Inequities in academic compensation by gender: A follow-up to the national faculty survey cohort study

Academic Medicine

Volumn 91, Issue 8, 2016, Pages 1068-1073

  Freund, Karen M ^a,e   Raj, Anita ^b   Kaplan, Samantha E ^c   Terrin, Norma ^a   Breeze, Janis L ^a   Urech, Tracy H ^d   Carr, Phyllis L ^e  

^a TUFTS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d VA PALO ALTO HEALTH CARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^e MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; COHORT ANALYSIS; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; ECONOMICS; FEMALE; FEMALE PHYSICIAN; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; MALE; MEDICAL SCHOOL; MIDDLE AGED; QUESTIONNAIRE; SALARY AND FRINGE BENEFIT; SEXISM; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; UNITED STATES;

ADULT; COHORT STUDIES; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; FACULTY, MEDICAL; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PHYSICIANS, WOMEN; SALARIES AND FRINGE BENEFITS; SEXISM; SURVEYS AND QUESTIONNAIRES; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84973338645     PISSN: 10402446     EISSN: 1938808X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000001250     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (27)

1. Ash AS, Carr PL, Goldstein R, Friedman RH. Compensation and advancement of women in academic medicine: Is there equity'. Ann Intern Med. 2004; 141: 205-212.
2. Kaplan SH, Sullivan LM, Dukes KA, Phillips CF, Kelch RP, Schaller JG. Sex differences in academic advancement. Results of a national study of pediatricians. N Engl J Med. 1996; 335: 1282-1289.
3. Carr P, Friedman RH, Moskowitz MA, Kazis LE, Weed HG. Research, academic rank, and compensation of women and men faculty in academic general internal medicine. J Gen Intern Med. 1992; 7: 418-423.
4. DesRoches CM, Zinner DE, Rao SR, Iezzoni LI, Campbell EG. Activities, productivity, and compensation of men and women in the life sciences. Acad Med. 2010; 85: 631-639.
5. Jagsi R, Griffith KA, Stewart A, Sambuco D, DeCastro R, Ubel PA. Gender differences in the salaries of physician researchers. JAMA. 2012; 307: 2410-2417.
6. Jagsi R, Griffith KA, Stewart A, Sambuco D, DeCastro R, Ubel PA. Gender differences in salary in a recent cohort of earlycareer physician-researchers. Acad Med. 2013; 88: 1689-1699.
7. Pollart SM, Dandar V, Brubaker L, et al. Characteristics, satisfaction, and engagement of part-Time faculty at U.S. medical schools. Acad Med. 2015; 90: 355-364.
8. Weeks WB, Wallace TA, Wallace AE. How do race and sex affect the earnings of primary care physicians'. Health Aff (Millwood). 2009; 28: 557-566.
9. Watts SH, Promes SB, Hockberger R. The Society for Academic Emergency Medicine and Association of Academic Chairs in Emergency Medicine 2009-2010 emergency medicine faculty salary and benefits survey. Acad Emerg Med. 2012; 19: 852-860.
10. Rotbart HA, McMillen D, Taussig H, Daniels SR. Assessing gender equity in a large academic department of pediatrics. Acad Med. 2012; 87: 98-104.
11. Ness RB, Ukoli F, Hunt S, et al. Salary equity among male and female internists in Pennsylvania. Ann Intern Med. 2000; 133: 104-110.
12. Henderson MT, Fijalkowski N, Wang SK, et al. Gender differences in compensation in academic medicine: The results from four neurological specialties within the University of California Healthcare System. Scientometrics. 2014; 100: 297-306.
13. Weaver AC, Wetterneck TB, Whelan CT, Hinami K A matter of priorities'. Exploring the persistent gender pay gap in hospital medicine. J Hosp Med. 2015; 10: 486-490.
14. Sege R, Nykiel-Bub L, Selk S. Sex differences in institutional support for junior biomedical researchers. JAMA. 2015; 314: 1175-1177.
15. Carney D, Nosek BA, Greenwald AG, Banaji MR, Baumeister R, Vohs K. Implicit association test (IAT). In: Baumeister R, Vohs K, eds. Encyclopedia of Social Psychology. Thousand Oaks, Calif: SAGE Publications, Inc; 2007.
16. Greenwald AG, McGhee DE, Schwartz JL. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1998; 74: 1464-1480.
17. United States Government Printing Office. Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009. http://www.gpo. gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-111publ2/html/PLAW-111publ2.htm. Accessed March 17, 2016.
18. Sarfaty S, Kolb D, Barnett R, et al. Negotiation in academic medicine: A necessary career skill. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2007; 16: 235-244.
19. Stevens CK, Bavetta AG, Gist ME. Gender differences in the acquisition of salary negotiation skills: The role of goals, selfefficacy, and perceived control. J Appl Psychol. 1993; 78: 723-735.
20. Flanigan TS, McFarlane E, Cook S. Conducting survey research among physicians and other medical professionals: A review of current literature. Proc Am Stat Assoc Survey Res Methods. 2008: 4136-4147.
21. Dykema J, Stevenson J, Day B, Sellers SL, Bonham VL. Effects of incentives and prenotification on response rates and costs in a national Web survey of physicians. Eval Health Prof. 2011; 34: 434-447.
22. Levine RB, Mechaber HF, Bass EB, Wright SM. The impact of working part-Time on measures of academic productivity among general internists. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2010; 19: 1995-2000.
23. Darbar M, Emans SJ, Harris ZL, Brown NJ, Scott TA, Cooper WO. Part-Time physician faculty in a pediatrics department: A study of equity in compensation and academic advancement. Acad Med. 2011; 86: 968-973.
24. Hegewisch A, Ellis E, Hartmann H. The gender wage gap: 2014; earnings differences by race and ethnicity. Institute for Women's Policy Research Web site. http://www.iwpr.org/publications/pubs/.the-gender-wage-gap-2014-earningsdifferences-by-race-And-ethnicity. Accessed March 17, 2016.
25. Association of American Medical Colleges. E-learning seminar: What you don't know: The science of unconscious bias and what to do about it in the search and recruitment process. https://www.aamc.org/members/.leadership/catalog/178420/unconscious-bias. html. Accessed March 17, 2016.
26. Sambuco D, Dabrowska A, Decastro R, Stewart A, Ubel PA, Jagsi R. Negotiation in academic medicine: Narratives of faculty researchers and their mentors. Acad Med. 2013; 88: 505-511.
27. Kulik CT, Olekalns M. Negotiating the gender divide lessons from the negotiation and organizational behavior literatures. J Manage. 2012; 38: 1387-1415.