메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 10, Issue 5, 2017, Pages 582-593

Coronary Artery Calcification: From Mechanism to Molecular Imaging

Author keywords

calcification; chondrogenic osteogenic differentiation; imaging; matrix vesicle; vulnerable plaques

Indexed keywords

FETUIN A; KLOTHO PROTEIN; OSTEOCALCIN; OSTEOPONTIN; OSTEOPROTEGERIN; PYROPHOSPHATE;

EID: 85018385783     PISSN: 1936878X     EISSN: 18767591     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2017.03.005     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (284)

References (137)
  • 1
    • 0003406817 scopus 로고
    • Cellular Pathology: As Based Upon Physiological and Pathological Histology
    • Dover Publications New York, NY Unabridged reprinting 1971
    • 1 Virchow, R., Cellular Pathology: As Based Upon Physiological and Pathological Histology. 1863, Dover Publications, New York, NY, 404–408 Unabridged reprinting 1971.
    • (1863) , pp. 404-408
    • Virchow, R.1
  • 3
    • 12944296004 scopus 로고
    • The cinefluorographic detection and recording of calcifications within the heart: results of 803 examinations
    • 3 Jorgens, J., Blank, N., Wilcox, W.A., The cinefluorographic detection and recording of calcifications within the heart: results of 803 examinations. Radiology 74 (1960), 550–554.
    • (1960) Radiology , vol.74 , pp. 550-554
    • Jorgens, J.1    Blank, N.2    Wilcox, W.A.3
  • 4
    • 0000864480 scopus 로고
    • Detection of coronary-artery calcification during life
    • 4 Oliver, M.F., Samuel, E., Morley, P., Young, G.B., Kapur, P.L., Detection of coronary-artery calcification during life. Lancet 1 (1964), 891–895.
    • (1964) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 891-895
    • Oliver, M.F.1    Samuel, E.2    Morley, P.3    Young, G.B.4    Kapur, P.L.5
  • 5
    • 0025342374 scopus 로고
    • Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography
    • 5 Agatston, A.S., Janowitz, W.R., Hildner, F.J., et al. Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 15 (1990), 827–832.
    • (1990) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.15 , pp. 827-832
    • Agatston, A.S.1    Janowitz, W.R.2    Hildner, F.J.3
  • 6
    • 77952869632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ACCF/ACR/AHA/NASCI/SAIP/SCAI/SCCT 2010 expert consensus document on coronary computed tomographic angiography: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents
    • 6 Mark, D.B., Berman, D.S., Budoff, M.J., et al. ACCF/ACR/AHA/NASCI/SAIP/SCAI/SCCT 2010 expert consensus document on coronary computed tomographic angiography: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents. J Am Coll Cardiol 55 (2010), 2663–2699.
    • (2010) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.55 , pp. 2663-2699
    • Mark, D.B.1    Berman, D.S.2    Budoff, M.J.3
  • 7
    • 84903265701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comprehensive plaque assessment by coronary CT angiography
    • 7 Maurovich-Horvat, P., Ferencik, M., Voros, S., et al. Comprehensive plaque assessment by coronary CT angiography. Nature Rev Cardiol 11 (2014), 390–402.
    • (2014) Nature Rev Cardiol , vol.11 , pp. 390-402
    • Maurovich-Horvat, P.1    Ferencik, M.2    Voros, S.3
  • 8
    • 84881024473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of extracellular vesicles in de novo mineralization: an additional novel mechanism of cardiovascular calcification
    • 8 New, S.E., Aikawa, E., Role of extracellular vesicles in de novo mineralization: an additional novel mechanism of cardiovascular calcification. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 33 (2013), 1753–1758.
    • (2013) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol , vol.33 , pp. 1753-1758
    • New, S.E.1    Aikawa, E.2
  • 9
    • 84976334420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imaging atherosclerotic plaque calcification: translating biology
    • 9 Bailey, G., Meadows, J., Morrison, A.R., Imaging atherosclerotic plaque calcification: translating biology. Curr Atheroscler Rep, 18, 2016, 51.
    • (2016) Curr Atheroscler Rep , vol.18 , pp. 51
    • Bailey, G.1    Meadows, J.2    Morrison, A.R.3
  • 10
    • 84930803061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vascular smooth muscle cell calcification is mediated by regulated exosome secretion
    • 10 Kapustin, A.N., Chatrou, M.L., Drozdov, I., et al. Vascular smooth muscle cell calcification is mediated by regulated exosome secretion. Circ Res 116 (2015), 1312–1323.
    • (2015) Circ Res , vol.116 , pp. 1312-1323
    • Kapustin, A.N.1    Chatrou, M.L.2    Drozdov, I.3
  • 11
    • 84880314624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Macrophage-derived matrix vesicles: an alternative novel mechanism for microcalcification in atherosclerotic plaques
    • 11 New, S.E., Goettsch, C., Aikawa, M., et al. Macrophage-derived matrix vesicles: an alternative novel mechanism for microcalcification in atherosclerotic plaques. Circ Res 113 (2013), 72–77.
    • (2013) Circ Res , vol.113 , pp. 72-77
    • New, S.E.1    Goettsch, C.2    Aikawa, M.3
  • 12
    • 0022730151 scopus 로고
    • Calcification in atherosclerosis. I. Human studies
    • 12 Tanimura, A., McGregor, D.H., Anderson, H.C., Calcification in atherosclerosis. I. Human studies. J Exp Pathol 2 (1986), 261–273.
    • (1986) J Exp Pathol , vol.2 , pp. 261-273
    • Tanimura, A.1    McGregor, D.H.2    Anderson, H.C.3
  • 13
    • 37349065459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Osteogenesis associates with inflammation in early-stage atherosclerosis evaluated by molecular imaging in vivo
    • 13 Aikawa, E., Nahrendorf, M., Figueiredo, J.L., et al. Osteogenesis associates with inflammation in early-stage atherosclerosis evaluated by molecular imaging in vivo. Circulation 116 (2007), 2841–2850.
    • (2007) Circulation , vol.116 , pp. 2841-2850
    • Aikawa, E.1    Nahrendorf, M.2    Figueiredo, J.L.3
  • 14
    • 0028360832 scopus 로고
    • High expression of genes for calcification-regulating proteins in human atherosclerotic plaques
    • 14 Shanahan, C.M., Cary, N.R., Metcalfe, J.C., Weissberg, P.L., High expression of genes for calcification-regulating proteins in human atherosclerotic plaques. J Clin Invest 93 (1994), 2393–2402.
    • (1994) J Clin Invest , vol.93 , pp. 2393-2402
    • Shanahan, C.M.1    Cary, N.R.2    Metcalfe, J.C.3    Weissberg, P.L.4
  • 15
    • 17144408279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transdifferentiation of smooth muscle cells into chondrocytes in atherosclerotic arteries in situ: implications for diffuse intimal calcification
    • 15 Bobryshev, Y.V., Transdifferentiation of smooth muscle cells into chondrocytes in atherosclerotic arteries in situ: implications for diffuse intimal calcification. J Pathol 205 (2005), 641–650.
    • (2005) J Pathol , vol.205 , pp. 641-650
    • Bobryshev, Y.V.1
  • 16
    • 33646571943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uremia-specific effects in the arterial media during development of uremic atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice
    • 16 Bro, S., Borup, R., Andersen, C.B., Moeller, F., et al. Uremia-specific effects in the arterial media during development of uremic atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 26 (2006), 570–575.
    • (2006) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol , vol.26 , pp. 570-575
    • Bro, S.1    Borup, R.2    Andersen, C.B.3    Moeller, F.4
  • 17
    • 0029964683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relation of cholesterol-year score to severity of calcific atherosclerosis and tissue deposition in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia
    • 17 Schmidt, H.H., Hill, S., Makariou, E.V., et al. Relation of cholesterol-year score to severity of calcific atherosclerosis and tissue deposition in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol 77 (1996), 575–580.
