10. 1029/2003jd004374.
2. Aoki, T., K. Kuchiki, M. Niwano, et al., 2011: Physically based snow albedo model for calculating broadband albedos and the solar heating profile in snowpack for general circulation models. J. Geophys. Res., 116(D11), doi: 10. 1029/2010jd015507.
3. Baumgardner, D., G. Kok, and G. Raga, 2004: Warming of the Arctic lower stratosphere by light absorbing particles. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, doi: 10. 1029/2003gl018883.
4. Bi, J. R., J. P. Huang, Q. A. Fu, et al., 2011: Toward characterization of the aerosol optical properties over Loess Plateau of northwestern China. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 112, 346-360, doi: 10. 1016/J. Jqsrt. 2010. 09. 006.
5. Bond, T. C., M. Bussemer, B. Wehner, et al., 1999: Light absorption by primary particle emissions from a lignite burning plant. Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 3887-3891, doi: 10. 1021/Es9810538.
6. Bond, T. C., D. G. Streets, K. F. Yarber, et al., 2004: A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from combustion. J. Geophys. Res., 109(D14), doi: 10. 1029/2003jd003697.
7. Bond T.C, and R. W. Bergstrom, 2006: Light absorption by carbonaceous particles: An investigative review. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 40, 27-67, doi: 10. 1080/02786820500421521.
8. Bond T.C, E. Bhardwaj, R. Dong, et al., 2007: Historical emissions of black and organic carbon aerosol from energy-related combustion, 1850-2000. Global Biogeochem. CY., 21, doi: 10. 1029/2006gb002840.
9. Bond T.C. S. J. Doherty, D. W. Fahey, et al., 2013: Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment. J. Geophys. Res., 118, 5380-5552, doi: 10. 1002/jgrd. 50171.
10. Cachier, H., M. P. Bremond, and P. Buat-Ménard, 1989: Determination of atmospheric soot carbon with a simple thermal method. Tellus B, 41, 379-390.
11. Cachier H, and M. H. Pertuisot, 1994: Particulate carbon in Arctic ice. Analusis, 22, M34-M37.
12. Cao, J. J., S. C. Lee, J. C. Chow, et al., 2007: Spatial and seasonal distributions of carbonaceous aerosols over China. J. Geophys. Res., 112(D22), doi: 10. 1029/2006jd008205.
13. Charlson, R. J., S. E. Schwartz, J. M. Hales, et al., 1992: Climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols. Science, 255, 423-430, doi: 10. 1126/science. 255. 5043. 423.
14. Che, H. Z., X. Y. Zhang, S. Alfraro, et al., 2009: Aerosol optical properties and its radiative forcing over Yulin, China in 2001 and 2002. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 26, 564-576, doi: 10. 1007/S00376-009-0564-4.
15. Che H.Z., Y. Q. Wang, J. Y. Sun, et al., 2013: Variation of aerosol optical properties over the Taklimakan desert in China. Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 13, 777-785, doi: 10. 4209/Aaqr. 2012. 07. 0200.
16. Chen, S. Y., J. P. Huang, C. Zhao, et al., 2013: Modeling the transport and radiative forcing of Taklimakan dust over the Tibetan Plateau: A case study in the summer of 2006. J. Geophys. Res., 118, 797-812, doi: 10. 1002/Jgrd. 50122.
17. Chen, Y., and T. C. Bond, 2010: Light absorption by organic carbon from wood combustion. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1773-1787.
18. Chýlek, P., V. Ramaswamy, and V. Srivastava, 1983: Albedo of soot-contaminated snow. J. Geophys. Res., 88, 10837-10843, doi: 10. 1029/Jc088ic15p10837.
19. Chýlek P, V. Srivastava, L. Cahenzli, et al., 1987: Aerosol and graphitic carbon content of snow. J. Geophys. Res., 92(D8), 9801-9809, doi: 10. 1029/Jd092id08p09801.
20. Claquin, T., C. Roelandt, K. Kohfeld, et al., 2003: Radiative forcing of climate by ice-age atmospheric dust. Climate Dyn., 20, 193-202.
