Soot on Snow experiment: Bidirectional reflectance factor measurements of contaminated snow

Cryosphere

Volumn 9, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 2323-2337

  Peltoniemi, J I ^a,b   Gritsevich, M ^a,b,g   Hakala, T ^a   Dagsson Waldhauserova P ^d,e,f   Arnalds, O ^e   Anttila, K ^a,c   Hannula, H R ^c   Kivekas N ^c   Lihavainen, H ^c   Meinander, O ^c   Svensson, J ^b,c   Virkkula, A ^c   De Leeuw, G ^b,c  

^a FINNISH GEOSPATIAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Finland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^c FINNISH METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE   (Finland)

^d AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND   (Iceland)

^e UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND   (Iceland)

^f CZECH UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES PRAGUE   (Czech Republic)

^g URAL FEDERAL UNIVERSITY   (Russian Federation)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALBEDO; BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE; CRYOSPHERE; EXPERIMENTAL STUDY; MEASUREMENT METHOD; SNOW; SOOT;

EID: 84949676884     PISSN: 19940416     EISSN: 19940424     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/tc-9-2323-2015     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Aoki, T., Aoki, T., Fukabori, M., Hachikubo, A., Tachibana, Y., and Nishio, F.: Effects of snow physical parameters on spectral albedo and bidirectional reflectance of snow, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 10219-10236, 2000.
2. Bisiaux, M. M., Edwards, R., McConnell, J. R., Albert, M. R., Anschütz, H., Neumann, T. A., Isaksson, E., and Penner, J. E.: Variability of black carbon deposition to the East Antarctic Plateau, 1800-2000 AD, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3799-3808, doi:10.5194/acp-12-3799-2012, 2012.
3. Bond, T. C., Doherty, S. J., Fahey, D. W., Forster, P. M., Berntsen, T., DeAngelo, B. J., Flanner, M. G., Ghan, S., Kärcher, B., Koch, D., Kinne, S., Kondo, Y., Quinn, P. K., Sarofim, M. F., Schultz, M. G., Schulz, M., Venkataraman, C., Zhang, H., Zhang, S., Bellouin, N., Guttikunda, S. K., Hopke, P. K., Jacobson, M. Z., Kaiser, J. W., Klimont, Z., Lohmann, U., Schwarz, J. P., Shindell, D., Storelvmo, T., Warren, S. G., and Zender, C. S.: Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: a scientific assessment., J. Geophys. Res.- Atmos., 188, 5380-5552, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50171, 2013.
4. Bourgeois, C. S., Calanca, P., and Ohmura, A.: A field study of the hemispherical directional reflectance factor and spectral albedo of dry snow, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D20108, doi:10.1029/2006JD007296, 2006.
5. Brandt, R. E., Warren, S. G., and Clarke, A. D.: A controlled snowmaking experiment testing the relation between black carbon content and reduction of snow albedo, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, D08109, doi:10.1029/2010JD015330, 2011.
6. Clarke, A. D. and Noone, K. J.: Soot in the Arctic snowpack: a cause for perturbations in radiative transfer, Atmos. Environ., 19, 2045-2053, 1985.
7. Conway, H., Gades, A., and Raymond, C.: Albedo of dirty snow during conditions of melt, Water Resour. Res., 32, 1713-1718, 1996.
8. Dagsson-Waldhauserova, P., Arnalds, O., Olafsson, H., Hladil, J., Skala, R., Navratil, T., Chadimova, L., and Meinander, O.: Snowdust storm: unique case study from Iceland, 6-7 March 2013, Aeol. Res., 16, 69-74, doi:10.1016/j.aeolia.2014.11.001, 2015.
9. Doherty, S. J., Warren, S. G., Grenfell, T. C., Clarke, A. D., and Brandt, R. E.: Light-absorbing impurities in Arctic snow, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11647-11680, doi:10.5194/acp-10-11647-2010, 2010.
10. Dumont, M., Brun, E., Picard, G., Michou, M., Libois, Q., Petit, J.- R., Geyer, M., Morin, S., and Josse, B.: Contribution of lightabsorbing impurities in snow to Greenland's darkening since 2009, Nat. Geosci., 7, 509-512, doi:10.1038/ngeo2180, 2014.
11. Fierz, C., Armstrong, R., Durand, Y., Etchevers, P., Greene, E., McClung, D., Nishimura, K., Satyawali, P., and Sokratov, S.: The International Classification for Seasonal Snow on the Ground, no. 83 in IHP-VII Technical Documents in Hydrology, IACS Contribution No. 1, UNESCO-IHP, Paris, 2009.