    • (1996) Am J Cardiol , vol.77 , pp. 575-580
    • Schmidt, H.H.1    Hill, S.2    Makariou, E.V.3
  • 18
    • 0035098062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural history and topographic pattern of progression of coronary calcification in symptomatic patients: an electron-beam CT study
    • 18 Schmermund, A., Baumgart, D., Mohlenkamp, S., et al. Natural history and topographic pattern of progression of coronary calcification in symptomatic patients: an electron-beam CT study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21 (2001), 421–426.
    • (2001) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol , vol.21 , pp. 421-426
    • Schmermund, A.1    Baumgart, D.2    Mohlenkamp, S.3
  • 19
    • 0035030944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and correlates of coronary calcification in black and white young adults: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study
    • 19 Bild, D.E., Folsom, A.R., Lowe, L.P., et al. Prevalence and correlates of coronary calcification in black and white young adults: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21 (2001), 852–857.
    • (2001) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol , vol.21 , pp. 852-857
    • Bild, D.E.1    Folsom, A.R.2    Lowe, L.P.3
  • 20
    • 0035899912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progression of aortic valve calcification: association with coronary atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk factors
    • 20 Pohle, K., Maffert, R., Ropers, D., et al. Progression of aortic valve calcification: association with coronary atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk factors. Circulation 104 (2001), 1927–1932.
    • (2001) Circulation , vol.104 , pp. 1927-1932
    • Pohle, K.1    Maffert, R.2    Ropers, D.3
  • 21
    • 33751417865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High glucose increases the expression of Cbfa1 and BMP-2 and enhances the calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells
    • 21 Chen, N.X., Duan, D., O'Neill, K.D., Moe, S.M., High glucose increases the expression of Cbfa1 and BMP-2 and enhances the calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells. Nephrol Dial Transplant 21 (2006), 3435–3442.
    • (2006) Nephrol Dial Transplant , vol.21 , pp. 3435-3442
    • Chen, N.X.1    Duan, D.2    O'Neill, K.D.3    Moe, S.M.4
  • 22
    • 36348963624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aortic Msx2-Wnt calcification cascade is regulated by TNF-alpha-dependent signals in diabetic Ldlr-/- mice
    • 22 Al-Aly, Z., Shao, J.S., Lai, C.F., et al. Aortic Msx2-Wnt calcification cascade is regulated by TNF-alpha-dependent signals in diabetic Ldlr-/- mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 27 (2007), 2589–2596.
    • (2007) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol , vol.27 , pp. 2589-2596
    • Al-Aly, Z.1    Shao, J.S.2    Lai, C.F.3
  • 23
    • 0030947025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous calcification of arteries and cartilage in mice lacking matrix GLA protein
    • 23 Luo, G., Ducy, P., McKee, M.D., et al. Spontaneous calcification of arteries and cartilage in mice lacking matrix GLA protein. Nature 386 (1997), 78–81.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.386 , pp. 78-81
    • Luo, G.1    Ducy, P.2    McKee, M.D.3
  • 24
    • 34548145572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endochondral bone formation is involved in media calcification in rats and in men
    • 24 Neven, E., Dauwe, S., De Broe, M.E., et al. Endochondral bone formation is involved in media calcification in rats and in men. Kidney Int 72 (2007), 574–581.
    • (2007) Kidney Int , vol.72 , pp. 574-581
    • Neven, E.1    Dauwe, S.2    De Broe, M.E.3
  • 25
    • 77955981880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chondrocyte rather than osteoblast conversion of vascular cells underlies medial calcification in uremic rats
    • 25 Neven, E., Persy, V., Dauwe, S., et al. Chondrocyte rather than osteoblast conversion of vascular cells underlies medial calcification in uremic rats. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 30 (2010), 1741–1750.
    • (2010) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol , vol.30 , pp. 1741-1750
    • Neven, E.1    Persy, V.2    Dauwe, S.3
  • 26
    • 79251551113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vascular calcification in chronic renal failure: what have we learned from animal studies?
    • 26 Neven, E., D'Haese, P.C., Vascular calcification in chronic renal failure: what have we learned from animal studies?. Circ Res 108 (2011), 249–264.
    • (2011) Circ Res , vol.108 , pp. 249-264
    • Neven, E.1    D'Haese, P.C.2
  • 27
    • 0042204967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transcriptional mechanisms in osteoblast differentiation and bone formation
    • 27 Nakashima, K., de Crombrugghe, B., Transcriptional mechanisms in osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Trends Genet 19 (2003), 458–466.
    • (2003) Trends Genet , vol.19 , pp. 458-466
    • Nakashima, K.1    de Crombrugghe, B.2
  • 28
    • 40149089555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wnt and hedgehog signaling pathways in bone development
    • 28 Day, T.F., Yang, Y., Wnt and hedgehog signaling pathways in bone development. J Bone Joint Surg Am 90:Suppl 1 (2008), 19–24.
    • (2008) J Bone Joint Surg Am , vol.90 , pp. 19-24
    • Day, T.F.1    Yang, Y.2
  • 29
    • 0027285583 scopus 로고
    • Bone morphogenetic protein expression in human atherosclerotic lesions
    • 29 Bostrom, K., Watson, K.E., Horn, S., et al. Bone morphogenetic protein expression in human atherosclerotic lesions. J Clin Invest 91 (1993), 1800–1809.
    • (1993) J Clin Invest , vol.91 , pp. 1800-1809
    • Bostrom, K.1    Watson, K.E.2    Horn, S.3
  • 30
    • 0030062183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of thrombospondin-1 with osteogenic differentiation of retinal pericytes in vitro
    • 30 Canfield, A.E., Sutton, A.B., Hoyland, J.A., Schor, A.M., Association of thrombospondin-1 with osteogenic differentiation of retinal pericytes in vitro. J Cell Sci 109:Pt 2 (1996), 343–353.
    • (1996) J Cell Sci , vol.109 , pp. 343-353
    • Canfield, A.E.1    Sutton, A.B.2    Hoyland, J.A.3    Schor, A.M.4
  • 31
    • 0031893382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calcification of human vascular cells in vitro is correlated with high levels of matrix Gla protein and low levels of osteopontin expression
    • 31 Proudfoot, D., Skepper, J.N., Shanahan, C.M., Weissberg, P.L., Calcification of human vascular cells in vitro is correlated with high levels of matrix Gla protein and low levels of osteopontin expression. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 18 (1998), 379–388.
    • (1998) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol , vol.18 , pp. 379-388
    • Proudfoot, D.1    Skepper, J.N.2    Shanahan, C.M.3    Weissberg, P.L.4
  • 32
    • 44649133999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vascular calcification: pathobiology of a multifaceted disease
    • 32 Demer, L.L., Tintut, Y., Vascular calcification: pathobiology of a multifaceted disease. Circulation 117 (2008), 2938–2948.
    • (2008) Circulation , vol.117 , pp. 2938-2948
    • Demer, L.L.1    Tintut, Y.2
  • 33
    • 64249157371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smooth muscle cells give rise to osteochondrogenic precursors and chondrocytes in calcifying arteries
    • 33 Speer, M.Y., Yang, H.Y., Brabb, T., et al. Smooth muscle cells give rise to osteochondrogenic precursors and chondrocytes in calcifying arteries. Circ Res 104 (2009), 733–741.
    • (2009) Circ Res , vol.104 , pp. 733-741
    • Speer, M.Y.1    Yang, H.Y.2    Brabb, T.3
  • 34
    • 77954612381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Myeloid CD34+CD13+ precursor cells transdifferentiate into chondrocyte-like cells in atherosclerotic intimal calcification
    • 34 Doehring, L.C., Heeger, C., Aherrahrou, Z., et al. Myeloid CD34+CD13+ precursor cells transdifferentiate into chondrocyte-like cells in atherosclerotic intimal calcification. Am J Pathol 177 (2010), 473–480.