21. Clarke, A. D., 1982: Integrating sandwich: A new method of measurement of the light-absorption coefficient for atmospheric particles. Appl. Opt., 21, 3011-3020.
22. Clarke A.D., and K. J. Noone, 1985: Soot in the Arctic snowpack: A cause for perturbations in radiative transfer. Atmos. Environ., 19, 2045-2053, doi: 10. 1016/0004-6981(85)90113-1.
23. Clarke A.D., K. J. Noone, J. Heintzenberg, et al., 1987: Aerosol light absorption measurement techniques: Analysis and intercomparisons. Atmos. Environ., 21, 1455-1465.
24. Clarke A.D., Y. Shinozuka, V. N. Kapustin, et al., 2004: Size distributions and mixtures of dust and black carbon aerosol in Asian outflow: Physiochemistry and optical properties. J. Geophys. Res., 109(D15), doi: 10. 1029/2003jd004378.
25. Conway, H., A. Gades, and C. F. Raymond, 1996: Albedo of dirty snow during conditions of melt. Water Resour. Res., 32, 1713-1718, doi: 10. 1029/96wr00712.
26. Covert, D. S., and J. Heintzenberg, 1993: Size distributions and chemical properties of aerosol at Ny Ålesund, Svalbard. Atmos. Environ., 27, 2989-2997, doi: 10. 1016/0960-1686(93)90331-R.
27. Derimian, Y., A. Karnieli, Y. J. Kaufman, et al., 2008: The role of iron and black carbon in aerosol light absorption. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3623-3637.
28. Ding, Y. J., S. Y. Liu, J. Li, et al., 2006: The retreat of glaciers in response to recent climate warming in western China. Ann. Glaciol., 43, 97-105, doi: 10. 3189/172756406781812005.
29. Doherty, S. J., S. G. Warren, T. C. Grenfell, et al., 2010: Light-absorbing impurities in Arctic snow. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11647-11680, doi: 10. 5194/acp-10-11647-2010.
30. Doherty, S. J., T. C. Grenfell, S. Forsström, et al., 2013: Observed vertical redistribution of black carbon and other insoluble light-absorbing particles in melting snow. J. Geophys. Res., 118, 5553-5569, doi: 10. 1002/Jgrd. 50235.
31. Dou, T., C. Xiao, D. T. Shindell, et al., 2012: The distribution of snow black carbon observed in the Arctic and compared to the GISS-PUCCINI model. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 7995-8007, doi: 10. 5194/Acp-12-7995-2012.
32. Dusek, U., G. Frank, L. Hildebrandt, et al., 2006: Size matters more than chemistry for cloud-nucleating ability of aerosol particles. Science, 312, 1375-1378.
33. Fialho, P., M. C. Freitas, F. Barata, et al., 2006: The Aethalometer calibration and determination of iron concentration in dust aerosols. J. Aerosol Sci., 37, 1497-1506, doi: 10. 1016/j. jaerosci. 2006. 03. 002.
34. Fischer, K., 1970: Measurements of absorption of visible radiation by aerosol particles. Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 43, 244-254.
35. Flanner, M. G., 2013: Arctic climate sensitivity to local black carbon. J. Geophys. Res., 118, 1840-1851, doi: 10. 1002/Jgrd. 50176.
36. Flanner M.G., and C. S. Zender, 2005: Snowpack radiative heating: Influence on Tibetan Plateau climate. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, doi: 10. 1029/2004gl022076.
37. Flanner M.G., C. S. Zender, J. T. Randerson, et al., 2007: Presentday climate forcing and response from black carbon in snow. J. Geophys. Res., 112(D11), doi: 10. 1029/2006jd008003.
38. Flanner M.G., C. S. Zender, P. G. Hess, et al., 2009: Springtime warming and reduced snow cover from carbonaceous particles. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2481-2497.