12. Flanner, M. G., Zender, C. S., Randerson, J. T., and Rasch, P. J.: Present-day climate forcing and response from black carbon in snow, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D11202, doi:10.1029/2006JD008003, 2007.
13. Forsström, S., Ström, J., Pedersen, C. A., Isaksson, E., and Gerland, S.: Elemental carbon distribution in Svalbard snow, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D19112, doi:10.1029/2008JD011480, 2009.
14. Hadley, O. L. and Kirchstetter, T. W.: Black-carbon reduction of snow albedo, Nature Clim. Change, 2, 437-440, doi:10.1038/NCLIMATE1433, 2012.
15. Hakala, T., Suomalainen, J., and Peltoniemi, J. I.: Acquisition of bidirectional reflectance factor dataset using a micro unmanned aerial vehicle and a consumer camera, Remote Sens., 3, 819-832, doi:10.3390/rs2030819, 2010.
16. Hakala, T., Riihelä, A., Lahtinen, P., and Peltoniemi, J. I.: Hemispherical-directional reflectance measurements of snow on the Greenland ice sheet during the radiation, snow characteristics and albedo at Summit (RASCALS) campaign, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 146, 376-390, 2014.
17. Hapke, B.: Theory of Reflectance and Emittance Spectroscopy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 180-220, 1993.
18. Kaasalainen, S., Kaasalainen, M., Mielonen, T., Suomalainen, J., Peltoniemi, J., and Näränen, J.: Optical properties of snow in hotspot region, J. Glaciol., 574-584, 2006.
19. Kaspari, S. D., Schwikowski, M., Gysel, M., Flanner, M. G., Kang, S., Hou, S., and Mayewski, P. A.: Recent increase in black carbon concentrations from a Mt. Everest ice core spanning 1860-2000 AD, J. Geophys. Res., 38, L04703, doi:10.1029/2010GL046096, 2011.
20. Kokhanovsky, A.: Spectral reflectance of solar light from dirty snow: a simple theoretical model and its validation, The Cryosphere, 7, 1325-1331, doi:10.5194/tc-7-1325-2013, 2013.
21. Lyapustin, A., Gatebe, C. K., Kahn, R., Brandt, R., Redemann, J., Russell, P., King, M. D., Pedersen, C. A., Gerland, S., Poudyal, R., Marshak, A., Wang, Y., Schaaf, C., Hall, D., and Kokhanovsky, A.: Analysis of snow bidirectional reflectance from ARCTAS Spring-2008 Campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4359-4375, doi:10.5194/acp-10-4359-2010, 2010.
22. McConnell, J. R., Edwards, R., Kok, G. L., Flanner, M. G., Zender, C. S., Salzman, E. S., Banta, J. R., Pasteris, D. R., Carter, M. M., and Kahl, J. D. W.: 20th century industrial black carbon emissions altered arctic climate forcing, Science, 317, 1381-1384, 2007.
23. Meinander, O., Kazadzis, S., Arola, A., Riihelä, A., Räisänen, P., Kivi, R., Kontu, A., Kouznetsov, R., Sofiev, M., Svensson, J., Suokanerva, H., Aaltonen, V., Manninen, T., Roujean, J.-L., and Hautecoeur, O.: Spectral albedo of seasonal snow during intensive melt period at Sodankylä, beyond the Arctic Circle, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 3793-3810, doi:10.5194/acp-13-3793-2013, 2013.
24. Meinander, O., Kontu, A., Virkkula, A., Arola, A., Backman, L., Dagsson-Waldhauserová, P., Järvinen, O., Manninen, T., Svensson, J., de Leeuw, G., and Leppäranta, M.: Brief communication: Light-absorbing impurities can reduce the density of melting snow, The Cryosphere, 8, 991-995, doi:10.5194/tc-8-991-2014, 2014.
25. Ming, J., Cachier, H., Xiao, C., Qin, D., Kang, S., Hou, S., and Xu, J.: Black carbon record based on a shallow Himalayan ice core and its climatic implications, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1343-1352, doi:10.5194/acp-8-1343-2008, 2008.
26. Nicodemus, F. E., Richmond, J. C., Hsia, J. J., Ginsberg, I. W., and Limperis, T.: Geometrical considerations and nomenclature for reflectance, Tech. rep., Institute for Basic Standards, National Bureau of Standards, Washington DC, USA, 1977.
27. Painter, T. H., Dozier, J., Roberts, D. A., Davis, R. E., and Green, R. O.: Retrieval of subpixel snow-covered area and grain size from imaging spectrometer data, Remote Sens. Environ., 85, 64-77, 2003.
28. Peltoniemi, J., Hakala, T., Suomalainen, J., and Puttonen, E.: Polarised bidirectional reflectance factor measurements from snow, soil and gravel, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 110, 1940-1953, doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2009.04.008, 2009.