    • (2010) Am J Pathol , vol.177 , pp. 473-480
    • Doehring, L.C.1    Heeger, C.2    Aherrahrou, Z.3
  • 35
    • 0029299438 scopus 로고
    • The response-to-retention hypothesis of early atherogenesis
    • 35 Williams, K.J., Tabas, I., The response-to-retention hypothesis of early atherogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 15 (1995), 551–561.
    • (1995) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol , vol.15 , pp. 551-561
    • Williams, K.J.1    Tabas, I.2
  • 36
    • 37349021003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subendothelial lipoprotein retention as the initiating process in atherosclerosis: update and therapeutic implications
    • 36 Tabas, I., Williams, K.J., Boren, J., Subendothelial lipoprotein retention as the initiating process in atherosclerosis: update and therapeutic implications. Circulation 116 (2007), 1832–1844.
    • (2007) Circulation , vol.116 , pp. 1832-1844
    • Tabas, I.1    Williams, K.J.2    Boren, J.3
  • 37
    • 45849086074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early atherosclerosis in humans: role of diffuse intimal thickening and extracellular matrix proteoglycans
    • 37 Nakashima, Y., Wight, T.N., Sueishi, K., Early atherosclerosis in humans: role of diffuse intimal thickening and extracellular matrix proteoglycans. Cardiovasc Res 79 (2008), 14–23.
    • (2008) Cardiovasc Res , vol.79 , pp. 14-23
    • Nakashima, Y.1    Wight, T.N.2    Sueishi, K.3
  • 38
    • 84928254049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent insights into the cellular biology of atherosclerosis
    • 38 Tabas, I., Garcia-Cardena, G., Owens, G.K., Recent insights into the cellular biology of atherosclerosis. J Cell Biol 209 (2015), 13–22.
    • (2015) J Cell Biol , vol.209 , pp. 13-22
    • Tabas, I.1    Garcia-Cardena, G.2    Owens, G.K.3
  • 39
    • 0035838375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 receptor expression in experimental atherosclerotic lesions: an autoradiographic study
    • 39 Ohtsuki, K., Hayase, M., Akashi, K., Kopiwoda, S., Strauss, H.W., Detection of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 receptor expression in experimental atherosclerotic lesions: an autoradiographic study. Circulation 104 (2001), 203–208.
    • (2001) Circulation , vol.104 , pp. 203-208
    • Ohtsuki, K.1    Hayase, M.2    Akashi, K.3    Kopiwoda, S.4    Strauss, H.W.5
  • 40
    • 0033935921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apoptosis in the vasculature: mechanisms and functional importance
    • 40 Mallat, Z., Tedgui, A., Apoptosis in the vasculature: mechanisms and functional importance. Br J Pharmacol 130 (2000), 947–962.
    • (2000) Br J Pharmacol , vol.130 , pp. 947-962
    • Mallat, Z.1    Tedgui, A.2
  • 41
    • 84902192302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inflammation and its resolution as determinants of acute coronary syndromes
    • 41 Libby, P., Tabas, I., Fredman, G., Fisher, E.A., Inflammation and its resolution as determinants of acute coronary syndromes. Circ Res 114 (2014), 1867–1879.
    • (2014) Circ Res , vol.114 , pp. 1867-1879
    • Libby, P.1    Tabas, I.2    Fredman, G.3    Fisher, E.A.4
  • 43
    • 85006622606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeting macrophage necroptosis for therapeutic and diagnostic interventions in atherosclerosis
    • 43 Karunakaran, D., Geoffrion, M., Wei, L., et al. Targeting macrophage necroptosis for therapeutic and diagnostic interventions in atherosclerosis. Sci Adv, 2, 2016, e1600224.
    • (2016) Sci Adv , vol.2 , pp. e1600224
    • Karunakaran, D.1    Geoffrion, M.2    Wei, L.3
  • 44
    • 0033815506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Localization of apoptotic macrophages at the site of plaque rupture in sudden coronary death
    • 44 Kolodgie, F.D., Narula, J., Burke, A.P., et al. Localization of apoptotic macrophages at the site of plaque rupture in sudden coronary death. Am J Pathol 157 (2000), 1259–1268.
    • (2000) Am J Pathol , vol.157 , pp. 1259-1268
    • Kolodgie, F.D.1    Narula, J.2    Burke, A.P.3
  • 46
    • 0030961921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coronary risk factors and plaque morphology in men with coronary disease who died suddenly
    • 46 Burke, A.P., Farb, A., Malcom, G.T., et al. Coronary risk factors and plaque morphology in men with coronary disease who died suddenly. N Engl J Med 336 (1997), 1276–1282.
    • (1997) N Engl J Med , vol.336 , pp. 1276-1282
    • Burke, A.P.1    Farb, A.2    Malcom, G.T.3
  • 47
    • 0344235454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intraplaque hemorrhage and progression of coronary atheroma
    • 47 Kolodgie, F.D., Gold, H.K., Burke, A.P., et al. Intraplaque hemorrhage and progression of coronary atheroma. N Engl J Med 349 (2003), 2316–2325.
    • (2003) N Engl J Med , vol.349 , pp. 2316-2325
    • Kolodgie, F.D.1    Gold, H.K.2    Burke, A.P.3
  • 48
    • 4944229954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plaque neovascularization is increased in ruptured atherosclerotic lesions of human aorta: implications for plaque vulnerability
    • 48 Moreno, P.R., Purushothaman, K.R., Fuster, V., et al. Plaque neovascularization is increased in ruptured atherosclerotic lesions of human aorta: implications for plaque vulnerability. Circulation 110 (2004), 2032–2038.
    • (2004) Circulation , vol.110 , pp. 2032-2038
    • Moreno, P.R.1    Purushothaman, K.R.2    Fuster, V.3
  • 49
    • 26244463577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atherosclerotic plaque progression and vulnerability to rupture: angiogenesis as a source of intraplaque hemorrhage
    • 49 Virmani, R., Kolodgie, F.D., Burke, A.P., et al. Atherosclerotic plaque progression and vulnerability to rupture: angiogenesis as a source of intraplaque hemorrhage. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25 (2005), 2054–2061.
    • (2005) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol , vol.25 , pp. 2054-2061
    • Virmani, R.1    Kolodgie, F.D.2    Burke, A.P.3
  • 51
    • 80052009179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intraplaque haemorrhages as the trigger of plaque vulnerability
    • 1985a, 1985b, 1985c
    • 51 Michel, J.B., Virmani, R., Arbustini, E., Pasterkamp, G., Intraplaque haemorrhages as the trigger of plaque vulnerability. Eur Heart J 32 (2011), 1977–1985 1985a, 1985b, 1985c.
    • (2011) Eur Heart J , vol.32 , pp. 1977-1985
    • Michel, J.B.1    Virmani, R.2    Arbustini, E.3    Pasterkamp, G.4
  • 52
    • 37349053801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inflammation ushers in calcification: a cycle of damage and protection?
    • 52 Shanahan, C.M., Inflammation ushers in calcification: a cycle of damage and protection?. Circulation 116 (2007), 2782–2785.
    • (2007) Circulation , vol.116 , pp. 2782-2785
    • Shanahan, C.M.1
  • 53
    • 2542471518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phosphate-induced vascular calcification: role of pyrophosphate and osteopontin
    • 53 Lomashvili, K.A., Cobbs, S., Hennigar, R.A., et al. Phosphate-induced vascular calcification: role of pyrophosphate and osteopontin. J Am Soc Nephrol 15 (2004), 1392–1401.
