Black carbon and other light-absorbing impurities in snow across Northern China

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 118, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 1471-1492

  Wang, Xin ^a   Doherty, Sarah J ^b   Huang, Jianping ^a  

^a LANZHOU UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

absorption ngstr m exponent; black carbon; light absorbing impurities; snow albedo

Indexed keywords

IRON; LIGHT ABSORPTION; SOILS;

BLACK CARBON; COMBUSTION PRODUCTS; IRON CONCENTRATIONS; MASS ABSORPTION; MEDIAN CONCENTRATION; QILIAN MOUNTAINS; SPECTRAL DEPENDENCES; TIBETAN PLATEAU;

SNOW;

ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; BLACK CARBON; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); ESTIMATION METHOD; LIGHT EFFECT; SAMPLING; SNOW; SPECTROPHOTOMETRY;

CHINA; NEI MONGGOL; QILIAN MOUNTAINS; QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU; SIBERIA;

EID: 84879941878     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21698996     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2012JD018291     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Adachi, K., and, P. R. Buseck, (2008), Internally mixed soot, sulfates, and organic matter in aerosol particles from Mexico City, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6469-6481, doi: 10.5194/acp-8-6469-2008.
2. Alfaro, S. C., S. Lafon, J. L. Rajot, P. Formenti, A. Gaudichet, and, M. Maille, (2004), Iron oxides and light absorption by pure desert dust: An experimental study, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D08208, doi: 10.1029/2003JD004374.
3. Andreae, M. O., and, A. Gelencsér, (2006), Black carbon or brown carbon? The nature of light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3131-3148, doi: 10.5194/acp-6-3131-2006. (Pubitemid 44154660)
4. Armalis, S., (1999), Wet deposition of elemental carbon in Lithuania, Sci. Total Environ., 239, 89-93, doi: 10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00288-0. (Pubitemid 29453011)
5. Bedidi, A., and, B. Cervelle, (1993), Light scattering by spherical particles with hematite and goethitelike optical properties: Effect on water impregnation, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 11,941-11,952, doi: 10.1029/93JB00188.
6. Bergstrom, R. W., P. B. Russell, and, P. Hignett, (2002), Wavelength dependence of the absorption of black carbon particles: Predictions and results from the TARFOX experiment and implications for the aerosol single scattering albedo, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 567-577, doi: 10.1175/1520-0469. (Pubitemid 34838323)
7. Bergstrom, R. W., P. Pilewskie, P. B. Russell, J. Redemann, T. C. Bond, P. K. Quinn, and, B. Sierau, (2007), Spectral absorption properties of atmospheric aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5937-5943, doi: 10.5194/acp-7-5937-2007. (Pubitemid 350212724)
8. Bond, T. C., M. Bussemer, B. Wehner, S. Keller, R. J. Charlson, and, J. Heintzenberg, (1999), Light absorption by primary particle emissions from a lignite burning plant, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 3887-3891, doi: 10.1021/es9810538. (Pubitemid 29517796)
9. Bond, T. C., (2001), Spectral dependence of visible light absorption by carbonaceous particles emitted from coal combustion, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28 (21), 4075-4078, doi: 10.1029/2001GL013652. (Pubitemid 33122454)
10. Bond, T. C., D. G. Streets, K. F. Yarber, S. M. Nelson, J.-H. Woo, and, Z. Klimont, (2004), A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from combustion, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D14203, doi: 10.1029/2003JD003697. (Pubitemid 39366556)
11. Bond, T. C., and, R. W. Bergstrom, (2006), Light absorption by carbonaceous particles: An investigative review, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 40, 27-67, doi: 10.1080/02786820500421521.
