Influenza A virus vaccines for swine

Veterinary Microbiology

Volumn 206, Issue , 2017, Pages 35-44

  Vincent, Amy L ^a   Perez, Daniel R ^b   Rajao, Daniela ^a   Anderson, Tavis K ^a   Abente, Eugenio J ^a   Walia, Rasna R ^a   Lewis, Nicola S ^c  

^a NATIONAL ANIMAL DISEASE CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

H1N1; H1N2; H3N2; Influenza A virus; Swine; Vaccines

Indexed keywords

SWINE INFLUENZA VACCINE; INFLUENZA VACCINE;

ARTICLE; INFLUENZA A; INFLUENZA VACCINATION; NONHUMAN; PIG; SWINE INFLUENZA; VACCINE FAILURE; VIRUS STRAIN; ANIMAL; IMMUNOLOGY; INFLUENZA A VIRUS; ORTHOMYXOVIRUS INFECTION; SWINE DISEASE; VACCINATION; VETERINARY; VIROLOGY;

ANIMALS; INFLUENZA A VIRUS; INFLUENZA VACCINES; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; SWINE; SWINE DISEASES; VACCINATION;

EID: 85007417840     PISSN: 03781135     EISSN: 18732542     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.11.026     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Abente, E.J., Santos, J., Lewis, N.S., Gauger, P.C., Stratton, J., Skepner, E., Anderson, T.K., Rajao, D.S., Perez, D.R., Vincent, A.L., The molecular determinants of antibody recognition and antigenic drift in the H3 hemagglutinin of swine influenza A virus. J. Virol. 90 (2016), 8266–8280.
2. Allerson, M., Deen, J., Detmer, S.E., Gramer, M.R., Joo, H.S., Romagosa, A., Torremorell, M., The impact of maternally derived immunity on influenza A virus transmission in neonatal pig populations. Vaccine 31 (2013), 500–505.
3. Allerson, M.W., Davies, P.R., Gramer, M.R., Torremorell, M., Infection dynamics of pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza virus in a two-site swine herd. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 61 (2014), 490–499.
4. Ampofo, W.K., Azziz-Baumgartner, E., Bashir, U., Cox, N.J., Fasce, R., Giovanni, M., Grohmann, G., Huang, S., Katz, J., Mironenko, A., Mokhtari-Azad, T., Sasono, P.M., Rahman, M., Sawanpanyalert, P., Siqueira, M., Waddell, A.L., Waiboci, L., Wood, J., Zhang, W., Ziegler, T., Group, W.H.O.W., Strengthening the influenza vaccine virus selection and development process: report of the 3rd WHO informal consultation for improving influenza vaccine virus selection held at WHO headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland, 1–3 april 2014. Vaccine 33 (2015), 4368–4382.
5. Anderson, T.K., Campbell, B.A., Nelson, M.I., Lewis, N.S., Janas-Martindale, A., Killian, M.L., Vincent, A.L., Characterization of co-circulating swine influenza A viruses in North America and the identification of a novel H1 genetic clade with antigenic significance. Virus Res. 201 (2015), 24–31.
6. Baudon, E., Poon, L.L., Dao, T.D., Pham, N.T., Cowling, B.J., Peyre, M., Nguyen, K.V., Peiris, M., Detection of novel reassortant influenza a (H3N2) and H1N1 2009 pandemic viruses in swine in hanoi, vietnam. Zoonoses Public Health 62 (2015), 429–434.
7. Braucher, D.R., Henningson, J.N., Loving, C.L., Vincent, A.L., Kim, E., Steitz, J., Gambotto, A.A., Kehrli, M.E. Jr., Intranasal vaccination with replication-defective adenovirus type 5 encoding influenza virus hemagglutinin elicits protective immunity to homologous challenge and partial protection to heterologous challenge in pigs. Clin. Vaccine Immunol.: CVI 19 (2012), 1722–1729.
8. Brown, I.H., History and epidemiology of Swine influenza in Europe. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 370 (2013), 133–146.
9. Caton, A.J., Brownlee, G.G., Yewdell, J.W., Gerhard, W., The antigenic structure of the influenza virus A/PR/8/34 hemagglutinin (H1 subtype). Cell 31 (1982), 417–427.
10. Choi, Y.K., Pascua, P.N., Song, M.S., Swine influenza viruses: an Asian perspective. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 370 (2013), 147–172.