    • (2004) J Am Soc Nephrol , vol.15 , pp. 1392-1401
    • Lomashvili, K.A.1    Cobbs, S.2    Hennigar, R.A.3
  • 54
    • 84897395443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Has our understanding of calcification in human coronary atherosclerosis progressed?
    • 54 Otsuka, F., Sakakura, K., Yahagi, K., et al. Has our understanding of calcification in human coronary atherosclerosis progressed?. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 34 (2014), 724–736.
    • (2014) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol , vol.34 , pp. 724-736
    • Otsuka, F.1    Sakakura, K.2    Yahagi, K.3
  • 56
    • 84961285431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genesis and growth of extracellular-vesicle-derived microcalcification in atherosclerotic plaques
    • 56 Hutcheson, J.D., Goettsch, C., Bertazzo, S., et al. Genesis and growth of extracellular-vesicle-derived microcalcification in atherosclerotic plaques. Nat Mater 15 (2016), 335–343.
    • (2016) Nat Mater , vol.15 , pp. 335-343
    • Hutcheson, J.D.1    Goettsch, C.2    Bertazzo, S.3
  • 57
    • 0023783920 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of pathologic calcification
    • 57 Anderson, H.C., Mechanisms of pathologic calcification. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 14 (1988), 303–319.
    • (1988) Rheum Dis Clin North Am , vol.14 , pp. 303-319
    • Anderson, H.C.1
  • 58
    • 55149089038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Matrix vesicles in the fibrous cap of atherosclerotic plaque: possible contribution to plaque rupture
    • 58 Bobryshev, Y.V., Killingsworth, M.C., Lord, R.S., Grabs, A.J., Matrix vesicles in the fibrous cap of atherosclerotic plaque: possible contribution to plaque rupture. J Cell Mol Med 12 (2008), 2073–2082.
    • (2008) J Cell Mol Med , vol.12 , pp. 2073-2082
    • Bobryshev, Y.V.1    Killingsworth, M.C.2    Lord, R.S.3    Grabs, A.J.4
  • 59
    • 0017282062 scopus 로고
    • Calcification of matrix vesicles in human aortic valve and aortic media
    • 59 Kim, K.M., Calcification of matrix vesicles in human aortic valve and aortic media. Fed Proc 35 (1976), 156–162.
    • (1976) Fed Proc , vol.35 , pp. 156-162
    • Kim, K.M.1
  • 60
    • 79959954425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calcium regulates key components of vascular smooth muscle cell-derived matrix vesicles to enhance mineralization
    • 60 Kapustin, A.N., Davies, J.D., Reynolds, J.L., et al. Calcium regulates key components of vascular smooth muscle cell-derived matrix vesicles to enhance mineralization. Circ Res 109 (2011), e1–e12.
    • (2011) Circ Res , vol.109 , pp. e1-e12
    • Kapustin, A.N.1    Davies, J.D.2    Reynolds, J.L.3
  • 61
    • 0029061758 scopus 로고
    • Molecular biology of matrix vesicles
    • 61 Anderson, H.C., Molecular biology of matrix vesicles. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1995, 266–280.
    • (1995) Clin Orthop Relat Res , pp. 266-280
    • Anderson, H.C.1
  • 62
    • 54249105344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Annexin-mediated matrix vesicle calcification in vascular smooth muscle cells
    • 62 Chen, N.X., O'Neill, K.D., Chen, X., Moe, S.M., Annexin-mediated matrix vesicle calcification in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Bone Miner Res 23 (2008), 1798–1805.
    • (2008) J Bone Miner Res , vol.23 , pp. 1798-1805
    • Chen, N.X.1    O'Neill, K.D.2    Chen, X.3    Moe, S.M.4
  • 63
    • 0020645277 scopus 로고
    • 32Pi- and 45Ca-metabolism by matrix vesicle-enriched microsomes prepared from chicken epiphyseal cartilage by isosmotic Percoll density-gradient fractionation
    • 63 Warner, G.P., Hubbard, H.L., Lloyd, G.C., Wuthier, R.E., 32Pi- and 45Ca-metabolism by matrix vesicle-enriched microsomes prepared from chicken epiphyseal cartilage by isosmotic Percoll density-gradient fractionation. Calcif Tissue Int 35 (1983), 327–338.
    • (1983) Calcif Tissue Int , vol.35 , pp. 327-338
    • Warner, G.P.1    Hubbard, H.L.2    Lloyd, G.C.3    Wuthier, R.E.4
  • 64
    • 0024389236 scopus 로고
    • Mineral phases of calcium phosphate
    • 64 Nancollas, G.H., LoRe, M., Perez, L., et al. Mineral phases of calcium phosphate. Anat Rec 224 (1989), 234–241.
    • (1989) Anat Rec , vol.224 , pp. 234-241
    • Nancollas, G.H.1    LoRe, M.2    Perez, L.3
  • 65
    • 84959421741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differentiation of vascular stem cells contributes to ectopic calcification of atherosclerotic plaque
    • 65 Leszczynska, A., O'Doherty, A., Farrell, E., et al. Differentiation of vascular stem cells contributes to ectopic calcification of atherosclerotic plaque. Stem Cells 34 (2016), 913–923.
    • (2016) Stem Cells , vol.34 , pp. 913-923
    • Leszczynska, A.1    O'Doherty, A.2    Farrell, E.3
  • 66
    • 79956013987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cell biological and physicochemical aspects of arterial calcification
    • 66 Neven, E., De Schutter, T.M., De Broe, M.E., D'Haese, P.C., Cell biological and physicochemical aspects of arterial calcification. Kidney Int 79 (2011), 1166–1177.
    • (2011) Kidney Int , vol.79 , pp. 1166-1177
    • Neven, E.1    De Schutter, T.M.2    De Broe, M.E.3    D'Haese, P.C.4
  • 67
    • 33645269267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multifunctional roles for serum protein fetuin-a in inhibition of human vascular smooth muscle cell calcification
    • 67 Reynolds, J.L., Skepper, J.N., McNair, R., et al. Multifunctional roles for serum protein fetuin-a in inhibition of human vascular smooth muscle cell calcification. J Am Soc Nephrol 16 (2005), 2920–2930.
    • (2005) J Am Soc Nephrol , vol.16 , pp. 2920-2930
    • Reynolds, J.L.1    Skepper, J.N.2    McNair, R.3
  • 68
    • 0037058829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acetylated low-density lipoprotein stimulates human vascular smooth muscle cell calcification by promoting osteoblastic differentiation and inhibiting phagocytosis
    • 68 Proudfoot, D., Davies, J.D., Skepper, J.N., et al. Acetylated low-density lipoprotein stimulates human vascular smooth muscle cell calcification by promoting osteoblastic differentiation and inhibiting phagocytosis. Circulation 106 (2002), 3044–3050.
    • (2002) Circulation , vol.106 , pp. 3044-3050
    • Proudfoot, D.1    Davies, J.D.2    Skepper, J.N.3
  • 69
    • 7644231561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The chemokine system in diverse forms of macrophage activation and polarization
    • 69 Mantovani, A., Sica, A., Sozzani, S., et al. The chemokine system in diverse forms of macrophage activation and polarization. Trends Immunol 25 (2004), 677–686.
    • (2004) Trends Immunol , vol.25 , pp. 677-686
    • Mantovani, A.1    Sica, A.2    Sozzani, S.3
  • 71
    • 84959066769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Macrophage phenotype and function in different stages of atherosclerosis
    • 71 Tabas, I., Bornfeldt, K.E., Macrophage phenotype and function in different stages of atherosclerosis. Circ Res 118 (2016), 653–667.
    • (2016) Circ Res , vol.118 , pp. 653-667
    • Tabas, I.1    Bornfeldt, K.E.2
  • 72
    • 1542347890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease
    • 72 Goodman, W.G., London, G., Amann, K., et al. Vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 43 (2004), 572–579.