12. Bond, T. C., G. Habib, and, R. W. Bergstrom, (2006), Limitations in the enhancement of visible light absorption due to mixing state, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D20211, doi: 10.1029/2006JD007315.
13. Cachier, H., and, M. H. Pertuisot, (1994), Particulate carbon in Arctic ice, Anal. Mag., 22, 34-37.
14. Cadle, S. H., and, J. M. Dasch, (1988), Wintertime concentrations and sinks of atmospheric particulate carbon at a rural location in northern Michigan, Atmos. Environ., 22 (7), 1373-1381, doi: 10.1016/0004-6981(88)90162-X. (Pubitemid 19299813)
15. Chen, Y., and, T. C. Bond, (2010), Light absorption by organic carbon from wood combustion, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1773-1787, doi: 10.5194/acp-10-1773-2010.
16. Chýlek, P., V. Strivastava, L. Cahenzli, R. G. Pinnick, R. L. Dod, T. Novakov, T. L. Cook, and, B. D. Hinds, (1987), Aerosol and graphitic carbon content of snow, J. Geophys. Res., 92 (D8), 9801-9809, doi: 10.1029/ JD092iD08p09801.
17. Chýlek, P., B. Johnson, P. A. Damiano, K. C. Taylor, and, P. Clement, (1995), Biomass burning record and black carbon in the GISP2 Ice Core, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22 (2), 89-92, doi: 10.1029/94GL02841.
18. Clarke, A. D., and, K. J. Noone, (1985), Soot in the Arctic snowpack: A cause for perturbations in radiative transfer, Atmos. Environ., 19 (12), 2045-2053, doi: 10.1016/0004-6981(85)90113-1.
19. Clarke, A., C. McNaughton, V. Kapustin, Y. Shinozuka, S. Howell, J. Dibb, J. Zhou, B. Anderson, V. Brekhovskikh, H. Turner, (2007), Biomass burning and pollution aerosol over North America: Organic components and their influence on spectral optical properties and humidification response, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D12S18, doi: 10.1029/2006JD007777.
20. Dasch, J. M., and, S. H. Cadle, (1989), Atmospheric carbon particles in the Detroit urban area: Wintertime sources and sinks, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 10 (2), 236-248, doi: 10.1080/02786828908600508. (Pubitemid 19115514)
21. Doherty, S. J., S. G. Warren, T. C. Grenfell, A. D. Clarke, and, R. E. Brandt, (2010), Light-absorbing impurities in Arctic snow, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11,647-11,680, doi: 10.5194/acp-10-11647-2010.
22. Fan, Q. Y., J. He, H. Xue, C. Lü, Y. Sun, L. Shen, Y. Liang, and, S. Bai, (2008), Heavy metal pollution in the Baotou section of the Yellow River, China, Chem. Spec. Bioavailab., 20, 65-76, doi: 10.3184/095422908X322824.
23. Fialho, P., A. D. A. Hansen, and, R. E. Honrath, (2005), Absorption coefficients by aerosols in remote areas: A new approach to decouple dust and black carbon absorption coefficients using seven-wavelength Aethalometer data, J. Aerosol Sci., 36, 267-282, doi: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.09.004. (Pubitemid 40138843)
24. Fialho, P., M. C. Freitas, F. Barata, B. Vieira, A. D. A. Hansen, and, R. E. Honrath, (2006), The Aethalometer calibration and determination of iron concentration in dust aerosols, Aerosol Sci., 37, 1497-1506, doi: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2006.03.002. (Pubitemid 44740430)
25. Fily, M., B. Bourdelles, J. P. Dedieu, and, C. Sergent, (1997), Comparison of in situ and Landsat Thematic Mapper derived snow grain characteristics in the alps, Remote Sens. Environ., 59, 452-460, doi: 10.1016/S0034-4257(96)00113-7.
26. Flanner, M. G., C. S. Zender, J. T. Randerson, and, P. J. Rasch, (2007), Present-day climate forcing and response from black carbon in snow. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D11202, doi: 10.1029/2006JD008003.
27. Flanner, M. G., C. S. Zender, P. G. Hess, N.M. Mahowald, T. H. Painter, V. Ramanathan, and, P. J. Rasch, (2009), Springtime warming and reduced snow cover from carbonaceous particles. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2481-2497, doi: 10.5194/acp-9-2481-2009.
28. Forsström, S., J. Ström, C. A. Pedersen, E. Isaksson, and, S. Gerland, (2009), Elemental carbon distribution in Svalbard snow, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D19112, doi: 10.1029/2008JD011480.