39. Forster, P., V. Ramaswamy, P. Artaxo, et al., 2007: Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 129-234.
40. Grenfell, T. C., S. G. Warren, and P. C. Mullen, 1994: Reflection of solar radiation by the Antarctic snow surface at ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared wavelengths. J. Geophys. Res., 99(D9), 18669-18684, doi: 10. 1029/94jd01484.
41. Grenfell T.C., B. Light, and M. Sturm, 2002: Spatial distribution and radiative effects of soot in the snow and sea ice during the SHEBA experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 107(C10), doi: 10. 1029/2000jc000414.
42. Grenfell T.C., S. J. Doherty, A. D. Clarke, et al., 2011: Light absorption from particulate impurities in snow and ice determined by spectrophotometric analysis of filters. Appl. Opt., 50, 2037-2048.
43. Hadley, O. L., C. E. Corrigan, T. W. Kirchstetter, et al., 2010: Measured black carbon deposition on the Sierra Nevada snow pack and implication for snow pack retreat. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7505-7513, doi: 10. 5194/acp-10-7505-2010.
44. Hadley O.L., and T. W. Kirchstetter, 2012: Black-carbon reduction of snow albedo. Nat. Climate Change, 2, 437-440, doi: 10. 1038/Nclimate1433.
45. Hagler, G. S. W., M. H. Bergin, E. A. Smith, et al., 2007a: A summer time series of particulate carbon in the air and snow at Summit, Greenland. J. Geophys. Res., 112(D21), doi: 10. 1029/2007jd008993.
46. Hagler, G. S. W., M. H. Bergin, E. A. Smith, et al., 2007b: Particulate and watersoluble carbon measured in recent snow at Summit, Greenland. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, doi: 10. 1029/2007gl030110.
47. Han, D. C., X. K. Zhang, V. V. S. Tomar, et al., 2009: Effects of heavy metal pollution of highway origin on soil nematode guilds in North Shenyang, China. J. Environ. Sci., 21, 193-198.
48. Hansen, J., M. Sato, R. Ruedy, et al., 2000: Global warming in the twenty-first century: An alternative scenario. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 97, 9875-9880, doi: 10. 1073/pnas. 170278997.
49. Hansen J., and L. Nazarenko, 2004: Soot climate forcing via snow and ice albedos. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 101, 423-428, doi: 10. 1073/pnas. 2237157100.
50. Hansen J., M. Sato, R. Ruedy, et al., 2005: Efficacy of climate forcings. J. Geophys. Res., 110(D18), doi: 10. 1029/2005jd005776.
51. Hansen, J. E., A. A. Lacis, P. Lee, et al., 1980: Climatic effects of atmospheric aerosols. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 338, 575-587.
52. Hansen, K., 1984: Chimney soot in the cell transformation assay. Mutat. Res., 130, 261, doi: 10. 1016/0165-1161(84)90308-X.
53. Harrison, S. P., K. E. Kohfeld, C. Roelandt, et al., 2001: The role of dust in climate changes today, at the last glacial maximum and in the future. Earth Sci. Rev., 54, 43-80, doi: 10. 1016/S0012-8252(01)00041-1.
54. Harvey, L. D. D., 1988: Climatic impact of ice-age aerosols. Nature, 334, 333-335, doi: 10. 1038/334333a0.
55. Hegg, D. A., S. G. Warren, T. C. Grenfell, et al., 2009: Source attribution of black carbon in arctic snow. Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 4016-4021, doi: 10. 1021/Es803623f.
56. Hegg, D. A., S. G. Warren, T. C. Grenfell, et al., 2010: Sources of light-absorbing aerosol in arctic snow and their seasonal variation. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10923-10938, doi: 10. 5194/acp-10-10923-2010.
57. Heintzenberg, J., 1982: Size-segregated measurements of particulate elemental carbon and aerosol light absorption at remote Arctic locations. Atmos. Environ., 16, 2461-2469, doi: 10. 1016/0004-6981 (82)90136-6.
58. Hendricks, J., B. Kaärcher, A. Döpelheuer, et al., 2004: Simulating the global atmospheric black carbon cycle: a revisit to the contribution of aircraft emissions. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 2521-2541.