29. Peltoniemi, J., Gritsevich, M., and Puttonen, E.: Reflectance and polarisation characteristics of various vegetation types, in: Light Scattering Reviews, vol. 9, edited by: Kokhanovsky, A., Springer praxis books, Heidelberg, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-37985-7-7, 257-294, 2015.
30. Peltoniemi, J. I.: Spectropolarised ray-tracing simulations in densely packed particulate medium, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 108, 180-196, 2007.
31. Peltoniemi, J. I., Manninen, T., Suomalainen, J., Hakala, T., Puttonen, E., and Riihelä, A.: Land surface albedos computed from BRF measurements with a study of conversion formulae, Remote Sens., 2, 1918-1940, doi:10.3390/rs2081918, 2010a.
32. Peltoniemi, J. I., Suomalainen, J., Hakala, T., Puttonen, E., Näränen, J., Kaasalainen, S., Torppa, J., and Hirschmugl, M.: Reflectance of various snow types: measurements, modelling and potential for snow melt monitoring, chap. 9, in: Light Scattering Reviews 5: Single Light Scattering and Radiative Transfer, edited by: Kokhanovsky, A. A., Springer Praxis Books, Heidelberg, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-10336-0, 393-450, 2010b.
33. Peltoniemi, J. I., Hakala, T., Suomalainen, J., Honkavaara, E., Markelin, L., Gritsevich, M., Eskelinen, J., Jaanson, P., and Ikonen, E.: A detailed study for the provision of measurement uncertainty and traceability for goniospectrometers, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 146, 376-390, 2014.
34. Piironen, J., Muinonen, K., Keränen, S., Karttunen, H., and Peltoniemi, J. I.: Backscattering of light from snow: field measurements, in: Observing Land From Space: Science, Customers and Technology, vol. 4 of Advances in Global Change Research, edited by: Verstraete, M. M., Menenti, M., and Peltoniemi, J. I., 219-228, Kluwer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 2000.
35. Räisänen, P., Kokhanovsky, A., Guyot, G., Jourdan, O., and Nousiainen, T.: Parameterization of single-scattering properties of snow, The Cryosphere Discuss., 9, 873-926, doi:10.5194/tcd-9-873-2015, 2015.
36. Sasse, C. and Peltoniemi, J. I.: Angular scattering measurements and calculations of rough spherically shaped carbon particles, in: Opt. Sci., and Sci. Instr., SPIE, doi:10.1117/12.218329, 1995.
37. Suomalainen, J., Hakala, T., Peltoniemi, J., and Puttonen, E.: Polarised multiangular reflectance measurements using Finnish Geodetic Institute Field Goniospectrometer, Sensors, 9, 3891-3907, doi:10.3390/s90503891, 2009.
38. Svensson, J., Ström, J., Hansson, M., and Lihavainen, H.: Observed metre scale horizontal variability of elemental carbon in surface snow, Environ. Res. Lett., 8, 034012, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/034012, 2013.
39. Svensson, J., Virkkula, A., Meinander, O., Kivekäs, N., Hannula, H.-R., Järvinen, O., Peltoniemi, J. I., Gritsevich, M., Heikkilä, A., Kontu, A., Hyvärinen, A.-P., Neitola, K., Brus, D., Dagsson-Waldhauserova, P., Anttila, K., Hakala, T., Kaartinen, H., Vehkamäki, M., de Leeuw, G., and Lihavainen, H.: Soot on snow experiments: light-absorbing impurities effect on the natural snowpack, The Cryosphere Discuss., 9, 1227-1267, doi:10.5194/tcd-9-1227-2015, 2015.
40. Tanikawa, T., Aoki, T., Hori, M., Hachikubo, A., and Aniya, M.: Snow bidirectional reflectance model using non-spherical snow particles and its validation with field measurements, EARSeL eProceedings, 5, 137-145, 2006.
41. Tanikawa, T., Hori, M., Aoki, T., Hachikubo, A., Kuchiki, K., Niwano, M., Matoba, S., Yamaguchi, S., and Stamnes, K.: In situ measurements of polarization properties of snow surface under the Brewster geometry in Hokkaido, Japan, and northwest Greenland ice sheet, J. Geophys. Res., 119, 13946-13964, doi:10.1002/2014JD022325, 2014.
42. Warren, S.: Can black carbon in snow be detected by remote sensing?, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 779-786, 2013.
43. Warren, S. and Wiscombe, W.: A model for spectral albedo of snow II: Snow containing atmospheric aerosols, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2734-2747, 1980.
44. Wiscombe, W. and Warren, S.: A model for spectral albedo of snow I: Pure snow, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2712-2733, 1980.
45. Xu, B., Cao, J., Hansen, J., Yao, T., Joswiak, D., Wang, N., Wu, G., Wang, M., Zhao, H., Yang, W., Liu, X., and He, J.: Black soot and the survival of Tibetan glaciers, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 22114-22118, 2009.