Women in leadership and the bewildering glass ceiling

American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy

Volumn 74, Issue 5, 2017, Pages 312-324

  Chisholm Burns, Marie A ^a   Spivey, Christina A ^a   Hagemann, Tracy ^a   Josephson, Michelle A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE COLLEGE OF PHARMACY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Female; Healthcare; Leadership; Policy; Women

Indexed keywords

CAREER MOBILITY; COMPENSATION; FEMALE; GENDER BIAS; HEALTH CARE; HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; HUMAN; LEADERSHIP; MANAGER; NOTE; PHARMACY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; UNITED STATES; WORK-LIFE BALANCE; MENTOR; SEX FACTOR; SEXISM; TRENDS;

CAREER MOBILITY; FEMALE; HUMANS; LEADERSHIP; MENTORS; SEX FACTORS; SEXISM;

EID: 85014072217     PISSN: 10792082     EISSN: 15352900     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2146/ajhp160930     Document Type: Note

References (79)

1. Goodreads Inc. Geraldine Ferraro quotes. www.goodreads.com/quotes/349795-some-leaders-arebornwomen (accessed 2016 Oct. 11).
2. Allen C. Trump hits Clinton on 'stamina', Clinton blasts Trump as sexist (September 26, 2016). www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2016/09/26/hillary-clintondonald-trump-debate/91133552/ (accessed 2016 Nov. 4).
3. Bomey N. Sexism in the workplace is worse than you thought (September 27, 2016). www.usatoday.com/story/money/2016/09/27/lean-in-studywomenin-the-workplace/91157026/ (accessed 2016 Oct. 4).
4. Warner J. The women's leadership gap (August 4, 2015). https://cdn. americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/04053151/WomensLeadershipUpdatefactsheet.pdf (accessed 2016 Jul. 18).
5. U. S. Census Bureau. Population estimates. National characteristics: vintage 2015. www.census.gov/popest/data/national/asrh/2015/index.html (accessed 2016 Aug. 23).
6. Johns ML. Breaking the glass ceiling: structural, cultural, and organizational barriers preventing women from achieving senior and executive positions. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3544145 (accessed 2016 Sep. 17).
7. Glynn SJ. The new breadwinners: 2010 update. www.americanprogress.org/issues/labor/report/2012/04/16/11377/thenewbreadwinners-2010-update/ (accessed 2016 Aug. 24).
8. Brennan B. Top 10 things everyone should know about women consumers (January 21, 2015). www.forbes.com/sites/bridgetbrennan/2015/01/21/top-10-things-everyoneshould-know-about-womenconsumers/#486e152f2897 (accessed 2016 Aug. 24).
9. Lennon T. Benchmarking women's leadership in the United States. www.womenscollege.du.edu/media/documents/BenchmarkingWomensLeadershipintheUS.pdf (accessed 2016 Jul. 18).
10. Feintzig R, Lublin JS. Female CEOs, still a rarity, face extra pressures (August 9, 2016). www.wsj.com/articles/female-ceos-still-a-rarity-face-extrapressures-1470750908 (accessed 2016 Oct. 11).
11. Egan M. Still missing: female business leaders (March 24, 2015). http://money.cnn. com/2015/03/24/investing/female-ceo-pipeline-leadership/ (accessed 2016 Jul. 18).
12. McKinsey & Company. Women in the workplace 2016. https://womenintheworkplace.com/ (accessed 2016 Oct. 3).
13. American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. Academic pharmacy's vital statistics. www.aacp.org/about/Pages/Vitalstats.aspx (accessed 2016 Sep. 9).
14. Rochon PA, Davidoff F, Levinson W. Women in academic medicine leadership: has anything changed in 25 years? Acad Med. 2016;91:1053-6.
15. Association of American Medical Colleges. Table B-2: total graduates by U. S. medical school, sex, and year. www.aamc.org/data/facts/enrollmentgraduate/148670/total-gradsbyschool-gender.html (accessed 2016 Sep. 9).
16. Reed MJ, Corry AM, Liu YW. The role of women in dental education: monitoring the pipeline to leadership. J Dent Educ. 2012;76:1427-36.
17. Association of American Medical Colleges. The status of women in academic medicine. The pipeline and pathways to leadership, 2013-14. https://members.aamc.org/eweb/upload/The%20State%20of%20Women%20in%20Academic%20Medicine%202013-2014%20FINAL.pdf (accessed 2016 Sep. 9).