11. Cox, N.J., Hickling, J., Jones, R., Rimmelzwaan, G.F., Lambert, L.C., Boslego, J., Rudenko, L., Yeolekar, L., Robertson, J.S., Hombach, J., Ortiz, J.R., Report on the second WHO integrated meeting on development and clinical trials of influenza vaccines that induce broadly protective and long-lasting immune responses: geneva, Switzerland, 5–7 May 2014. Vaccine 33 (2015), 6503–6510.
12. Fazekas de St, G., Webster, R.G., Disquisitions of original antigenic sin. I. Evidence in man. J. Exp. Med. 124 (1966), 331–345.
13. Fonville, J.M., Fraaij, P.L., de Mutsert, G., Wilks, S.H., van Beek, R., Fouchier, R.A., Rimmelzwaan, G.F., Antigenic maps of influenza A(H3N2) produced with human antisera obtained after primary infection. J. Infect. Dis. 213 (2016), 31–38.
14. Gauger, P.C., Vincent, A.L., Loving, C.L., Lager, K.M., Janke, B.H., Kehrli, M.E. Jr., Roth, J.A., Enhanced pneumonia and disease in pigs vaccinated with an inactivated human-like (delta-cluster) H1N2 vaccine and challenged with pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza virus. Vaccine 29 (2011), 2712–2719.
15. Harrisvaccines 2012. Harrisvaccines awarded vaccine product licensure.
16. Kappes, M.A., Sandbulte, M.R., Platt, R., Wang, C., Lager, K.M., Henningson, J.N., Lorusso, A., Vincent, A.L., Loving, C.L., Roth, J.A., Kehrli, M.E. Jr., Vaccination with NS1-truncated H3N2 swine influenza virus primes T cells and confers cross-protection against an H1N1 heterosubtypic challenge in pigs. Vaccine 30 (2012), 280–288.
17. Khurana, S., Loving, C.L., Manischewitz, J., King, L.R., Gauger, P.C., Henningson, J., Vincent, A.L., Golding, H., Vaccine-induced anti-HA2 antibodies promote virus fusion and enhance influenza virus respiratory disease. Sci. Transl. Med., 5, 2013, 200ra114.
18. Kitikoon, P., Nilubol, D., Erickson, B.J., Janke, B.H., Hoover, T., Sornsen, S., Thacker, E.L., The immune response and maternal antibody interference to a heterologous H1N1 swine influenza virus infection following vaccination. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 112 (2006), 117–128.
19. Kitikoon, P., Nelson, M.I., Killian, M.L., Anderson, T.K., Koster, L., Culhane, M.R., Vincent, A.L., Genotype patterns of contemporary reassorted H3N2 virus in US swine. J. Gen. Virol. 94 (2013), 1236–1241.
20. Koel, B.F., Burke, D.F., Bestebroer, T.M., van der Vliet, S., Zondag, G.C., Vervaet, G., Skepner, E., Lewis, N.S., Spronken, M.I., Russell, C.A., Eropkin, M.Y., Hurt, A.C., Barr, I.G., de Jong, J.C., Rimmelzwaan, G.F., Osterhaus, A.D., Fouchier, R.A., Smith, D.J., Substitutions near the receptor binding site determine major antigenic change during influenza virus evolution. Science 342 (2013), 976–979.
21. Koel, B.F., Mogling, R., Chutinimitkul, S., Fraaij, P.L., Burke, D.F., van der Vliet, S., de Wit, E., Bestebroer, T.M., Rimmelzwaan, G.F., Osterhaus, A.D., Smith, D.J., Fouchier, R.A., de Graaf, M., Identification of amino acid substitutions supporting antigenic change of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. J. Virol. 89 (2015), 3763–3775.
22. Krammer, F., Hai, R., Yondola, M., Tan, G.S., Leyva-Grado, V.H., Ryder, A.B., Miller, M.S., Rose, J.K., Palese, P., Garcia-Sastre, A., Albrecht, R.A., Assessment of influenza virus hemagglutinin stalk-based immunity in ferrets. J. Virol. 88 (2014), 3432–3442.
23. Lam, T.T., Zhu, H., Wang, J., Smith, D.K., Holmes, E.C., Webster, R.G., Webby, R., Peiris, J.M., Guan, Y., Reassortment events among swine influenza A viruses in China: implications for the origin of the 2009 influenza pandemic. J. Virol. 85 (2011), 10279–10285.
24. Lapedes, A., Farber, R., The geometry of shape space: application to influenza. J. Theor. Biol. 212 (2001), 57–69.