29. Grenfell, T. C., B. Light, and, M. Sturm, (2002), Spatial distribution and radiative effects of soot in the snow and sea ice during the SHEBA experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8032, doi: 10.1029/2000JC000414.
30. Grenfell, T. C., S. J. Doherty, A. D. Clarke, and, S. G. Warren, (2011), Light absorption from particulate impurities in snow and ice determined by spectrophotometric analysis of filters. Appl. Opt., 50, 2037-2048, doi: 10.1364/AO.50.002037.
31. Gu, Y., K. N. Liou, W. Chen, and, H. Liao, (2010), Direct climate effect of black carbon in China and its impact on dust storms, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00K14, doi: 10.1029/2009JD013427.
32. Guo, H., M. Xu, and, Q. Hu, (2010), Changes in near-surface wind speed in China: 1969-2005 [online], Int. J. Climatatol., doi: 10.1002/joc.2091.
33. Hagler, G. S. W., M. H. Bergin, E. A. Smith, and, J. E. Dibb, (2007a), A summer time series of particulate carbon in the air and snow at Summit, Greenland, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D21309, doi: 10.1029/2007JD008993.
34. Hagler, G. S. W., M. H. Bergin, E. A. Smith, J. E. Dibb, C. Anderson, and, E. J. Steig, (2007b), Particulate and water-soluble carbon measured in recent snow at Summit, Greenland, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L16505, doi: 10.1029/2007GL030110.
35. Hansen, J., and, L. Nazarenko, (2004), Soot climate forcing via snow and ice albedos, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 101, 423-428, doi: 10.1073/pnas.2237157100. (Pubitemid 38084653)
36. Hansen, J., M. Sato, R. Ruedy, L. Nazarenko, A. Lacis, G. A. Schmidt, G. Russell, I. Aleinov, M. Bauer, and, S. Bauer, (2005), Efficacy of climate forcings, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D18104, doi: 10.1029/2005JD005776.
37. Hegg, D. A., S. G. Warren, T. C. Grenfell, S. J. Doherty, T. V. Larson, and, A. D. Clarke, (2009), Source attribution of black carbon in Arctic snow, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 4016-4021, doi: 10.1021/es803623f.
38. Hegg, D. A., S. G. Warren, T. C. Grenfell, S. J. Doherty, and, A. D. Clarke, (2010), Sources of light-absorbing aerosol in arctic snow and their seasonal variation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10,923-10,938, doi: 10.5194/acp-10-10923-2010.
39. Hoffer, A., A. Gelencsér, P. Guyon, G. Kiss, O. Schmid, G. P. Frank, P. Artaxo, and, M. O. Andreae, (2006), Optical properties of humic-like substances (HULIS) in biomass-burning aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3563-3570, doi: 10.5194/acp-6-3563-2006. (Pubitemid 44326773)
40. Huang, J., P. Minnis, Y. Yi, Q. Tang, X. Wang, Y. Hu, Z. Liu, K. Ayers, C. Trepte, and, D. Winker, (2007), Summer dust aerosols detected from CALIPSO over the Tibetan Plateau, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L18805, doi: 10.1029/2007GL029938.
41. Huang, J., P. Minnis, B. Chen, Z. Huang, Z. Liu, Q. Zhao, Y. Yi, and, J. K. Ayers, (2008), Long-range transport and vertical structure of Asian dust from CALIPSO and surface measurements during PACDEX, Geophys. Res. Lett., 113, D23212, doi: 10.1029/2008JD010620.
42. Huang, J., P. Minnis, H. Yan, Y. Yi, B. Chen, L. Zhang, and, J. K. Ayers, (2010), Dust aerosol effect on semi-arid climate over Northwest China detected from A-Train satellite measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 12,465-12,495, doi: 10.5194/acpd-10-12465-2010.
43. Huang, J., Q. Fu, W. Zhang, X. Wang, R. Zhang, H. Ye, and, S. Warren, (2011), Dust and black carbon in seasonal snow across northern China, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 92, 175-181, doi: 10.1175/2010BAMS3064.1.
44. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007), Climate change 2007: The physical science basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by, S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K. B. Averyt, M. Tignor, and, H. L. Miller, 996 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