    • (2004) Am J Kidney Dis , vol.43 , pp. 572-579
    • Goodman, W.G.1    London, G.2    Amann, K.3
  • 73
    • 45849129853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of the blood coagulation vitamin K as an inhibitor of arterial calcification
    • 73 Wallin, R., Schurgers, L., Wajih, N., Effects of the blood coagulation vitamin K as an inhibitor of arterial calcification. Thromb Res 122 (2008), 411–417.
    • (2008) Thromb Res , vol.122 , pp. 411-417
    • Wallin, R.1    Schurgers, L.2    Wajih, N.3
  • 74
    • 0035957988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Matrix GLA protein modulates differentiation induced by bone morphogenetic protein-2 in C3H10T1/2 cells
    • 74 Bostrom, K., Tsao, D., Shen, S., et al. Matrix GLA protein modulates differentiation induced by bone morphogenetic protein-2 in C3H10T1/2 cells. J Biol Chem 276 (2001), 14044–14052.
    • (2001) J Biol Chem , vol.276 , pp. 14044-14052
    • Bostrom, K.1    Tsao, D.2    Shen, S.3
  • 75
    • 0037040197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Matrix GLA protein, a regulatory protein for bone morphogenetic protein-2
    • 75 Zebboudj, A.F., Imura, M., Bostrom, K., Matrix GLA protein, a regulatory protein for bone morphogenetic protein-2. J Biol Chem 277 (2002), 4388–4394.
    • (2002) J Biol Chem , vol.277 , pp. 4388-4394
    • Zebboudj, A.F.1    Imura, M.2    Bostrom, K.3
  • 76
    • 84865598969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin K-antagonists accelerate atherosclerotic calcification and induce a vulnerable plaque phenotype
    • 76 Schurgers, L.J., Joosen, I.A., Laufer, E.M., et al. Vitamin K-antagonists accelerate atherosclerotic calcification and induce a vulnerable plaque phenotype. PloS One, 7, 2012, e43229.
    • (2012) PloS One , vol.7 , pp. e43229
    • Schurgers, L.J.1    Joosen, I.A.2    Laufer, E.M.3
  • 78
    • 0014029045 scopus 로고
    • Effect of pyrophosphate on hydroxyapatite and its implications in calcium homeostasis
    • 78 Fleisch, H., Russell, R.G., Straumann, F., Effect of pyrophosphate on hydroxyapatite and its implications in calcium homeostasis. Nature 212 (1966), 901–903.
    • (1966) Nature , vol.212 , pp. 901-903
    • Fleisch, H.1    Russell, R.G.2    Straumann, F.3
  • 79
    • 0014345836 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition by pyrophosphate and polyphosphate of aortic calcification induced by vitamin D3 in rats
    • 79 Schibler, D., Russell, R.G., Fleisch, H., Inhibition by pyrophosphate and polyphosphate of aortic calcification induced by vitamin D3 in rats. Clin Sci 35 (1968), 363–372.
    • (1968) Clin Sci , vol.35 , pp. 363-372
    • Schibler, D.1    Russell, R.G.2    Fleisch, H.3
  • 80
    • 79951648768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment with pyrophosphate inhibits uremic vascular calcification
    • 80 O'Neill, W.C., Lomashvili, K.A., Malluche, H.H., et al. Treatment with pyrophosphate inhibits uremic vascular calcification. Kidney Int 79 (2011), 512–517.
    • (2011) Kidney Int , vol.79 , pp. 512-517
    • O'Neill, W.C.1    Lomashvili, K.A.2    Malluche, H.H.3
  • 81
    • 79958779779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fetuin-A regulation of calcified matrix metabolism
    • 81 Jahnen-Dechent, W., Heiss, A., Schäfer, C., Ketteler, M., Fetuin-A regulation of calcified matrix metabolism. Circ Res 108 (2011), 1494–1509.
    • (2011) Circ Res , vol.108 , pp. 1494-1509
    • Jahnen-Dechent, W.1    Heiss, A.2    Schäfer, C.3    Ketteler, M.4
  • 82
    • 0034733562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phosphorylation of osteopontin is required for inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell calcification
    • 82 Jono, S., Peinado, C., Giachelli, C.M., Phosphorylation of osteopontin is required for inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell calcification. J Biol Chem 275 (2000), 20197–20203.
    • (2000) J Biol Chem , vol.275 , pp. 20197-20203
    • Jono, S.1    Peinado, C.2    Giachelli, C.M.3
  • 83
    • 0037152187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inactivation of the osteopontin gene enhances vascular calcification of matrix Gla protein-deficient mice: evidence for osteopontin as an inducible inhibitor of vascular calcification in vivo
    • 83 Speer, M.Y., McKee, M.D., Guldberg, R.E., et al. Inactivation of the osteopontin gene enhances vascular calcification of matrix Gla protein-deficient mice: evidence for osteopontin as an inducible inhibitor of vascular calcification in vivo. J Exp Med 196 (2002), 1047–1055.
    • (2002) J Exp Med , vol.196 , pp. 1047-1055
    • Speer, M.Y.1    McKee, M.D.2    Guldberg, R.E.3
  • 84
    • 78651408919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Klotho deficiency causes vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease
    • 84 Hu, M.C., Shi, M., Zhang, J., et al. Klotho deficiency causes vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 22 (2011), 124–136.
    • (2011) J Am Soc Nephrol , vol.22 , pp. 124-136
    • Hu, M.C.1    Shi, M.2    Zhang, J.3
  • 85
    • 84890807103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Klotho, phosphate and FGF-23 in ageing and disturbed mineral metabolism
    • 85 Kuro-o, M., Klotho, phosphate and FGF-23 in ageing and disturbed mineral metabolism. Nat Rev Nephrol 9 (2013), 650–660.
    • (2013) Nat Rev Nephrol , vol.9 , pp. 650-660
    • Kuro-o, M.1
  • 86
    • 84908402891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vascular calcification: from pathophysiology to biomarkers
    • 86 Evrard, S., Delanaye, P., Kamel, S., et al. Vascular calcification: from pathophysiology to biomarkers. Clin Chim Acta 438 (2015), 401–414.
    • (2015) Clin Chim Acta , vol.438 , pp. 401-414
    • Evrard, S.1    Delanaye, P.2    Kamel, S.3
  • 87
    • 33646441388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhanced T-cell expression of RANK ligand in acute coronary syndrome: possible role in plaque destabilization
    • 87 Sandberg, W.J., Yndestad, A., Oie, E., et al. Enhanced T-cell expression of RANK ligand in acute coronary syndrome: possible role in plaque destabilization. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 26 (2006), 857–863.
    • (2006) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol , vol.26 , pp. 857-863
    • Sandberg, W.J.1    Yndestad, A.2    Oie, E.3
  • 88
    • 38349133382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Osteoprotegerin inhibits vascular calcification without affecting atherosclerosis in LDLR(-/-) mice
    • 88 Morony, S., Tintut, Y., Zhang, Z., et al. Osteoprotegerin inhibits vascular calcification without affecting atherosclerosis in LDLR(-/-) mice. Circulation 117 (2008), 411–420.
    • (2008) Circulation , vol.117 , pp. 411-420
    • Morony, S.1    Tintut, Y.2    Zhang, Z.3
  • 89
    • 0035723970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Osteoprotegerin inhibits artery calcification induced by warfarin and by vitamin D
    • 89 Price, P.A., June, H.H., Buckley, J.R., Williamson, M.K., Osteoprotegerin inhibits artery calcification induced by warfarin and by vitamin D. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21 (2001), 1610–1616.