25. Lekcharoensuk, P., Lager, K.M., Vemulapalli, R., Woodruff, M., Vincent, A.L., Richt, J.A., Novel swine influenza virus subtype H3N1, United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 12 (2006), 787–794.
26. Lewis, N.S., Daly, J.M., Russell, C.A., Horton, D.L., Skepner, E., Bryant, N.A., Burke, D.F., Rash, A.S., Wood, J.L., Chambers, T.M., Fouchier, R.A., Mumford, J.A., Elton, D.M., Smith, D.J., Antigenic and genetic evolution of equine influenza A (H3N8) virus from 1968 to 2007. J. Virol. 85 (2011), 12742–12749.
27. Lewis, N.S., Anderson, T.K., Kitikoon, P., Skepner, E., Burke, D.F., Vincent, A.L., Substitutions near the hemagglutinin receptor-binding site determine the antigenic evolution of influenza A H3N2 viruses in U.S swine. J. Virol. 88 (2014), 4752–4763.
28. Lewis, N.S., Russell, C.A., Langat, P., Anderson, T.K., Berger, K., Bielejec, F., Burke, D.F., Dudas, G., Fonville, J.M., Fouchier, R.A., Kellam, P., Koel, B.F., Lemey, P., Nguyen, T., Nuansrichy, B., Peiris, J.M., Saito, T., Simon, G., Skepner, E., Takemae, N., consortium, E., Webby, R.J., Van Reeth, K., Brookes, S.M., Larsen, L., Watson, S.J., Brown, I.H., Vincent, A.L., The global antigenic diversity of swine influenza A viruses. Elife, 5, 2016, e12217.
29. Liang, H., Lam, T.T., Fan, X., Chen, X., Zeng, Y., Zhou, J., Duan, L., Tse, M., Chan, C.H., Li, L., Leung, T.Y., Yip, C.H., Cheung, C.L., Zhou, B., Smith, D.K., Poon, L.L., Peiris, M., Guan, Y., Zhu, H., Expansion of genotypic diversity and establishment of 2009 H1N1 pandemic-origin internal genes in pigs in China. J. Virol. 88 (2014), 10864–10874.
30. Loeffen, W.L., Heinen, P.P., Bianchi, A.T., Hunneman, W.A., Verheijden, J.H., Effect of maternally derived antibodies on the clinical signs and immune response in pigs after primary and secondary infection with an influenza H1N1 virus. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 92 (2003), 23–35.
31. Loving, C.L., Lager, K.M., Vincent, A.L., Brockmeier, S.L., Gauger, P.C., Anderson, T.K., Kitikoon, P., Perez, D.R., Kehrli, M.E. Jr., Efficacy in pigs of inactivated and live attenuated influenza virus vaccines against infection and transmission of an emerging H3N2 similar to the 2011–2012 H3N2 v. J. Virol. 87 (2013), 9895–9903.
32. Ma, W., Gramer, M., Rossow, K., Yoon, K.J., Isolation and genetic characterization of new reassortant H3N1 swine influenza virus from pigs in the midwestern United States. J. Virol. 80 (2006), 5092–5096.
33. Masic, A., Booth, J.S., Mutwiri, G.K., Babiuk, L.A., Zhou, Y., Elastase-dependent live attenuated swine influenza A viruses are immunogenic and confer protection against swine influenza A virus infection in pigs. J. Virol. 83 (2009), 10198–10210.
34. Mena, I., Nelson, M.I., Quezada-Monroy, F., Dutta, J., Cortes-Fernandez, R., Lara-Puente, J.H., Castro-Peralta, F., Cunha, L.F., Trovao, N.S., Lozano-Dubernard, B., Rambaut, A., van Bakel, H., Garcia-Sastre, A., Origins of the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic in swine in Mexico. Elife, 5, 2016.
35. Nachbagauer, R., Wohlbold, T.J., Hirsh, A., Hai, R., Sjursen, H., Palese, P., Cox, R.J., Krammer, F., Induction of broadly reactive anti-hemagglutinin stalk antibodies by an H5N1 vaccine in humans. J. Virol. 88 (2014), 13260–13268.
36. Nelson, M.I., Vincent, A.L., Reverse zoonosis of influenza to swine: new perspectives on the human-animal interface. Trends Microbiol. 23 (2015), 142–153.
37. Nelson, M.I., Gramer, M.R., Vincent, A.L., Holmes, E.C., Global transmission of influenza viruses from humans to swine. J. Gen. Virol. 93 (2012), 2195–2203.
38. Nelson, M.I., Vincent, A.L., Kitikoon, P., Holmes, E.C., Gramer, M.R., Evolution of novel reassortant A/H3N2 influenza A viruses in North American swine and humans, 2009–2011. J. Virol. 86 (2012), 8872–8878.
39. Nelson, M.I., Wentworth, D.E., Culhane, M.R., Vincent, A.L., Viboud, C., LaPointe, M.P., Lin, X., Holmes, E.C., Detmer, S.E., Introductions and evolution of human-origin seasonal influenza A viruses in multinational Swine populations. J. Virol. 88 (2014), 10110–10119.
40. Nelson, M., Culhane, M.R., Rovira, A., Torremorell, M., Guerrero, P., Norambuena, J., Novel human-like influenza A viruses circulate in swine in Mexico and Chile. PLoS Curr., 7, 2015.
41. Nelson, M.I., Schaefer, R., Gava, D., Cantao, M.E., Ciacci-Zanella, J.R., Influenza A viruses of human origin in swine, Brazil. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 21 (2015), 1339–1347.
42. Nelson, M.I., Viboud, C., Vincent, A.L., Culhane, M.R., Detmer, S.E., Wentworth, D.E., Rambaut, A., Suchard, M.A., Holmes, E.C., Lemey, P., Global migration of influenza A viruses in swine. Nat. Commun., 6, 2015, 6696.
43. Ngo, L.T., Hiromoto, Y., Pham, V.P., Le, H.T., Nguyen, H.T., Le, V.T., Takemae, N., Saito, T., Isolation of novel triple-reassortant swine H3N2 influenza viruses possessing the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of a seasonal influenza virus in Vietnam in 2010. Influenza Other Respir. Viruses 6 (2012), 6–10.
44. Pena, L., Vincent, A.L., Ye, J., Ciacci-Zanella, J.R., Angel, M., Lorusso, A., Gauger, P.C., Janke, B.H., Loving, C.L., Perez, D.R., Modifications in the polymerase genes of a swine-like triple-reassortant influenza virus to generate live attenuated vaccines against 2009 pandemic H1N1 viruses. J. Virol. 85 (2011), 456–469.
45. Pereda, A., Rimondi, A., Cappuccio, J., Sanguinetti, R., Angel, M., Ye, J., Sutton, T., Dibarbora, M., Olivera, V., Craig, M.I., Quiroga, M., Machuca, M., Ferrero, A., Perfumo, C., Perez, D.R., Evidence of reassortment of pandemic H1N1 influenza virus in swine in Argentina: are we facing the expansion of potential epicenters of influenza emergence?. Influenza Other Respir. Viruses 5 (2011), 409–412.
46. Petsch, B., Schnee, M., Vogel, A.B., Lange, E., Hoffmann, B., Voss, D., Schlake, T., Thess, A., Kallen, K.J., Stitz, L., Kramps, T., Protective efficacy of in vitro synthesized, specific mRNA vaccines against influenza A virus infection. Nat. Biotechnol. 30 (2012), 1210–1216.
47. Quinnan, G.V., Schooley, R., Dolin, R., Ennis, F.A., Gross, P., Gwaltney, J.M., Serologic responses and systemic reactions in adults after vaccination with monovalent A/USSR/77 and trivalent A/USSR/77, A/Texas/77, B/Hong Kong/72 influenza vaccines. Rev. Infect. Dis. 5 (1983), 748–757.
48. Rajao, D.S., Loving, C.L., Gauger, P.C., Kitikoon, P., Vincent, A.L., Influenza A virus hemagglutinin protein subunit vaccine elicits vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease in pigs. Vaccine 32 (2014), 5170–5176.
49. Rajao, D.S., Gauger, P.C., Anderson, T.K., Lewis, N.S., Abente, E.J., Killian, M.L., Perez, D.R., Sutton, T.C., Zhang, J., Vincent, A.L., Novel reassortant human-like H3N2 and H3N1 influenza A viruses detected in pigs are virulent and antigenically distinct from swine viruses endemic to the United States. J. Virol. 89 (2015), 11213–11222.
50. Rajao, D.S., Sandbulte, M.R., Gauger, P.C., Kitikoon, P., Platt, R., Roth, J.A., Perez, D.R., Loving, C.L., Vincent, A.L., Heterologous challenge in the presence of maternally-derived antibodies results in vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease in weaned piglets. Virology 491 (2016), 79–88.
51. Richt, J.A., Lekcharoensuk, P., Lager, K.M., Vincent, A.L., Loiacono, C.M., Janke, B.H., Wu, W.H., Yoon, K.J., Webby, R.J., Solorzano, A., Garcia-Sastre, A., Vaccination of pigs against swine influenza viruses using a NS1-truncated modified live virus vaccine. J. Virol. 80 (2006), 11009–11018.
52. Russell, C.A., Jones, T.C., Barr, I.G., Cox, N.J., Garten, R.J., Gregory, V., Gust, I.D., Hampson, A.W., Hay, A.J., Hurt, A.C., de Jong, J.C., Kelso, A., Klimov, A.I., Kageyama, T., Komadina, N., Lapedes, A.S., Lin, Y.P., Mosterin, A., Obuchi, M., Odagiri, T., Osterhaus, A.D., Rimmelzwaan, G.F., Shaw, M.W., Skepner, E., Stohr, K., Tashiro, M., Fouchier, R.A., Smith, D.J., Influenza vaccine strain selection and recent studies on the global migration of seasonal influenza viruses. Vaccine 26:Suppl. 4 (2008), D31–34.
53. Sandbulte, M.R., Spickler, A.R., Zaabel, P.K., Roth, J.A., Optimal use of vaccines for control of influenza A virus in swine. Vaccines (Basel) 3 (2015), 22–73.
54. Simon, G., Larsen, L.E., Durrwald, R., Foni, E., Harder, T., Van Reeth, K., Markowska-Daniel, I., Reid, S.M., Dan, A., Maldonado, J., Huovilainen, A., Billinis, C., Davidson, I., Aguero, M., Vila, T., Herve, S., Breum, S.O., Chiapponi, C., Urbaniak, K., Kyriakis, C.S., consortium, E., Brown, I.H., Loeffen, W., European surveillance network for influenza in pigs: surveillance programs, diagnostic tools and Swine influenza virus subtypes identified in 14 European countries from 2010 to 2013. PLoS One, 9, 2014, e115815.
55. Smith, D.J., Lapedes, A.S., de Jong, J.C., Bestebroer, T.M., Rimmelzwaan, G.F., Osterhaus, A.D., Fouchier, R.A., Mapping the antigenic and genetic evolution of influenza virus. Science 305 (2004), 371–376.
56. Smith, G.J.D., Vijaykrishna, D., Bahl, J., Lycett, S.J., Worobey, M., Pybus, O.G., Ma, S.K., Cheung, C.L., Raghwani, J., Bhatt, S., Peiris, J.S.M., Guan, Y., Rambaut, A., Origins and evolutionary genomics of the 2009 swine-origin H1N1 influenza A epidemic. Nature 459 (2009), 1122–1125.
57. Solorzano, A., Webby, R.J., Lager, K.M., Janke, B.H., Garcia-Sastre, A., Richt, J.A., Mutations in the NS1 protein of swine influenza virus impair anti-interferon activity and confer attenuation in pigs. J. Virol. 79 (2005), 7535–7543.
58. Takemae, N., Nguyen, T., Ngo, L.T., Hiromoto, Y., Uchida, Y., Pham, V.P., Kageyama, T., Kasuo, S., Shimada, S., Yamashita, Y., Goto, K., Kubo, H., Le, V.T., Van Vo, H., Do, H.T., Nguyen, D.H., Hayashi, T., Matsuu, A., Saito, T., Antigenic variation of H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 swine influenza viruses in Japan and Vietnam. Arch. Virol 158 (2013), 859–876.
59. Van Reeth, K., Ma, W., Swine influenza virus vaccines: to change or not to change-that's the question. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 370 (2013), 173–200.
60. Van Reeth, K., Brown, I.H., Olsen, C.W., Swine influenza. Zimmerman, J.J., (eds.) Diseases of Swine, 2012, Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester West Sussex p.
61. Vander Veen, R.L., Loynachan, A.T., Mogler, M.A., Russell, B.J., Harris, D.L., Kamrud, K.I., Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of an alphavirus replicon-based swine influenza virus hemagglutinin vaccine. Vaccine 30 (2012), 1944–1950.
62. Vander Veen, R.L., Mogler, M.A., Russell, B.J., Loynachan, A.T., Harris, D.L., Kamrud, K.I., Haemagglutinin and nucleoprotein replicon particle vaccination of swine protects against the pandemic H1N1 2009 virus. Vet. Rec., 173, 2013, 344.
63. Vijaykrishna, D., Smith, G.J., Pybus, O.G., Zhu, H., Bhatt, S., Poon, L.L., Riley, S., Bahl, J., Ma, S.K., Cheung, C.L., Perera, R.A., Chen, H., Shortridge, K.F., Webby, R.J., Webster, R.G., Guan, Y., Peiris, J.S., Long-term evolution and transmission dynamics of swine influenza A virus. Nature 473 (2011), 519–522.
64. Vincent, A.L., Ma, W., Lager, K.M., Janke, B.H., Webby, R.J., Garcia-Sastre, A., