메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 91, Issue 8, 2016, Pages 1080-1088

Analysis of national institutes of health r01 application critiques, impact, and criteria scores: Does the sex of the principal investigator make a difference'

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MEDICAL RESEARCH; NATIONAL HEALTH ORGANIZATION; PEER REVIEW; PERSONNEL; SEX DIFFERENCE; SEXISM; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84973375278     PISSN: 10402446     EISSN: 1938808X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000001272     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (122)

References (72)
  • 2
    • 85024133748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Committee on Bridges to Independence: Identifying Opportunities for and Challenges to Fostering the Independence of Young Investigators in the Life Sciences; Board on Life Sciences; Division on Earth and Life Studies National Research Council Washington, DC: National Academies Press
    • Committee on Bridges to Independence: Identifying Opportunities for and Challenges to Fostering the Independence of Young Investigators in the Life Sciences; Board on Life Sciences; Division on Earth and Life Studies; National Research Council. Bridges to Independence: Fostering the Independence of New Investigators in Biomedical Research. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2005.
    • (2005) Bridges to Independence: Fostering the Independence of New Investigators in Biomedical Research
  • 3
    • 57349110561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sociology the gender gap in nih grant applications
    • Ley TJ, Hamilton BH. Sociology. The gender gap in NIH grant applications. Science. 2008; 322: 1472-1474.
    • (2008) Science , vol.322 , pp. 1472-1474
    • Ley, T.J.1    Hamilton, B.H.2
  • 5
    • 84979855184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health Accessed April 19 2016
    • Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health. Grants and funding: New and early stage investigator policies. http://grants.nih.gov/grants/new-.investigators/. Accessed April 19, 2016.
    • Grants and Funding: New and Early Stage Investigator Policies
  • 6
    • 79958804778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in application, success, and funding rates for NIH extramural programs
    • Pohlhaus JR, Jiang H, Wagner RM, Schaffer WT, Pinn VW. Sex differences in application, success, and funding rates for NIH extramural programs. Acad Med. 2011; 86: 759-767.
    • (2011) Acad Med , vol.86 , pp. 759-767
    • Pohlhaus, J.R.1    Jiang, H.2    Wagner, R.M.3    Schaffer, W.T.4    Pinn, V.W.5
  • 7
    • 84979859310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Institutes of Health. NIH IMPAC, success rate file. Accessed April 19 2016
    • National Institutes of Health. R01-equivalent grants: Success rates, by gender and type of application. NIH IMPAC, success rate file. http://report.nih.gov/NIHDatabook/.Charts/Default.aspx'showm = Y&chartId = 178&catId = 15. Accessed April 19, 2016.
    • R01-equivalent Grants: Success Rates, by Gender and Type of Application
  • 8
    • 84885144139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health Accessed April 19 2016
    • Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health. Peer review process. http://grants.nih.gov/grants/peer-review-.process.htm. Accessed April 19, 2016.
    • Peer Review Process
  • 9
    • 84857230999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereotypes and shifting standards: Forming, communicating and translating person impressions
    • In: Devine P, Plant A, eds. San Diego, Calif Academic Press
    • Biernat M. Stereotypes and shifting standards: Forming, communicating and translating person impressions. In: Devine P, Plant A, eds. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol 45. San Diego, Calif: Academic Press; 2012.
    • (2012) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology , vol.45
    • Biernat, M.1
  • 10
    • 0031092920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender- and race-based standards of competence: Lower minimum standards but higher ability standards for devalued groups
    • Biernat M, Kobrynowicz D. Gender- And race-based standards of competence: Lower minimum standards but higher ability standards for devalued groups. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1997; 72: 544-557.
    • (1997) J Pers Soc Psychol , vol.72 , pp. 544-557
    • Biernat, M.1    Kobrynowicz, D.2
  • 11
    • 27844511395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nih director's pioneer awards could the selection process be biased against women'
    • Carnes M, Geller S, Fine E, Sheridan J, Handelsman J. NIH Director's Pioneer Awards: Could the selection process be biased against women'. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2005; 14: 684-691.
    • (2005) J Womens Health (Larchmt , vol.14 , pp. 684-691
    • Carnes, M.1    Geller, S.2    Fine, E.3    Sheridan, J.4    Handelsman, J.5
  • 12
    • 49249126346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender, race, and meritocracy in organizational careers
    • Castilla EJ. Gender, race, and meritocracy in organizational careers. AJS. 2008; 113: 1479-1526.
    • (2008) AJS , vol.113 , pp. 1479-1526
    • Castilla, E.J.1
  • 14
    • 0030495412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Double standards in the evaluation of men and women
    • August
    • Foschi M. Double standards in the evaluation of men and women. Soc Psychol Q. August 1996: 237-254.
    • (1996) Soc Psychol Q , pp. 237-254
    • Foschi, M.1
  • 15
    • 84889322049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subjectivity in the appraisal process: A facilitator of gender bias in work settings
    • In Borgida E Fiske ST, eds. Malden, Mass Blackwell Publishers
    • Heilman ME, Haynes MC. Subjectivity in the appraisal process: A facilitator of gender bias in work settings. In: Borgida E, Fiske ST, eds. Beyond Common Sense: Psychological Science in the Courtroom. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publishers; 2008.
    • (2008) Beyond Common Sense: Psychological Science in the Courtroom
    • Heilman, M.E.1    Haynes, M.C.2
  • 16
    • 84920772612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A quantitative linguistic analysis of national institutes of health r01 application critiques from investigators at one institution
    • Kaatz A, Magua W, Zimmerman DR, Carnes M A quantitative linguistic analysis of National Institutes of Health R01 application critiques from investigators at one institution. Acad Med. 2015; 90: 69-75.
    • (2015) Acad Med , vol.90 , pp. 69-75
    • Kaatz, A.1    Magua, W.2    Zimmerman, D.R.3    Carnes, M.4
  • 17
    • 33746390511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When fit is fundamental: Performance evaluations and promotions of upper-level female and male managers
    • Lyness KS, Heilman ME. When fit is fundamental: Performance evaluations and promotions of upper-level female and male managers. J Appl Psychol. 2006; 91: 777-785.
    • (2006) J Appl Psychol , vol.91 , pp. 777-785
    • Lyness, K.S.1    Heilman, M.E.2
  • 18
    • 72249104454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender and letters of recommendation for academia: Agentic and communal differences
    • Madera JM, Hebl MR, Martin RC. Gender and letters of recommendation for academia: Agentic and communal differences. J Appl Psychol. 2009; 94: 1591-1599.
    • (2009) J Appl Psychol , vol.94 , pp. 1591-1599
    • Madera, J.M.1    Hebl, M.R.2    Martin, R.C.3
  • 21
    • 35348944570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine Committee on Maximizing the Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering Washington, DC: National Academies Press
    • National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine Committee on Maximizing the Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering. Beyond Bias and Barriers: Fulfilling the Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2007.
    • (2007) Beyond Bias and Barriers: Fulfilling the Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering
  • 22
    • 34548843643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A linguistic comparison of letters of recommendation for male and female chemistry and biochemistry job applicants
    • Schmader T, Whitehead J, Wysocki VH A linguistic comparison of letters of recommendation for male and female chemistry and biochemistry job applicants. Sex Roles. 2007; 57: 509-514.
    • (2007) Sex Roles , vol.57 , pp. 509-514
    • Schmader, T.1    Whitehead, J.2    Wysocki, V.H.3
  • 23
    • 0033276403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of gender on the review of the curricula vitae of job applicants and tenure candidates: A national empirical study
    • Steinpreis RE, Anders KA. The impact of gender on the review of the curricula vitae of job applicants and tenure candidates: A national empirical study. Sex Roles. 1999; 41: 509-528.
    • (1999) Sex Roles , vol.41 , pp. 509-528
    • Steinpreis, R.E.1    Anders, K.A.2
  • 24
    • 0037288624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exploring the color of glass: Letters of recommendation for female and male medical faculty
    • Trix F, Psenka C. Exploring the color of glass: Letters of recommendation for female and male medical faculty. Discourse Soc. 2003; 14: 191-220.
    • (2003) Discourse Soc , vol.14 , pp. 191-220
    • Trix, F.1    Psenka, C.2
  • 25
    • 17044364319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Power and the creation of patronizing environments: The stereotype-based behaviors of the powerful and their effects on female performance in masculine domains
    • Vescio TK, Gervais SJ, Snyder M, Hoover A. Power and the creation of patronizing environments: The stereotype-based behaviors of the powerful and their effects on female performance in masculine domains. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2005; 88: 658-672.
    • (2005) J Pers Soc Psychol , vol.88 , pp. 658-672
    • Vescio, T.K.1    Gervais, S.J.2    Snyder, M.3    Hoover, A.4
  • 26
    • 43049089401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in research grant applications and funding outcomes for medical school faculty
    • Waisbren SE, Bowles H, Hasan T, et al. Gender differences in research grant applications and funding outcomes for medical school faculty. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2008; 17: 207-214.
    • (2008) J Womens Health (Larchmt , vol.17 , pp. 207-214
    • Waisbren, S.E.1    Bowles, H.2    Hasan, T.3
  • 27
    • 0030960168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nepotism and sexism in peer-review
    • Wenneras C, Wold A. Nepotism and sexism in peer-review. Nature. 1997; 387: 341-343.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.387 , pp. 341-343
    • Wenneras, C.1    Wold, A.2
  • 28
    • 78650298534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An analysis of bias in supervisor narrative comments in performance appraisal
    • Wilson KY. An analysis of bias in supervisor narrative comments in performance appraisal. Hum Relat. 2010; 63: 1903-1933.
    • (2010) Hum Relat , vol.63 , pp. 1903-1933
    • Wilson, K.Y.1
  • 29
    • 0035212692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Description and prescription: How gender stereotypes prevent women's ascent up the organizational ladder
    • Heilman ME. Description and prescription: How gender stereotypes prevent women's ascent up the organizational ladder. J Soc Issues. 2001; 57: 657-674.
    • (2001) J Soc Issues , vol.57 , pp. 657-674
    • Heilman, M.E.1
  • 30
    • 26444533479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No credit where credit is due: Attributional rationalization of women's success in male-female teams
    • Heilman ME, Haynes MC. No credit where credit is due: Attributional rationalization of women's success in male-female teams. J Appl Psychol. 2005; 90: 905-916.
    • (2005) J Appl Psychol , vol.90 , pp. 905-916
    • Heilman, M.E.1    Haynes, M.C.2
  • 31
    • 25144451557 scopus 로고
    • Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components
    • Devine PG. Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. J Per Soc Psychol. 1989; 56: 5-18.
    • (1989) J per Soc Psychol , vol.56 , pp. 5-18
    • Devine, P.G.1
  • 33
    • 85012906135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pervasiveness and correlates of implicit attitudes and stereotypes
    • Nosek BA, Smyth FL, Hansen JJ, et al. Pervasiveness and correlates of implicit attitudes and stereotypes. Eur Rev Soc Psychol. 2007; 18: 36-88.
    • (2007) Eur Rev Soc Psychol , vol.18 , pp. 36-88
    • Nosek, B.A.1    Smyth, F.L.2    Hansen, J.J.3
  • 35
    • 84979855177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Institutes of Health. Accessed April 19 2016
    • National Institutes of Health. Enhancing peer review at NIH. http://enhancing-peer-review. nih.gov/index.html. Accessed April 19, 2016.
    • Enhancing Peer Review at NIH
  • 36
    • 84864225133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Institutes of Health. Accessed April 19 2016
    • National Institutes of Health. New and early stage investigator policies. http://grants.nih. gov/grants/new-investigators/index.htm. Accessed April 19, 2016.
    • New and Early Stage Investigator Policies
  • 37
    • 71749103935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in attainment of independent funding by career development awardees
    • Jagsi R, Motomura AR, Griffith KA, Rangarajan S, Ubel PA. Sex differences in attainment of independent funding by career development awardees. Ann Intern Med. 2009; 151: 804-811.
    • (2009) Ann Intern Med , vol.151 , pp. 804-811
    • Jagsi, R.1    Motomura, A.R.2    Griffith, K.A.3    Rangarajan, S.4    Ubel, P.A.5
  • 39
    • 78751582333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do students' and authors' genders affect evaluations' A linguistic analysis of medical student performance evaluations
    • Isaac C, Chertoff J, Lee B, Carnes M. Do students' and authors' genders affect evaluations' A linguistic analysis of medical student performance evaluations. Acad Med. 2011; 86: 59-66.
    • (2011) Acad Med , vol.86 , pp. 59-66
    • Isaac, C.1    Chertoff, J.2    Lee, B.3    Carnes, M.4
  • 41
    • 17844365855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling skewed data with many zeros: A simple approach combining ordinary and logistic regression
    • Fletcher D, Mackenzie D, Villouta E. Modelling skewed data with many zeros: A simple approach combining ordinary and logistic regression. Env Ecol Stat. 2005; 12: 45-54.
    • (2005) Env Ecol Stat , vol.12 , pp. 45-54
    • Fletcher, D.1    Mackenzie, D.2    Villouta, E.3
  • 42
    • 21444437521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Econometric methods for fractional response variables with an application to 401 (K) plan participation rates
    • Papke LE, Wooldridge JM. Econometric methods for fractional response variables with an application to 401 (K) plan participation rates. J Appl Econ. 1996; 11: 619-632.
    • (1996) J Appl Econ , vol.11 , pp. 619-632
    • Papke, L.E.1    Wooldridge, J.M.2
  • 43
    • 84901279975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic Poverty Research Centre (CPRC) toolkit note. Accessed April 25, 2016
    • Baulch B, Quisumbing A. Testing and adjusting for attrition in household panel data. Chronic Poverty Research Centre (CPRC) toolkit note. 2011. http://www.chronicpoverty. org/publications/details/testing-Andadjusting-for-Attrition-in-household-paneldata. Accessed April 25, 2016.
    • (2011) Testing and Adjusting for Attrition in Household Panel Data
    • Baulch, B.1    Quisumbing, A.2
  • 44
    • 3042856961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detecting and statistically correcting sample selection bias
    • Cuddeback G, Wilson E, Orme JG, Combs-Orme T. Detecting and statistically correcting sample selection bias. J Soc Ser Res. 2004; 30: 19-33.
    • (2004) J Soc ser Res , vol.30 , pp. 19-33
    • Cuddeback, G.1    Wilson, E.2    Orme, J.G.3    Combs-Orme, T.4
  • 46
    • 4644318168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternative methods for handling attrition: An illustration using data from the Fast Track evaluation
    • Conduct Problems Research Group
    • Foster EM, Fang GY; Conduct Problems Research Group. Alternative methods for handling attrition: An illustration using data from the Fast Track evaluation. Eval Rev. 2004; 28: 434-464.
    • (2004) Eval Rev , vol.28 , pp. 434-464
    • Foster, E.M.1    Fang, G.Y.2
  • 49
    • 35748971425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I think it, therefore it's true Effects of self-perceived objectivity on hiring discrimination
    • Uhlmann EL, Cohen GL. I think it, therefore it's true: Effects of self-perceived objectivity on hiring discrimination. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process. 2007; 104: 207-223.
    • (2007) Organ Behav Hum Decis Process , vol.104 , pp. 207-223
    • Uhlmann, E.L.1    Cohen, G.L.2
  • 50
    • 33846651517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viewpoint: A challenge to academic health centers and the national institutes of health to prevent unintended gender bias in the selection of clinical and translational science award leaders
    • Carnes M, Bland C. Viewpoint: A challenge to academic health centers and the National Institutes of Health to prevent unintended gender bias in the selection of clinical and translational science award leaders. Acad Med. 2007; 82: 202-206.
    • (2007) Acad Med , vol.82 , pp. 202-206
    • Carnes, M.1    Bland, C.2
  • 51
    • 10944238592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kicking the habit: Effects of nonstereotypic association training and correction processes on hiring decisions
    • Kawakami K, Dovidio JF, van Kamp S. Kicking the habit: Effects of nonstereotypic association training and correction processes on hiring decisions. J Exp Soc Psychol. 2005; 41: 68-75.