    • (2001) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol , vol.21 , pp. 1610-1616
    • Price, P.A.1    June, H.H.2    Buckley, J.R.3    Williamson, M.K.4
  • 90
    • 0035571591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential expression of bone matrix regulatory proteins in human atherosclerotic plaques
    • 90 Dhore, C.R., Cleutjens, J.P., Lutgens, E., et al. Differential expression of bone matrix regulatory proteins in human atherosclerotic plaques. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21 (2001), 1998–2003.
    • (2001) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol , vol.21 , pp. 1998-2003
    • Dhore, C.R.1    Cleutjens, J.P.2    Lutgens, E.3
  • 91
    • 4243299480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coronary calcification: insights from sudden coronary death victims
    • 91 Burke, A.P., Taylor, A., Farb, A., et al. Coronary calcification: insights from sudden coronary death victims. Z Kardiol 89:Suppl 2 (2000), 49–53.
    • (2000) Z Kardiol , vol.89 , pp. 49-53
    • Burke, A.P.1    Taylor, A.2    Farb, A.3
  • 92
    • 79959377360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microcalcifications in early intimal lesions of atherosclerotic human coronary arteries
    • 92 Roijers, R.B., Debernardi, N., Cleutjens, J.P., et al. Microcalcifications in early intimal lesions of atherosclerotic human coronary arteries. Am J Pathol 178 (2011), 2879–2887.
    • (2011) Am J Pathol , vol.178 , pp. 2879-2887
    • Roijers, R.B.1    Debernardi, N.2    Cleutjens, J.P.3
  • 93
    • 0032537609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apoptosis and related proteins in different stages of human atherosclerotic plaques
    • 93 Kockx, M.M., De Meyer, G.R., Muhring, J., et al. Apoptosis and related proteins in different stages of human atherosclerotic plaques. Circulation 97 (1998), 2307–2315.
    • (1998) Circulation , vol.97 , pp. 2307-2315
    • Kockx, M.M.1    De Meyer, G.R.2    Muhring, J.3
  • 94
    • 84879509846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Revised microcalcification hypothesis for fibrous cap rupture in human coronary arteries
    • 94 Kelly-Arnold, A., Maldonado, N., Laudier, D., et al. Revised microcalcification hypothesis for fibrous cap rupture in human coronary arteries. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110 (2013), 10741–10746.
    • (2013) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.110 , pp. 10741-10746
    • Kelly-Arnold, A.1    Maldonado, N.2    Laudier, D.3
  • 95
    • 33749514279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A hypothesis for vulnerable plaque rupture due to stress-induced debonding around cellular microcalcifications in thin fibrous caps
    • 95 Vengrenyuk, Y., Carlier, S., Xanthos, S., et al. A hypothesis for vulnerable plaque rupture due to stress-induced debonding around cellular microcalcifications in thin fibrous caps. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103 (2006), 14678–14683.
    • (2006) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.103 , pp. 14678-14683
    • Vengrenyuk, Y.1    Carlier, S.2    Xanthos, S.3
  • 96
    • 85027924319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Small calcified coronary atherosclerotic plaque simulation model: minimal size and attenuation detectable by 64-MDCT and MicroCT
    • 96 Kristanto, W., van Ooijen, P.M., Groen, J.M., et al. Small calcified coronary atherosclerotic plaque simulation model: minimal size and attenuation detectable by 64-MDCT and MicroCT. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 28 (2012), 843–853.
    • (2012) Int J Cardiovasc Imaging , vol.28 , pp. 843-853
    • Kristanto, W.1    van Ooijen, P.M.2    Groen, J.M.3
  • 97
    • 0141885294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient: a call for new definitions and risk assessment strategies: Part I
    • 97 Naghavi, M., Libby, P., Falk, E., et al. From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient: a call for new definitions and risk assessment strategies: Part I. Circulation 108 (2003), 1664–1672.
    • (2003) Circulation , vol.108 , pp. 1664-1672
    • Naghavi, M.1    Libby, P.2    Falk, E.3
  • 98
    • 0031931187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arterial calcification and not lumen stenosis is highly correlated with atherosclerotic plaque burden in humans: a histologic study of 723 coronary artery segments using nondecalcifying methodology
    • 98 Sangiorgi, G., Rumberger, J.A., Severson, A., et al. Arterial calcification and not lumen stenosis is highly correlated with atherosclerotic plaque burden in humans: a histologic study of 723 coronary artery segments using nondecalcifying methodology. J Am Coll Cardiol 31 (1998), 126–133.
    • (1998) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.31 , pp. 126-133
    • Sangiorgi, G.1    Rumberger, J.A.2    Severson, A.3
  • 99
    • 84863338528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal distribution of plaque burden and necrotic core-rich plaques in nonculprit lesions of patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes
    • 99 Wykrzykowska, J.J., Mintz, G.S., Garcia-Garcia, H.M., et al. Longitudinal distribution of plaque burden and necrotic core-rich plaques in nonculprit lesions of patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol Img 5 (2012), S10–S18.
    • (2012) J Am Coll Cardiol Img , vol.5 , pp. S10-S18
    • Wykrzykowska, J.J.1    Mintz, G.S.2    Garcia-Garcia, H.M.3
  • 100
    • 0037154284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphological predictors of arterial remodeling in coronary atherosclerosis
    • 100 Burke, A.P., Kolodgie, F.D., Farb, A., et al. Morphological predictors of arterial remodeling in coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation 105 (2002), 297–303.
    • (2002) Circulation , vol.105 , pp. 297-303
    • Burke, A.P.1    Kolodgie, F.D.2    Farb, A.3
  • 101
    • 34447307128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multislice computed tomographic characteristics of coronary lesions in acute coronary syndromes
    • 101 Motoyama, S., Kondo, T., Sarai, M., et al. Multislice computed tomographic characteristics of coronary lesions in acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol 50 (2007), 319–326.
    • (2007) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.50 , pp. 319-326
    • Motoyama, S.1    Kondo, T.2    Sarai, M.3
  • 102
    • 0032510639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories
    • 102 Wilson, P.W., D'Agostino, R.B., Levy, D., et al. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation 97 (1998), 1837–1847.
    • (1998) Circulation , vol.97 , pp. 1837-1847
    • Wilson, P.W.1    D'Agostino, R.B.2    Levy, D.3
  • 103
    • 41449112372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coronary calcium as a predictor of coronary events in four racial or ethnic groups
    • 103 Detrano, R., Guerci, A.D., Carr, J.J., et al. Coronary calcium as a predictor of coronary events in four racial or ethnic groups. N Engl J Med 358 (2008), 1336–1345.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.358 , pp. 1336-1345
    • Detrano, R.1    Guerci, A.D.2    Carr, J.J.3
  • 104
    • 77957898408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coronary calcium score improves classification of coronary heart disease risk in the elderly: the Rotterdam study
    • 104 Elias-Smale, S.E., Proenca, R.V., Koller, M.T., et al. Coronary calcium score improves classification of coronary heart disease risk in the elderly: the Rotterdam study. J Am Coll Cardiol 56 (2010), 1407–1414.
    • (2010) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.56 , pp. 1407-1414
    • Elias-Smale, S.E.1    Proenca, R.V.2    Koller, M.T.3
  • 105
    • 77951639385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coronary artery calcium score and risk classification for coronary heart disease prediction
    • 105 Polonsky, T.S., McClelland, R.L., Jorgensen, N.W., et al. Coronary artery calcium score and risk classification for coronary heart disease prediction. JAMA 303 (2010), 1610–1616.
    • (2010) JAMA , vol.303 , pp. 1610-1616
    • Polonsky, T.S.1    McClelland, R.L.2    Jorgensen, N.W.3
  • 106
    • 84903183871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abdominal aortic calcium, coronary artery calcium, and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
    • 106 Criqui, M.H., Denenberg, J.O., McClelland, R.L., et al. Abdominal aortic calcium, coronary artery calcium, and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 34 (2014), 1574–1579.