18. American Dental Education Association. Closing the gender gap in academic dentistry. https://adeachartingprogress.wordpress.com/2014/11/14/closing-the-gendergap-in-academic-dentistry/ (accessed 2016 Sep. 9).
19. American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. 2015-16 profile of pharmacy faculty. www.aacp.org/resources/research/institutionalresearch/Pages/salarydata.aspx (accessed 2016 Sep. 9).
20. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Men slowly change the face of nursing education (April 2012). www.rwjf.org/en/library/articlesand-news/2012/04/men-slowlychangethe-face-of-nursing-education. html (accessed 2016 Sep. 9).
21. Mason DJ, Isaacs SL, Colby DC, eds. The nursing profession. Development, challenges, and opportunities. www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/legacy-parents/the-nursing-profession (accessed 2016 Sep. 9).
22. Bureau of Health Workforce, Health Resources and Services Administration. Sex, race, and ethnic diversity of U. S. health occupations (2010-2012) (January 2015). http://bhw.hrsa.gov/sites/default/files/bhw/nchwa/diversityushealthoccupations.pdf (accessed 2016 Sep. 16).
23. Midwest Pharmacy Workforce Research Consortium. 2014 national pharmacy workforce survey (April 2015). www.aacp.org/resources/research/pharmacyworkforcecenter/Documents/ExecutiveSummary-FromTheNationalPharmacistWorkforceStudy2014.pdf (accessed 2016 Oct. 5).
24. American College of Healthcare Executives. A comparison of the career attainments of men and women healthcare executives (December 2012). www.ache.org/pubs/research/2012-Gender-Report-FINAL.pdf (accessed 2016 Jul. 18).
25. Catalyst. Why diversity matters (July 2013). www.catalyst.org/system/files/why-diversity-matters-catalyst-0.pdf (accessed 2016 Aug. 24).
26. Desvaux G, Devillard-Hoellinger S, Baumgarten P. Women matter. Gender diversity, a corporate performance driver (2007). www.raeng.org.uk/publications/other/women-matter-oct-2007 (accessed 2016 Oct. 12).
27. Joecks J, Pull K, Vetter K. Gender diversity in the boardroom and firm performance: what exactly constitutes a 'critical mass'? (February 22, 2012). http://ssrn. com/abstract=2009234 (accessed 2016 Oct. 12).
28. Galbreath J. Are there gender-related influences on corporate sustainability? A study of women on boards of directors. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1833367200001693 (accessed 2016 Oct. 12).
29. Campbell K, Minguez Vega A. Female board appointments and firm valuation: short and long-term effects. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10997-009-9092-y (accessed 2016 Oct. 12).
30. Nguyen H, Faff R. Impact of board size and board diversity on firm value: Australian evidence. Corp Ownership Control. 2006;4(2):24-32.
31. Abdullah S, Ku I, Ku Nor I, Nachum L. Women on boards of Malaysian firms: impact on market and accounting performance (September 10, 2012). http://ssrn. com/abstract=2145007 (accessed 2016 Oct. 12).
32. Wilson N, Altanlar A. Director characteristics, gender balance and insolvency risk: an empirical study (September 22, 2009). http://ssrn. com/abstract=1932107 (accessed 2016 Oct. 12).
33. Flabbi L, Macis M, Moro A, Schivardi F. Do female executives make a difference? The impact of female leadership on gender gaps and firm performance (November 2014). http://ssrn. com/abstract=2518714 (accessed 2016 Oct. 12).
34. Ozanian MK. Girls rule (October 7, 2010). www.forbes.com/forbes/2010/1025/power-women-10-lauvergeon-areva-cogema-businessgirls-rule.html (accessed 2016 Oct. 12).
35. Soares R, Marquis C, Lee M. Gender and corporate sustainability (November 16, 2011). www.catalyst.org/knowledge/gender-and-corporatesocial-responsibility-its-mattersustainability (accessed 2016 Oct. 12).
36. Hafsi T, Turgut G. Boardroom diversity and its effect on social performance: conceptualization and empirical evidence. J Bus Ethics. 2013;112:463-79.