45. Jacobson, M. Z., (2004), Climate response of fossil fuel and biofuel soot, accounting for soot's feedback to snow and sea ice albedo and emissivity, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D21201, doi: 10.1029/2004JD004945.
46. Ji, J. F., W. Balsam, J. Chen, and, L. W. Liu, (2002), Rapid and quantitative measurement of hematite and goethite in the Chinese loess-paleosol sequence by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Clays Clay Miner., 50, 208-216. doi: 10.1346/000986002760832801.
47. Kirchstetter, T. W., T. Novakov, and, P. V. Hobbs, (2004), Evidence that the spectral dependence of light absorption by aerosols is affected by organic carbon, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D21208, doi: 10.1029/2004JD004999.
48. Koch, D., S. Menon, A. Del Genio, R. Ruedy, I. Alienov, and, G. A. Schmidt, (2009a), Distinguishing aerosol impacts on climate over the past century, J. Clim., 22, 2659-2677, doi: 10.1175/2008JCLI2573.1.
49. Koch, D., M. Schulz, S. Kinne, C. McNaughton, J. R. Spackman, Y. Balkanski, S. Bauer, T. Berntsen, T. C. Bond, and, O. Boucher, (2009b), Evaluation of black carbon estimations in global aerosol models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 9001-9026, doi: 10.5194/acp-9-9001-2009.
50. Kopacz, M., D. L. Mauzerall, J. Wang, E. M. Leibensperger, D. K. Henze, and, K. Singh, (2011), Origin and radiative forcing of black carbon transported to the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 2837-2852, doi: 10.5194/acp-11-2837-2011.
51. Lack, D. A., and, C. D. Cappa, (2010), Impact of brown and clear carbon on light absorption enhancement, single scatter albedo, and absorption wavelength dependence of black carbon, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4207-4220, doi: 10.5194/acp-10-4207-2010.
52. Lafon, S., J. L. Rajot, S. C. Alfaro, and, A. Gaudichet, (2004), Quantification of iron oxides in desert aerosol, Atmos. Environ., 38, 1211-1218, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.11.006. (Pubitemid 38169446)
53. Lafon, S., I. N. Sokolik, J. L. Rajot, S. Caquineau, and, A. Gaudichet, (2006), Characterization of iron oxides in mineral dust aerosols: Implications for light absorption, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D21207, doi: 10.1029/2005JD007016.
54. Liu Y., J. R. Sun, B. Yang, (2009), The effects of black carbon and sulphate aerosols in China regions on East Asia monsoons, Tellus B, 61, 642-656, doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2009.00427.x.
55. Lu, Z., Q. Zhang, and, D. G. Streets, (2011), Sulfur dioxide and primary carbonaceous aerosol emissions in China and India, 1996-2010, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 9839-9864, doi: 10.5194/acp-11-9839-2011.
56. Mao, C., J. Chen, X. Yuan, Z. Yang, W. Balsam, and, J. Ji, (2010), Seasonal variation in the mineralogy of the suspended particulate matter of the lower Changjiang River at Nanjing, China, Clays Clay Miner., 58 (5), 691-706, doi: 10.1346/CCMN.2010.0580508.
57. McConnell, J. R., R. Edwards, G. L. Kok, M. G. Flanner, C. S. Zender, E. S. Saltzman, J. R. Banta, D. R. Pasteris, M. M. Carter, and, J. D. W. Kahl, (2007), 20th-century industrial black carbon emissions altered arctic climate forcing, Science, 317, 1381-1384, doi: 10.1126/science.1144856. (Pubitemid 47417476)
58. Meloni, D., A. di Sarra, G. Pace, and, F. Monteleone, (2006), Aerosol optical properties at Lampedusa (Central Mediterranean). 2. Determination of single scattering albedo at two wavelengths for different aerosol types, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 715-727, doi: 10.5194/acp-6-715-2006.
59. Millikan, R. C., (1961), Optical properties of soot, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 51, 698-699, doi: 10.1364/JOSA.51.000698.
60. Ming, J., H. Cachier, C. Xiao, D. Qin, S. Kang, S. Hou, and, J. Xu, (2008), Black carbon record based on a shallow Himalayan ice core and its climatic implications, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1343-1352, doi: 10.5194/acp-8-1343-2008.