    • (2014) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol , vol.34 , pp. 1574-1579
    • Criqui, M.H.1    Denenberg, J.O.2    McClelland, R.L.3
  • 107
    • 84924293454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prediction of mortality using a multi-bed vascular calcification score in the Diabetes Heart Study
    • 107 Cox, A.J., Hsu, F.C., Agarwal, S., et al. Prediction of mortality using a multi-bed vascular calcification score in the Diabetes Heart Study. Cardiovasc Diabetol, 13, 2014, 160.
    • (2014) Cardiovasc Diabetol , vol.13 , pp. 160
    • Cox, A.J.1    Hsu, F.C.2    Agarwal, S.3
  • 108
    • 83655163717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calcified atherosclerosis in different vascular beds and the risk of mortality
    • 108 Allison, M.A., Hsi, S., Wassel, C.L., et al. Calcified atherosclerosis in different vascular beds and the risk of mortality. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 32 (2012), 140–146.
    • (2012) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol , vol.32 , pp. 140-146
    • Allison, M.A.1    Hsi, S.2    Wassel, C.L.3
  • 109
    • 78650708490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2010 ACCF/AHA guideline for assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines
    • 109 Greenland, P., Alpert, J.S., Beller, G.A., et al. 2010 ACCF/AHA guideline for assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 122 (2010), 2748–2764.
    • (2010) Circulation , vol.122 , pp. 2748-2764
    • Greenland, P.1    Alpert, J.S.2    Beller, G.A.3
  • 110
    • 33845999275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coronary artery calcification and changes in atheroma burden in response to established medical therapies
    • 110 Nicholls, S.J., Tuzcu, E.M., Wolski, K., et al. Coronary artery calcification and changes in atheroma burden in response to established medical therapies. J Am Coll Cardiol 49 (2007), 263–270.
    • (2007) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.49 , pp. 263-270
    • Nicholls, S.J.1    Tuzcu, E.M.2    Wolski, K.3
  • 111
    • 84860283086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spotty calcification as a marker of accelerated progression of coronary atherosclerosis: insights from serial intravascular ultrasound
    • 111 Kataoka, Y., Wolski, K., Uno, K., et al. Spotty calcification as a marker of accelerated progression of coronary atherosclerosis: insights from serial intravascular ultrasound. J Am Coll Cardiol 59 (2012), 1592–1597.
    • (2012) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.59 , pp. 1592-1597
    • Kataoka, Y.1    Wolski, K.2    Uno, K.3
  • 112
    • 84879414926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do vulnerable and ruptured plaques hide in heavily calcified arteries?
    • 112 Otsuka, F., Finn, A.V., Virmani, R., Do vulnerable and ruptured plaques hide in heavily calcified arteries?. Atherosclerosis 229 (2013), 34–37.
    • (2013) Atherosclerosis , vol.229 , pp. 34-37
    • Otsuka, F.1    Finn, A.V.2    Virmani, R.3
  • 113
    • 84879416972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coronary calcification identifies the vulnerable patient rather than the vulnerable plaque
    • 113 Mauriello, A., Servadei, F., Zoccai, G.B., et al. Coronary calcification identifies the vulnerable patient rather than the vulnerable plaque. Atherosclerosis 229 (2013), 124–129.
    • (2013) Atherosclerosis , vol.229 , pp. 124-129
    • Mauriello, A.1    Servadei, F.2    Zoccai, G.B.3
  • 114
    • 84892638663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calcium density of coronary artery plaque and risk of incident cardiovascular events
    • 114 Criqui, M.H., Denenberg, J.O., Ix, J.H., et al. Calcium density of coronary artery plaque and risk of incident cardiovascular events. JAMA 311 (2014), 271–278.
    • (2014) JAMA , vol.311 , pp. 271-278
    • Criqui, M.H.1    Denenberg, J.O.2    Ix, J.H.3
  • 115
    • 73649091805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Segmental heterogeneity of vasa vasorum neovascularization in human coronary atherosclerosis
    • 115 Gössl, M., Versari, D., Hildebrandt, H.A., et al. Segmental heterogeneity of vasa vasorum neovascularization in human coronary atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol Img 3 (2010), 32–40.
    • (2010) J Am Coll Cardiol Img , vol.3 , pp. 32-40
    • Gössl, M.1    Versari, D.2    Hildebrandt, H.A.3
  • 116
    • 0032585608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on coronary artery disease as assessed by electron-beam computed tomography
    • 116 Callister, T.Q., Raggi, P., Cooil, B., et al. Effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on coronary artery disease as assessed by electron-beam computed tomography. N Engl J Med 339 (1998), 1972–1978.
    • (1998) N Engl J Med , vol.339 , pp. 1972-1978
    • Callister, T.Q.1    Raggi, P.2    Cooil, B.3
  • 117
    • 0037183638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of lipid-lowering therapy on the progression of coronary artery calcification: a prospective evaluation
    • 117 Achenbach, S., Ropers, D., Pohle, K., et al. Influence of lipid-lowering therapy on the progression of coronary artery calcification: a prospective evaluation. Circulation 106 (2002), 1077–1082.
    • (2002) Circulation , vol.106 , pp. 1077-1082
    • Achenbach, S.1    Ropers, D.2    Pohle, K.3
  • 118
    • 20444407053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of asymptomatic adults with elevated coronary calcium scores with atorvastatin, vitamin C, and vitamin E: the St. Francis Heart Study randomized clinical trial
    • 118 Arad, Y., Spadaro, L.A., Roth, M., et al. Treatment of asymptomatic adults with elevated coronary calcium scores with atorvastatin, vitamin C, and vitamin E: the St. Francis Heart Study randomized clinical trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 46 (2005), 166–172.
    • (2005) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.46 , pp. 166-172
    • Arad, Y.1    Spadaro, L.A.2    Roth, M.3
  • 119
    • 84930339080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of statins on serial coronary calcification during atheroma progression and regression
    • 119 Puri, R., Nicholls, S.J., Shao, M., et al. Impact of statins on serial coronary calcification during atheroma progression and regression. J Am Coll Cardiol 65 (2015), 1273–1282.
    • (2015) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.65 , pp. 1273-1282
    • Puri, R.1    Nicholls, S.J.2    Shao, M.3
  • 120
    • 84929940888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The never-ending story on coronary calcium: is it predictive, punitive, or protective?
    • 120 Shaw, L.J., Narula, J., Chandrashekhar, Y., The never-ending story on coronary calcium: is it predictive, punitive, or protective?. J Am Coll Cardiol 65 (2015), 1283–1285.
    • (2015) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.65 , pp. 1283-1285
    • Shaw, L.J.1    Narula, J.2    Chandrashekhar, Y.3
  • 121
    • 0034791530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The thin-cap fibroatheroma: a type of vulnerable plaque: the major precursor lesion to acute coronary syndromes
    • 121 Kolodgie, F.D., Burke, A.P., Farb, A., et al. The thin-cap fibroatheroma: a type of vulnerable plaque: the major precursor lesion to acute coronary syndromes. Curr Opin Cardiol 16 (2001), 285–292.
    • (2001) Curr Opin Cardiol , vol.16 , pp. 285-292
    • Kolodgie, F.D.1    Burke, A.P.2    Farb, A.3
  • 122
    • 84865749355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A mechanistic analysis of the role of microcalcifications in atherosclerotic plaque stability: potential implications for plaque rupture
    • 122 Maldonado, N., Kelly-Arnold, A., Vengrenyuk, Y., et al. A mechanistic analysis of the role of microcalcifications in atherosclerotic plaque stability: potential implications for plaque rupture. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 303 (2012), H619–H628.