59. Holland, M. M., D. A. Bailey, B. P. Briegleb, et al., 2012: Improved sea ice shortwave radiation physics in CCSM4: The impact of melt ponds and aerosols on Arctic sea ice. J. Climate, 25, 1413-1430, doi: 10. 1175/Jcli-D-11-00078. 1.
60. Horvath, H., 1993: Comparison of measurements of aerosol optical-absorption by filter collection and a transmissometric method. Atmos. Environ., 27, 319-325, doi: 10. 1016/0960-1686 (93)90105-8.
61. Horvath H, 1995: Size segregated light-absorption coefficient of the atmospheric aerosol. Atmos. Environ., 29, 875-883, doi: 10. 1016/1352-2310 (95)00025-T.
62. Horvath H, 1997: Experimental calibration for aerosol light absorption measurements using the integrating plate method-Summary of the data. J. Aerosol Sci., 28, 1149-1161, doi: 10. 1016/S0021-8502(97)00007-4.
63. Huang, J. P., B. Lin, P. Minnis, et al., 2006: Satellitebased assessment of possible dust aerosols semidirect effect on cloud water path over East Asia. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, doi: 10. 1029/2006gl026561.
64. Huang, J. P., P. Minnis, Y. H. Yi, et al., 2007: Summer dust aerosols detected from CALIPSO over the Tibetan Plateau. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, doi: 10. 1029/2007gl029938.
65. Huang, J. P., P. Minnis, B. Chen, et al., 2008: Long-range transport and vertical structure of Asian dust from CALIPSO and surface measurements during PACDEX. J. Geophys. Res., 113(D23), doi: 10. 1029/2008jd010620.
66. Huang J.P., Q. Fu, W. Zhang, et al., 2011: Dust and black carbon in seasonal snow across northern China. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 92, 175-181, doi: 10. 1175/2010bams3064. 1.
67. Huang, Z. W., J. P. Huang, J. R. Bi, et al., 2010: Dust aerosol vertical structure measurements using three MPL lidars during 2008 China-U. S. Joint Dust Field Experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 115(D7), doi: 10. 1029/2009jd013273.
68. IPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, T. F. Stocker et al., Eds, Cambridge University Press, 1535 pp.
69. Jacobson, M. Z., 2001a: Global direct radiative forcing due to multicomponent anthropogenic and natural aerosols. J. Geophys. Res., 106(D2), 1551-1568, doi: 10. 1029/2000jd900514.
70. Jacobson M.Z., 2001b: Strong radiative heating due to the mixing state of black carbon in atmospheric aerosols. Nature, 409, 695-697, doi: 10. 1038/35055518.
71. Jacobson M.Z., 2004a: Climate response of fossil fuel and biofuel soot, accounting for soot's feedback to snow and sea ice albedo and emissivity. J. Geophys. Res., 109(D21), doi: 10. 1029/2004jd004945.
72. Jacobson M.Z., 2004b: The short-term cooling but long-term global warming due to biomass burning. J. Climate, 17, 2909-2926.
73. Jenk, T. M., S. Szidat, M. Schwikowski, et al., 2006: Radiocarbon analysis in an Alpine ice core: Record of anthropogenic and biogenic contributions to carbonaceous aerosols in the past (1650-1940). Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5381-5390.
74. Koch, D., and J. Hansen, 2005: Distant origins of Arctic black carbon: A Goddard Institute for Space Studies model experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 110(D4), doi: 10. 1029/2004jd005296.
75. Koch D, S. Menon, A. Del Genio, et al., 2009: Distinguishing aerosol impacts on climate over the past century. J. Climate, 22, 2659-2677, doi: 10. 1175/2008jcli2573. 1.
76. Kondo Y., L. Sahu, N. Moteki, et al., 2011: Consistency and traceability of black carbon measurements made by laser-induced incandescence, thermal-optical transmittance, and filter-based photo-absorption techniques. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 45, 295-312, doi: 10. 1080/02786826. 2010. 533215.
77. Kopacz, M., D. L. Mauzerall, J. Wang, et al., 2011: Origin and radiative forcing of black carbon transported to the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 2837-2852, doi: 10. 5194/Acp-11-2837-2011.
78. Krinner, G., O. Boucher, and Y. Balkanski, 2006: Ice-free glacial northern Asia due to dust deposition on snow. Climate Dyn., 27, 613-625, doi: 10. 1007/s00382-006-0159-z.
79. Lavanchy, V. M. H., H. W. Gäggeler, S. Nyeki, et al., 1999: Elemental carbon (EC) and black carbon (BC) measurements with a thermal method and an aethalometer at the high-alpine research station Jungfraujoch. Atmos. Environ., 33, 2759-2769, doi: 10. 1016/S1352-2310 (98)00328-8.
80. Lawrence, D. M., K. W. Oleson, M. G. Flanner, et al., 2012: The CCSM4 land simulation, 1850-2005: Assessment of surface climate and new capabilities. J. Climate, 25, 2240-2260, doi: 10. 1175/Jcli-D-11-00103. 1.
81. Liao, H., and J. H. Seinfeld, 1998: Radiative forcing by mineral dust aerosols: Sensitivity to key variables. J. Geophys. Res., 103(D24), 31637-31645.
82. Lin, C. I., M. Baker, and R. J. Charlson, 1973: Absorption coefficient of atmospheric aerosol: A method for measurement. Appl. Opt., 12, 1356-1363.
83. Liu, S. Y., D. H. Shangguan, Y. J. Ding, et al., 2006: Glacier changes during the past century in the Gangrigabu mount's, southeast Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau, China. Ann. Glaciol., 43, 187-193, doi: 10. 3189/172756406781812348.
84. Liu S.Y., Y. Zhang, Y. S. Zhang, et al., 2009: Estimation of glacier runoff and future trends in the Yangtze River source region, China. J. Glaciol., 55, 353-362.
85. Liu, X. D., and B. D. Chen, 2000: Climatic warming in the Tibetan Plateau during recent decades. Int. J. Climatol., 20, 1729-1742.
86. Liu, Y., J. Huang, G. Shi, et al., 2011: Aerosol optical properties and radiative effect determined from sky-radiometer over Loess Plateau of Northwest China. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 11455-11463, doi: 10. 5194/Acp-11-11455-2011.
87. Liu, Y. Z., G. Y. Shi, and Y. K. Xie, 2013: Impact of dust aerosol on glacial-interglacial climate. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 30, 1725-1731, doi: 10. 1007/s00376-013-2289-7.
88. McConnell, J. R., R. Edwards, G. L. Kok, et al., 2007: 20th-century industrial black carbon emissions altered arctic climate forcing. Science, 317, 1381-1384, doi: 10. 1126/science. 1144856.
89. McConnell, J. R., R. Edwards, G. L. Kok, et al. 2008: Coal burning leaves toxic heavy metal legacy in the Arctic. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 105, 12140-12144, doi: 10. 1073/Pnas. 0803564105.
90. Menon, S., D. Koch, G. Beig, et al., 2010: Black carbon aerosols and the third polar ice cap. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4559-4571, doi: 10. 5194/acp-10-4559-2010.
91. Ming, J., H. Cachier, C. Xiao, et al., 2008: Black carbon record based on a shallow Himalayan ice core and its climatic implications. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1343-1352.
92. Ming J, C. D. Xiao, H. Cachier, et al., 2009: Black Carbon (BC) in the snow of glaciers in West China and its potential effects on albedos. Atmos. Res., 92, 114-123, doi: 10. 1016/j. atmosres. 2008. 09. 007.
93. Ming J, Z. C. Du, C. D. Xiao, et al., 2012: Darkening of the mid-Himalaya glaciers since 2000 and the potential causes. Environ. Res. Lett., 7, 14021-14033, doi: 10. 1088/1748-9326/7/1/014021.
94. Ming J, P. L. Wang, S. Y. Zhao, et al., 2013a: Disturbance of light-absorbing aerosols on the albedo in a winter snowpack of central Tibet. J. Environ. Sci., 25, 1601-1607, doi: 10. 1016/S1001-0742 (12)60220-4.
95. Ming J, C. D. Xiao, Z. C. Du, et al., 2013b: An overview of black carbon deposition in high Asian glaciers and its impacts on radiation balance. Adv. Water Res., 55, 80-87, doi: 10. 1016/j. advwatres. 2012. 05. 015.
96. Moosmüller, H., R. K. Chakrabarty, and W. P. Arnott, 2009: Aerosol light absorption and its measurement: A review. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 110, 844-878, doi: 10. 1016/j. jqsrt. 2009. 02. 035.
97. Overpeck, J., D. Rind, A. Lacis, et al., 1996: Possible role of dust-induced regional warming in abrupt climate change during the last glacial period. Nature, 384, 447-449, doi: 10. 1038/384447a0.
98. P'ter, T. H., A. P. Barrett, C. C. Landry, et al., 2007: Impact of disturbed desert soils on duration of mount' snow cover. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, doi: 10. 1029/2007gl030284.
99. P'ter T.H, J. S. Deems, J. Belnap, et al., 2010: Response of Colorado River runoff to dust radiative forcing in snow. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 107, 17125-17130, doi: 10. 1073/Pnas. 0913139107.
100. P'ter T.H, A. C. Bryant, and S. M. Skiles, 2012a: Radiative forcing by light absorbing impurities in snow from MODIS surface reflectance data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, doi: 10. 1029/2012gl052457.
101. P'ter T.H, S. M. Skiles, J. S. Deems, et al., 2012b: Dust radiative forcing in snow of the Upper Colorado River Basin: 1. A 6 year record of energy balance, radiation, and dust concentrations. Water Resour. Res., 48, doi: 10. 1029/2012wr011985.
102. Penner, J. E., R. E. Dickinson, and C. A. O'Neill, 1992: Effects of aerosol from biomass burning on the global radiation budget. Science, 256, 1432-1434.
103. Petzold, A., C. Kopp, and R. Niessner, 1997: The dependence of the specific attenuation cross-section on black carbon mass fraction and particle size. Atmos. Environ., 31, 661-672, doi: 10. 1016/S1352-2310(96)00245-2.
104. Qian, Y., W. I. Gustafson, Jr., L. R. Leung, et al., 2009: Effects of soot-induced snow albedo change on snowpack and hydrological cycle in western United States based on Weather Research and Forecasting chemistry and regional climate simulations. J. Geophys. Res., 114, doi: 10. 1029/2008jd011039.
105. Qian, Y., M. G. Flanner, L. R. Leung, et al., 2011: Sensitivity studies on the impacts of Tibetan Plateau snowpack pollution on the Asian hydrological cycle and monsoon climate Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1929-1948, doi: 10. 5194/Acp-11-1929-2011.
106. Qin, D. H., S. Y. Liu, and P. J. Li, 2006: Snow cover distribution, variability, and response to climate change in western China. J. Climate, 19, 1820-1833.
107. Qiu, J., 2008: The third pole. Nature, 454, 393-396, doi: 10. 1038/454393a.
108. Quinn, P. K., T. S. Bates, E. Baum, et al., 2008: Shortlived pollutants in the Arctic: Their climate impact and possible mitigation strategies. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1723-1735, doi: 10. 5194/Acp-8-1723-2008.
109. Rosen, H., T. Novakov, and B. A. Bodh'e, 1981: Soot in the Arctic. Atmos. Environ., 15, 1371-1374, doi: 10. 1016/0004-6981(81)90343-7.
110. Schwarz, J. P., R. S. Gao, D. W. Fahey, et al., 2006: Single-particle measurements of midlatitude black carbon and light-scattering aerosols from the boundary layer to the lower stratosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 111(D16), doi: 10. 1029/2006jd007076.
111. Schwarz, J. P., J. R. Spackman, R. S. Gao, et al., 2010: The detection efficiency of the single particle soot photometer. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 44, 612-628, doi: 10. 1080/02786826. 2010. 481298.
112. Schwarz J.P., S. J. Doherty, F. Li, et al., 2012: Assessing single particle soot photometer and integrating sphere/integrating sandwich spectrophotometer measurement techniques for quantifying black carbon concentration in snow. Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 2581-2592, doi: 10. 5194/amt-5-2581-2012.
113. Schwarz J.P., R. S. Gao, A. E. Perring, et al., 2013: Black carbon aerosol size in snow. Sci. Rep., 3, 1356, doi: 10. 1038/Srep01356.
114. Shindell, D., and G. Faluvegi, 2009: Climate response to regional radiative forcing during the twentieth century. Nat. Geosci., 2, 294-300, doi: 10. 1038/Ngeo473.
115. Skiles, S. M., T. H. P'ter, J. S. Deems, et al., 2012: Dust radiative forcing in snow of the upper Colorado River basin: 2. Interannual variability in radiative forcing and snowmelt rates. Water Resour. Res., 48, doi: 10. 1029/2012wr011986.
116. Slowik, J. G., E. S. Cross, J.-H. Han, et al., 2007: An inter-comparison of instruments measuring black carbon content of soot particles. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 41, 295-314, doi: 10. 1080/02786820701197078.
117. Sokolik, I. N., and O. B. Toon, 1996: Direct radiative forcing by anthropogenic airborne mineral aerosols. Nature, 381, 681-683, doi: 10. 1038/381681a0.
118. Stephens, M., N. Turner, and J. Sandberg, 2003: Particle identification by laser-induced incandescence in a solid-state laser cavity. Appl. Opt., 42, 3726-3736, doi: 10. 1364/ao. 42. 003726.
119. Stohl, A., 2006: Characteristics of atmospheric transport into the Arctic troposphere. J. Geophys. Res., 111(D11), doi: 10. 1029/2005jd006888.
120. Streets, D. G., S. Gupta, S. T. Waldhoff, et al., 2001: Black carbon emissions in China. Atmos. Environ., 35, 4281-4296, doi: 10. 1016/S1352-2310(01)00179-0.
121. Toon, O. B., C. P. Mckay, T. P. Ackerman, et al., 1989: Rapid calculation of radiative heating rates and photodissociation rates in inhomogeneous multiple scattering atmospheres. J. Geophys. Res., 94(D13), 16287-16301, doi: 10. 1029/Jd094id13p16287.
122. Wang, N. L., 2005: Decrease trend of dust event frequency over the past 200 years recorded in the Malan ice core from the northern Tibetan Plateau. Chinese Sci. Bull., 50, 2866-2871, doi: 10. 1360/982005-237.
123. Wang N.L., T. D. Yao, J. C. Pu, et al., 2006a: Climatic and environmental changes over the last millennium recorded in the Malan ice core from the northern Tibetan Plateau. Sci. China (Ser. D), 49, 1079-1089, doi: 10. 1007/S11430-006-1079-9.
124. Wang N.L., T. D. Yao, L. G. Thompson, et al., 2006b: Strong negative correlation between dust event frequency and air temperature over the northern Tibetan Plateau reflected by the Malan ice-core record. Ann. Glaciol., 43, 29-33, doi: 10. 3189/172756406781812339.
125. Wang, X., J. P. Huang, M. X. Ji, et al., 2008: Variability of East Asian dust events and their longterm trend. Atmos. Environ., 42, 3156-3165, doi: 10. 1016/j. atmosenv. 2007. 07. 046.
126. Wang X., J. P. Huang, R. D. Zhang, et al., 2010: Surface measurements of aerosol properties over northwest China during ARM China 2008 deployment. J. Geophys. Res., 115(D7), doi: 10. 1029/2009jd013467.
127. Wang X., S. J. Doherty, and J. P. Huang, 2013: Black carbon and other light-absorbing impurities in snow across northern China. J. Geophys. Res., 118, 1471-1492, doi: 10. 1029/2012jd018291.
128. Wang, Z. W., C. A. Pedersen, X. S. Zhang, et al., 2013: Elemental carbon in snow at Changbai Mount', northeastern China: Concentrations, scavenging ratios and dry deposition velocities. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 14221-14248.
129. Warren, S. G., and W. J. Wiscombe, 1980: A model for the spectral albedo of snow. II: Snow cont'ing atmospheric aerosols. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2734-2745.
130. Warren S.G. Wiscombe W.J., 1985: Dirty snow after nuclear war. Nature, 313, 467-470, doi: 10. 1038/313467a0.
131. Wiscombe, W. J., and S. G. Warren, 1980: A model for the spectral albedo of snow. I: Pure snow. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2712-2733.
132. Xu, B. Q., T. D. Yao, X. Q. Liu, et al., 2006: Elemental and organic carbon measurements with a two-step heating-gas chromatography system in snow samples from the Tibetan Plateau. Ann. Glaciol., 43, 257-262, doi: 10. 3189/172756406781812122.
133. Xu B.Q., J. J. Cao, J. Hansen, et al., 2009a: Black soot and the survival of Tibetan glaciers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 106, 22114-22118, doi: 10. 1073/pnas. 0910444106.
134. Xu B.Q., M. Wang, D. R. Joswiak, et al., 2009b: Deposition of anthropogenic aerosols in a southeastern Tibetan glacier. J. Geophys. Res., 114(D17), doi: 10. 1029/2008jd011510.
135. Xu B.Q., J. J. Cao, D. R. Joswiak, et al., 2012: Postdepositional enrichment of black soot in snow-pack and accelerated melting of Tibetan glaciers. Environ. Res. Lett., 7, 14022-14027, doi: 10. 1088/1748-9326/7/1/014022.
136. Yao, T. D., L. Thompson, W. Yang, et al., 2012: Different glacier status with atmospheric circulations in Tibetan Plateau and surroundings. Nat. Climate Change, 2, 663-667, doi: 10. 1038/Nclimate1580.
137. Yao Tandong, Pu Jianchen, Tian Lide, et al., 2007: Recent rapid retreat of the Naimona'nyi Glacier in southwestern Tibetan Plateau. J. Glaciol. Geocryol., 29, 503-508. (in Chinese).
138. Yasunari, T. J., 2011: What influences climate and glacier change in southwestern China? Environ. Res. Lett., 6, doi: 10. 1088/1748-9326/6/4/041001.
139. Yasunari, T. J., P. Bonasoni, P. Laj, et al., 2010: Estimated impact of black carbon deposition during pre-monsoon season from Nepal Climate Observatory-Pyramid data and snow albedo changes over Himalayan glaciers. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 6603-6615, doi: 10. 5194/acp-10-6603-2010.
140. Ye, H., R. D. Zhang, J. S. Shi, et al., 2012: Black carbon in seasonal snow across northern Xinjiang in northwestern China. Environ. Res. Lett., 7, doi: 10. 1088/1748-9326/7/4/044002.
141. Zhang, R., D. A. Hegg, J. Huang, et al., 2013: Source attribution of insoluble light-absorbing particles in seasonal snow across northern China. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 6091-6099, doi: 10. 5194/acp-13-6091-2013.
142. Zhang, X. Y., R. Arimoto, and Z. S. An, 1997: Dust emission from Chinese desert sources linked to variations in atmospheric circulation. J. Geophys. Res., 102(D23), 28041-28047, doi: 10. 1029/97jd02300.
143. Zhang X.Y., S. L. Gong, Z. X. Shen, et al., 2003: Characterization of soil dust aerosol in China and its transport and distribution during 2001 ACE-Asia: 1. Network observations. J. Geophys. Res., 108(D9), 4261, doi: 10. 1029/2002JD002632.
144. Zhou, T., J. P. Huang, Z. W. Huang, et al., 2013: The depolarization-attenuated backscatter relationship for dust plumes. Opt. Express, 21, 15195-15204, doi: 10. 1364/Oe. 21. 015195.