    • (2005) J Exp Soc Psychol , vol.41 , pp. 68-75
    • Kawakami, K.1    Dovidio, J.F.2    Van Kamp, S.3
  • 52
    • 67649774585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National differences in gender-science stereotypes predict national sex differences in science and math achievement
    • Nosek BA, Smyth FL, Sriram N, et al. National differences in gender-science stereotypes predict national sex differences in science and math achievement. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009; 106: 10593-10597.
    • (2009) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. , vol.106 , pp. 10593-10597
    • Nosek, B.A.1    Smyth, F.L.2    Sriram, N.3
  • 54
    • 1542503063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ambivalent sexism inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism
    • Glick P, Fiske ST. The ambivalent sexism inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. J Person Soc Psychol. 1996; 70: 491-512.
    • (1996) J Person Soc Psychol , vol.70 , pp. 491-512
    • Glick, P.1    Fiske, S.T.2
  • 55
    • 84879484258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An ambivalent alliance: Hostile and benevolent sexism as complementary justifications for gender inequality
    • Dixon J Levine M, eds. Cambridge, Mass: Cambridge University Press
    • Glick P, Fiske ST. An ambivalent alliance: Hostile and benevolent sexism as complementary justifications for gender inequality. In: Dixon J, Levine M, eds. Beyond Prejudice. Cambridge, Mass: Cambridge University Press; 2012.
    • (2012) Beyond Prejudice
    • Glick, P.1    Fiske, S.T.2
  • 56
    • 84867082151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Benevolent sexism at work: Gender differences in the distribution of challenging developmental experiences
    • King EB, Botsford W, Hebl MR, Kazama S, Dawson JF, Perkins A. Benevolent sexism at work: Gender differences in the distribution of challenging developmental experiences. J Manage. 2012; 38: 1835-1866.
    • (2012) J Manage , vol.38 , pp. 1835-1866
    • King, E.B.1    Botsford, W.2    Hebl, M.R.3    Kazama, S.4    Dawson, J.F.5    Perkins, A.6
  • 57
    • 84863061236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The language of performance evaluations: Gender-based shifts in content and consistency of judgment
    • Biernat M, Tocci MJ, Williams JC. The language of performance evaluations: Gender-based shifts in content and consistency of judgment. Soc Psychol Personal Sci. 2012; 3: 186-192.
    • (2012) Soc Psychol Personal Sci , vol.3 , pp. 186-192
    • Biernat, M.1    Tocci, M.J.2    Williams, J.C.3
  • 58
    • 23044530268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • She swings, she hits, she's great, she's benched: Implications of gender-based shifting standards for judgment and behavior
    • Biernat M, Vescio TK. She swings, she hits, she's great, she's benched: Implications of gender-based shifting standards for judgment and behavior. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2002; 28: 66-77.
    • (2002) Pers Soc Psychol Bull , vol.28 , pp. 66-77
    • Biernat, M.1    Vescio, T.K.2
  • 59
    • 0001249184 scopus 로고
    • Sex bias in hiring women
    • Heilman M. Sex bias in hiring women. Organ Behav Hum Perform. 1980; 26: 386-395.
    • (1980) Organ Behav Hum Perform , vol.26 , pp. 386-395
    • Heilman, M.1
  • 60
    • 20744449520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Context in selection of men and women in hiring decisions: Gender composition of the applicant pool
    • van Ommeren J, de Vries RE, Russo G, van Ommeren M. Context in selection of men and women in hiring decisions: Gender composition of the applicant pool. Psychol Rep. 2005; 96: 349-360.
    • (2005) Psychol Rep , vol.96 , pp. 349-360
    • Van Ommeren, J.1    De Vries, R.E.2    Russo, G.3    Van Ommeren, M.4
  • 61
    • 70349881530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interventions that affect gender bias in hiring: A systematic review
    • Isaac C, Lee B, Carnes M. Interventions that affect gender bias in hiring: A systematic review. Acad Med. 2009; 84: 1440-1446.
    • (2009) Acad Med , vol.84 , pp. 1440-1446
    • Isaac, C.1    Lee, B.2    Carnes, M.3
  • 62
    • 72249104454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender and letters of recommendation for academia: Agentic and communal differences
    • Madera JM, Hebl MR, Martin RC. Gender and letters of recommendation for academia: Agentic and communal differences. J Appl Psychol. 2009; 94: 1591-1599.
    • (2009) J Appl Psychol , vol.94 , pp. 1591-1599
    • Madera, J.M.1    Hebl, M.R.2    Martin, R.C.3
  • 63
    • 48449095896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opinion mining and sentiment analysis
    • Pang B, Lee L. Opinion mining and sentiment analysis. Found Trend Inf Retr. 2008; 2: 1-35.
    • (2008) Found Trend Inf Retr , vol.2 , pp. 1-35
    • Pang, B.1    Lee, L.2
  • 64
    • 0002100348 scopus 로고
    • Primary, secondary, and metaanalysis of research
    • Glass G. Primary, secondary, and metaanalysis of research. Educ Res. 1976; 5: 3-5.
    • (1976) Educ Res , vol.5 , pp. 3-5
    • Glass, G.1
  • 65
    • 0027738240 scopus 로고
    • The efficacy of psychological, educational, and behavioral treatment Confirmation from meta-Analysis
    • Lipsey MW, Wilson DB. The efficacy of psychological, educational, and behavioral treatment. Confirmation from meta-Analysis. Am Psychol. 1993; 48: 1181-1209.
    • (1993) Am Psychol , vol.48 , pp. 1181-1209
    • Lipsey, M.W.1    Wilson, D.B.2
  • 66
    • 0000277139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male-female differences: A computer simulation
    • Martell R, Lane D, Emrich C. Male-female differences: A computer simulation. Am Psychol. 1996; 51: 157-158.
    • (1996) Am Psychol , vol.51 , pp. 157-158
    • Martell, R.1    Lane, D.2    Emrich, C.3
  • 67
    • 56249138961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Women's health and women's leadership in academic medicine Hitting the same glass ceiling'
    • Carnes M, Morrissey C, Geller SE. Women's health and women's leadership in academic medicine: Hitting the same glass ceiling'. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2008; 17: 1453-1462.
    • (2008) J Womens Health (Larchmt , vol.17 , pp. 1453-1462
    • Carnes, M.1    Morrissey, C.2    Geller, S.E.3
  • 69
    • 84922409325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of an intervention to break the gender bias habit for faculty at one institution: A cluster randomized, controlled trial
    • Carnes M, Devine PG, Baier Manwell L, et al. The effect of an intervention to break the gender bias habit for faculty at one institution: A cluster randomized, controlled trial. Acad Med. 2015; 90: 221-230.
    • (2015) Acad Med , vol.90 , pp. 221-230
    • Carnes, M.1    Devine, P.G.2    Baier Manwell, L.3
  • 70
    • 0036924828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reducing the effects of gender stereoytpes on performance evaluations
    • Bauer CC, Baltes BB. Reducing the effects of gender stereoytpes on performance evaluations. Sex Roles. 2002; 47: 465-476.
    • (2002) Sex Roles , vol.47 , pp. 465-476
    • Bauer, C.C.1    Baltes, B.B.2
  • 71
    • 84929339679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Condoning stereotyping'. How awareness of stereotyping prevalence impacts expression of stereotypes
    • Duguid MM, Thomas-Hunt MC. Condoning stereotyping'. How awareness of stereotyping prevalence impacts expression of stereotypes. J Appl Psychol. 2015; 100: 343-359.
    • (2015) J Appl Psychol , vol.100 , pp. 343-359
    • Duguid, M.M.1    Thomas-Hunt, M.C.2
  • 72
    • 84905393243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Threats to objectivity in peer review: The case of gender
    • Kaatz A, Gutierrez B, Carnes M. Threats to objectivity in peer review: The case of gender. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2014; 35: 371-373.
    • (2014) Trends Pharmacol Sci , vol.35 , pp. 371-373
    • Kaatz, A.1    Gutierrez, B.2    Carnes, M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.