    • (2012) Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol , vol.303 , pp. H619-H628
    • Maldonado, N.1    Kelly-Arnold, A.2    Vengrenyuk, Y.3
  • 123
    • 84894645158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of tissue properties, shape and orientation of microcalcifications on vulnerable cap stability using different hyperelastic constitutive models
    • 123 Cardoso, L., Kelly-Arnold, A., Maldonado, N., et al. Effect of tissue properties, shape and orientation of microcalcifications on vulnerable cap stability using different hyperelastic constitutive models. J Biomech 47 (2014), 870–877.
    • (2014) J Biomech , vol.47 , pp. 870-877
    • Cardoso, L.1    Kelly-Arnold, A.2    Maldonado, N.3
  • 124
    • 0027516690 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of circumferential stress in ruptured and stable atherosclerotic lesions. A structural analysis with histopathological correlation
    • 124 Cheng, G.C., Loree, H.M., Kamm, R.D., et al. Distribution of circumferential stress in ruptured and stable atherosclerotic lesions. A structural analysis with histopathological correlation. Circulation 87 (1993), 1179–1187.
    • (1993) Circulation , vol.87 , pp. 1179-1187
    • Cheng, G.C.1    Loree, H.M.2    Kamm, R.D.3
  • 125
    • 84865658092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3D computational parametric analysis of eccentric atheroma plaque: influence of axial and circumferential residual stresses
    • 125 Cilla, M., Pena, E., Martinez, M.A., 3D computational parametric analysis of eccentric atheroma plaque: influence of axial and circumferential residual stresses. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 11 (2012), 1001–1013.
    • (2012) Biomech Model Mechanobiol , vol.11 , pp. 1001-1013
    • Cilla, M.1    Pena, E.2    Martinez, M.A.3
  • 126
    • 84930923746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular calcification: current controversies and novel concepts
    • 126 Ruiz, J.L., Hutcheson, J.D., Aikawa, E., Cardiovascular calcification: current controversies and novel concepts. Cardiovasc Pathol 24 (2015), 207–212.
    • (2015) Cardiovasc Pathol , vol.24 , pp. 207-212
    • Ruiz, J.L.1    Hutcheson, J.D.2    Aikawa, E.3
  • 127
    • 34247628011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atherosclerotic plaque with ultrasonic attenuation affects coronary reflow and infarct size in patients with acute coronary syndrome: an intravascular ultrasound study
    • 127 Okura, H., Taguchi, H., Kubo, T., et al. Atherosclerotic plaque with ultrasonic attenuation affects coronary reflow and infarct size in patients with acute coronary syndrome: an intravascular ultrasound study. Circ J 71 (2007), 648–653.
    • (2007) Circ J , vol.71 , pp. 648-653
    • Okura, H.1    Taguchi, H.2    Kubo, T.3
  • 128
    • 77953654064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical significance of echo signal attenuation on intravascular ultrasound in patients with coronary artery disease
    • 128 Kimura, S., Kakuta, T., Yonetsu, T., et al. Clinical significance of echo signal attenuation on intravascular ultrasound in patients with coronary artery disease. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2 (2009), 444–454.
    • (2009) Circ Cardiovasc Interv , vol.2 , pp. 444-454
    • Kimura, S.1    Kakuta, T.2    Yonetsu, T.3
  • 129
    • 77953921203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Feasibility of 18F-sodium fluoride PET/CT for imaging of atherosclerotic plaque
    • 129 Derlin, T., Richter, U., Bannas, P., et al. Feasibility of 18F-sodium fluoride PET/CT for imaging of atherosclerotic plaque. J Nucl Med 51 (2010), 862–865.
    • (2010) J Nucl Med , vol.51 , pp. 862-865
    • Derlin, T.1    Richter, U.2    Bannas, P.3
  • 130
    • 79952792328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vivo imaging of mineral deposition in carotid plaque using 18F-sodium fluoride PET/CT: correlation with atherogenic risk factors
    • 130 Derlin, T., Wisotzki, C., Richter, U., et al. In vivo imaging of mineral deposition in carotid plaque using 18F-sodium fluoride PET/CT: correlation with atherogenic risk factors. J Nucl Med 52 (2011), 362–368.
    • (2011) J Nucl Med , vol.52 , pp. 362-368
    • Derlin, T.1    Wisotzki, C.2    Richter, U.3
  • 131
    • 79960319394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlation of inflammation assessed by 18F-FDG PET, active mineral deposition assessed by 18F-fluoride PET, and vascular calcification in atherosclerotic plaque: a dual-tracer PET/CT study
    • 131 Derlin, T., Toth, Z., Papp, L., et al. Correlation of inflammation assessed by 18F-FDG PET, active mineral deposition assessed by 18F-fluoride PET, and vascular calcification in atherosclerotic plaque: a dual-tracer PET/CT study. J Nucl Med 52 (2011), 1020–1027.
    • (2011) J Nucl Med , vol.52 , pp. 1020-1027
    • Derlin, T.1    Toth, Z.2    Papp, L.3
  • 132
    • 84939041209 scopus 로고
    • Fluorine-18: a new isotope for bone scanning
    • 132 Blau, M., Nagler, W., Bender, M.A., Fluorine-18: a new isotope for bone scanning. J Nucl Med 3 (1962), 332–334.
    • (1962) J Nucl Med , vol.3 , pp. 332-334
    • Blau, M.1    Nagler, W.2    Bender, M.A.3
  • 133
    • 0015254856 scopus 로고
    • 18 F-fluoride for bone imaging
    • 133 Blau, M., Ganatra, R., Bender, M.A., 18 F-fluoride for bone imaging. Sem Nucl Med 2 (1972), 31–37.
    • (1972) Sem Nucl Med , vol.2 , pp. 31-37
    • Blau, M.1    Ganatra, R.2    Bender, M.A.3
  • 134
    • 84936873830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identifying active vascular microcalcification by (18)F-sodium fluoride positron emission tomography
    • 134 Irkle, A., Vesey, A.T., Lewis, D.Y., et al. Identifying active vascular microcalcification by (18)F-sodium fluoride positron emission tomography. Nat Commun, 6, 2015, 7495.
    • (2015) Nat Commun , vol.6 , pp. 7495
    • Irkle, A.1    Vesey, A.T.2    Lewis, D.Y.3
  • 135
    • 0027634424 scopus 로고
    • Surface reactions on hydroxyapatite in the presence of fluoride ions 1
    • Saturated and congruent conditions. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects.
    • 135 Gasser P, Voegel JC, Gramain Ph. Surface reactions on hydroxyapatite in the presence of fluoride ions 1. Saturated and congruent conditions. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 1993;74:275–86.
    • (1993) , vol.74 , pp. 275-286
    • Gasser, P.1    Voegel, J.C.2    Gramain, P.3
  • 136
    • 84859834624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coronary arterial 18F-sodium fluoride uptake: a novel marker of plaque biology
    • 136 Dweck, M.R., Chow, M.W., Joshi, N.V., et al. Coronary arterial 18F-sodium fluoride uptake: a novel marker of plaque biology. J Am Coll Cardiol 59 (2012), 1539–1548.
    • (2012) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.59 , pp. 1539-1548
    • Dweck, M.R.1    Chow, M.W.2    Joshi, N.V.3
  • 137
    • 84894078837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 18F-fluoride positron emission tomography for identification of ruptured and high-risk coronary atherosclerotic plaques: a prospective clinical trial
    • 137 Joshi, N.V., Vesey, A.T., Williams, M.C., et al. 18F-fluoride positron emission tomography for identification of ruptured and high-risk coronary atherosclerotic plaques: a prospective clinical trial. Lancet 383 (2014), 705–713.
    • (2014) Lancet , vol.383 , pp. 705-713
    • Joshi, N.V.1    Vesey, A.T.2    Williams, M.C.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.