37. Torchia M, Calabró A, Huse M. Women directors on corporate boards: from tokenism to critical mass. J Bus Ethics. 2011;102:299-317.
38. Carter NM, Wagner HM. The bottom line: corporate performance and women's representation on boards (2004-2008) (March 1, 2011). www.catalyst.org/knowledge/bottom-line-corporate-performanceand-womens-representationboards-20042008 (accessed 2016 Oct. 12).
39. Carter NM, Joy L, Wagner HM, Narayanan S. The bottom line: corporate performance and women's representation on boards (October 15, 2007). www.catalyst.org/knowledge/bottom-line-corporate-performanceand-womens-representationboards (accessed 2016 Oct. 12).
40. Catalyst. The bottom line: connecting corporate performance and gender diversity (January 15, 2004). www.catalyst.org/knowledge/bottomline-connecting-corporate-performanceand-gender-diversity (accessed 2016 Oct. 12).
41. Cumming DJ, Leung TY, Rui OM. Gender diversity and securities fraud (August 1, 2012). http://ssrn. com/abstract=2154934 (accessed 2016 Oct. 12).
42. Adams RB, Ferreira D. Women in the boardroom and their impact on governance and performance. J Financ Econ. 2009;94:291-309.
43. Warner J. Women's leadership. What's true, what's false and why it matters (March 7, 2014). www.americanprogress.org/issues/women/report/2014/03/07/85467/womens-leadership/ (accessed 2016 Jul. 18).
44. Boatman J, Wellins R, Neal S. Women work: the business benefits of closing the gender gap (2011). www.ddiworld.com/ddi/media/trend-research/womenatworkgendergap-br-ddi.pdf (accessed 2016 Jul. 18).
45. American College of Healthcare Executives. Do strategies that organizations use to promote gender diversity make a difference? (2013). www.ache.org/pubs/research/pdf/CEO-White-Paper-2013.pdf (accessed 2016 Jul. 18).
46. Transformational leadership. http://www.langston. edu/sites/default/files/basic-content-files/TransformationalLeadership. pdf (accessed 2016 Sep. 22).
47. Woolley AW, Chabris CF, Pentland A et al. Evidence for a collective intelligence factor in the performance of human groups. Science. 2010;330:686-8.
48. Desvaux G, Devillard S. Women matter 2 (October 2008). www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/women-matter (accessed 2016 Oct. 12).
49. Pew Research Center. Women and leadership (January 14, 2015). www.pewsocialtrends.org/2015/01/14/chapter-1-women-in-leadership/ (accessed 2016 Jul. 18).
50. Bennetts L. Women and the leadership gap (March 5, 2012). wwwnewsweekcomwomenandleadershipgap63689 (accessed 2016 Jul. 18).
51. Hannum KM, Muhly SM, Schockley-Zalabuk PS, White JS. Women leaders within higher education in the United States: supports, barriers, and experiences of being a senior leader. Adv Women Leadersh. 2015;35:65-75.
52. Bernstein L. At NIH, one woman says gender bias has blocked promotions (August 28, 2016). www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/at-nih-one-womansaysgender-bias-has-blocked-promotions/2016/08/28/e529171e-63cf-11e6-96c0-37533479f3f5-story.html (accessed 2016 Sep. 17).
53. Dunn D, Gerlach JM, Hyle AE. Gender and leadership: reflections of women in higher education administration. Int J Leadersh Change. 2014;2: article 2.
54. Svarstad BL, Draugalis JR, Meyer SM, Mount JK. The status of women in pharmacy education: persisting gaps and issues. Am J Pharm Educ. 2004;68: article 79.
55. McDonagh KJ, Bobrowski P, Keogh Hoss MA et al. The leadership gap: ensuring effective healthcare leadership requires inclusion of women at the top. Open J Leadersh. 2014;3:20-9.
56. Girod S, Fassiotto M, Grewal D et al. Reducing implicit gender leadership bias in academic medicine with an educational intervention. Acad Med. 2016;91:1143-50.
57. Kaatz A, Lee YG, Potvien A et al. Analysis of National Institutes of Health R01 application critiques, impact, and criteria scores: does the sex of the principal investigator make a difference? Acad Med. 2016;91:1080-8.
58. Ginther DK, Kahn S, Schaffer WT. Gender, race/ethnicity, and National Institutes of Health R01 research awards: is there evidence of a double bind for women of color? Acad Med. 2016;91:1098-1107.
59. Ginther DK, Schaffer WT, Schnell J et al. Race, ethnicity, and NIH research awards. Science. 2011;333:1015-9.
60. Westring A, McDonald JM, Carr P, Grisso JA. An integrated framework for gender equity in academic medicine. Acad Med. 2016;91:1041-4.
61. Sexton DW, Harris Lemak C, Wainio JA. Career inflection points of women who successfully achieved the hospital CEO position. J Healthc Manag. 2014;59:367-84.
62. Raj A, Carr PL, Kaplan SE et al. Longitudinal analysis of gender differences in academic productivity among medical faculty across 24 medical schools in the United States. Acad Med. 2016;91:1074-9.
63. Thibault GE. Women in academic medicine. Acad Med. 2016;91:1045-6.
64. Sherman E. What's hurt working women most, going childless or having kids? (December 4, 2015). http://fortune.com/2015/12/04/workingwomenkids-no-kids/ (accessed 2016 Sep. 18).
65. Chisholm-Burns MA, Spivey CA, Billheimer D et al. Multi-institutional study of women and underrepresented minority faculty in academic pharmacy: 20 years of successes, challenges, and opportunities. Am J Pharm Educ. 2012;76:article 7.
66. Joint Economic Committee Democratic Staff. Gender pay inequality. Consequences for women, families and the economy (April 2016). www.jec.senate.gov/public/-cache/files/0779dc2f-4a4e-4386-b847-9ae-919735acc/gender-pay-inequalityus-congress-joint-economic-committee.pdf (accessed 2016 Sep. 9).
67. American Association of University Women. The simple truth about the gender pay gap (2016). www.aauw.org/files/2016/02/SimpleTruth-Spring2016.pdf (accessed 2016 Sep. 9).
68. Herman B. Male-female pay disparities abound in healthcare professions (March 16, 2015). www.modernhealthcare.com/article/20150316/NEWS/150319919 (accessed 2016 Oct. 11).
69. Landen R. Researchers find $56K pay gap for female docs (September 3, 2013). wwwmodernhealthcarecomarticle20130903blog309039999 (accessed 2016 Oct. 11).
70. Chronicle of Higher Education. Almanac of higher education, 2016-17. http://chronicle.com/almanac (accessed 2016 Aug. 22).
71. Platt J, Prins S, Bates L, Keyes K. Unequal depression for equal work? How the wage gap explains gendered disparities in mood disorders. Soc Sci Med. 2016;149:1-8.
72. Women in Pharmacy Leadership Steering Committee, American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. ASHP Women in Pharmacy Leadership Steering Committee recommendations. A call for comments. www.ashp.org/DocLibrary/Policy/Steering-Committee-Recommendationsand-FAQ.pdf (accessed 2016 Oct. 12).
73. White S. Women leadership steering committee final report approved. http://connect.ashp.org/blogs/sara-white/2016/10/06/women-leadershipsteering-committee-final-reportapproved?ssopc=1 (accessed 2016 Oct. 12).
74. Draugalis JR, Plaza CM, Taylor DA, Meyer SM. The status of women in US academic pharmacy. Am J Pharm Educ. 2014;78:article 178.
75. Freund KM, Raj A, Kaplan SE et al. Inequities in academic compensation by gender: a follow-up to the National Faculty Survey cohort study. Acad Med. 2016;91:1068-73.
76. Johnson HL. Pipelines, pathways, and institutional leadership. An update on the status of women in higher education (2016). www.acenet.edu/news-room/Documents/Higher-Ed-Spotlight-Pipelines-Pathwaysand-Institutional-Leadership-Status-of-Women. pdf (accessed 2016 Jul. 18).
77. Varacalli Cavanaugh L. Getting to CEO: how other women did it (July 14, 2016). www.progressivewomensleadership. com/getting-to-ceo-howotherwomen-did-it/ (accessed 2016 Sep. 20).
78. Pingleton SK, Jones VM, Rosolowski TA, Zimmerman MK. Silent bias: challenges, obstacles, and strategies for leadership development in academic medicine-lessons from oral histories of women professors at the University of Kansas. Acad Med. 2016;91:1151-7.
79. 81 Gloria Steinem quotes to celebrate her 81st birthday (March 25, 2014). www.elle.com/culture/celebrities/news/a15345/gloria-steinem-celebrateseightieth-birthday/ (accessed 2016 Dec. 12).