61. Ming, J., C. Xiao, H. Cachier, D. Qin, X. Qin, Z. Li, and, J. Pu, (2009), Black Carbon (BC) in the snow of glaciers in west China and its potential effects on albedos, Atmos. Res., 92, 114-123, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.09. 007.
62. Müller, T., A. Schladitz, A. Massling, N. Kaaden, K. Kandler, and, A. Wiedensohler, (2009), Spectral absorption coefficients and imaginary parts of refractive indices of Saharan dust during SAMUM-1, Tellus B, 61, 79-95, doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00399.x.
63. Ogren, J. A., R. J. Charlson, and, P. J. Groblicki, (1983), Determination of elemental carbon in rainwater, Anal. Chem., 55 (9), 1569-1572, doi: 10.1021/ac00260a027. (Pubitemid 14201975)
64. Painter, T. H., A. P. Barrett, C. C. Landry, J. C. Neff, M. P. Cassidy, C. R. Lawrence, K. E. McBride, and, G. L. Farmer, (2007), Impact of disturbed desert soils on duration of mountain snow cover, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L12502, doi: 10.1029/2007GL030284.
65. Prospero, J. M., P. Ginoux, O. Torres, S. E. Nicholson, and, T. E. Gill, (2002), Environmental characterization of global sources of atmospheric soil dust identified with the NIMBUS 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) absorbing aerosol product, Rev. Geophys., 40 (1), 1002, doi: 10.1029/20000GR000095.
66. Qian, Y., W. I. Gustafson, L. R. Leung, and, S. J. Ghan, (2009), Effects of soot-induced snow albedo change on snowpack and hydrological cycle in western United States based on weather research and forecasting chemistry and regional climate simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D03108, doi: 10.1029/2008JD011039.
67. Qian, Y., M. G. Flanner, L. R. Leung, and, W. Wang, (2011), Sensitivity studies of the impacts of Tibetan Plateau snowpack pollution on the Asian hydrologic cycle and monsoon climate, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1929-1948, doi: 10.5194/acp-11-1929-2011.
68. Rosen, H., A. D. A. Hansen, L. Gundel, and, T. Novakov, (1978), Identification of the optically absorbing component in urban aerosols, Appl. Opt., 17, 3859-3861, doi: 10.1364/AO.17.003859.
69. Schnaiter, M., H. Horvath, O. Möhler, K. H. Naumann, H. Saathoff, and, O. W. Schöck, (2003), UV-VIS-NIR spectral optical properties of soot and soot-containing aerosols, J. Aerosol Sci., 34, 1421-1444, doi: 10.1016/S0021-8502(03)00361-6. (Pubitemid 37163755)
70. Schnaiter, M., C. Linke, O. Möhler, K. H. Naumann, H. Saathoff, R. Wagner, U. Schurath, and, B. Wehner, (2005), Absorption amplification of black carbon internally mixed with secondary organic aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D19204, doi: 10.1029/2005JD006046.
71. Schnaiter, M., M. Gimmler, I. Llamas, C. Linke, C. Jäger, and, H. Mutschke, (2006), Strong spectral dependence of light absorption by organic carbon particles formed by propane combustion, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2981-2990, doi: 10.5194/acp-6-2981-2006. (Pubitemid 44100527)
72. Schwarz, J. P., J. R. Spackman, R. S. Gao, L. A. Watts, P. Stier, M. Schulz, S. M. Davis, S. C. Wofsy, and, D. W. Fahey, (2010), Global-scale black carbon profiles observed in the remote atmosphere and compared to models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L18812, doi: 10.1029/2010GL044372.
73. Schwarz, J. P., S. J. Doherty, F. Li, S. T. Ruggiero, C. E. Tanner, A. E. Perring, R. S. Gao, and, D. W. Fahey, (2012), Assessing Single Particle Soot Photometer and Integrating Sphere/Integrating Sandwich Spectrophotometer measurement techniques for quantifying black carbon concentration in snow, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 2581-2592, doi: 10.5194/amtd-5-2581-2012.
74. Sergent, C., E. Pougatch, M. Sudul, and, B. Bourdelles, (1993), Experimental investigation of optical snow properties, Ann. Glaciol., 17, 281-287. (Pubitemid 24394399)
75. Sergent, C., C. Leroux, E. Pougatch, and, F. Guirado, (1998), Hemispherical-directional reflectance measurements of natural snows in the 0.9-1.45 μm spectral range: Comparison with adding-doubling modelling, Ann. Glaciol., 26, 59-63. (Pubitemid 28486226)
76. Shapiro, E. L., J. Szprengiel, N. Sareen, C. N. Jen, M. R. Giordano, and, V. F. McNeill, (2009), Light-absorbing secondary organic material formed by glyoxal in aqueous aerosol mimics, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2289-2300, doi: 10.5194/acp-9-2289-2009.
77. Shindell, D., and, G. Faluvegi, (2009), Climate response to regional radiative forcing during the twentieth century, Nat. Geosci., 2, 294-300, doi: 10.1038/ngeo473.
78. Sokolik, I. N., and, O. B. Toon, (1999), Incorporation of mineralogical composition into models of the radiative properties of mineral aerosol from UV to IR wavelengths, J. Geophys., 104 (D8), 9423-9444, doi: 10.1029/1998JD200048. (Pubitemid 29370745)
79. van der Werf, G. R., J. T. Randerson, L. Giglio, G. J. Collatz, P. S. Kasibhatla, and, A. F. Arellano, Jr., (2006), Interannual variability in global biomass burning emissions from 1997 to 2004, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3423-3441, doi: 10.5194/acp-6-3423-2006. (Pubitemid 44272961)
80. Wake, C. P., and, P. A. Mayewski, (1994), Modern eolian dust deposition in central Asia, Tellus B, 46, 220-233, doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1994.t01-2- 00005.x.
81. Wang, X., J. P. Huang, M. X. Ji, and, K. Higuchi, (2008), Variability of East Asia dust events and their long-term trend, Atmos. Environ., 42, 3156-3165, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.07.046. (Pubitemid 351508450)
82. Wang, X., J. P. Huang, R. D. Zhang, B. Chen, J. R. Bi, (2010), Surface measurements of aerosol properties over northwest China during ARM China 2008 deployment, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00K27, doi: 10.1029/2009JD013467.
83. Warren, S. G., and, W. Wiscombe, (1980), A model for the spectral albedo of snow. II: Snow containing atmospheric aerosols, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2734-2745, doi: 10.1175/1520-0469.
84. Warren, S. G., and, W. J. Wiscombe, (1985), Dirty snow after nuclear war, Nature, 313, 467-470, doi: 10.1038/313467a0.
85. Xu, B., T. Yao, X. Liu, and, N. Wang, (2006), Elemental and organic carbon measurements with a two-step heating-gas chromatography system in snow samples from the Tibetan Plateau, Ann. Glaciol., 43, 257-262, doi: 10.3189/172756406781812122. (Pubitemid 46055407)
86. Xu, B. Q., M. Wang, D. R. Joswiak, J. J. Cao, T. D. Yao, G. J. Wu, W. Yang, and, H. B. Zhao, (2009), Deposition of anthropogenic aerosols in a southeastern Tibetan glacier, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D17209, doi: 10.1029/2008JD011510.
87. Xu B. Q., J. J. Cao, D. R. Joswiak, X. Q. Liu, H. B. Zhao, and, J. Q. He, (2012), Post-depositional enrichment of black soot in snow-pack and accelerated melting of Tibetan glaciers, Environ. Res. Lett., 7, 014022. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/014022.
88. Yang, M., S. G. Howell, J. Zhuang, and, B. J. Huebert, (2009), Attribution of aerosol light absorption to black carbon, brown carbon, and dust in China-interpretations of atmospheric measurements during EAST-AIRE, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2035-2050, doi: 10.5194/acp-9-2035-2009.
89. Ye H., R. D. Zhang, J. S. Shi, J. P. Huang, S. G. Warren, and, Q. Fu, (2012), Black carbon in seasonal snow across northern Xinjiang in northwestern China, Environ. Res. Lett., 7, 044002, doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044002.
90. Zhao, R. X., W. Guo, W. H. Sun, S. L. Xue, B. Gao, and, W. Sun, (2012), Distribution characteristic and assessment of soil heavy metal pollution around Baotou tailings in Inner Mongolia, China, Adv. Mater. Res., 356-360, 2730-2736, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.518-523.2068.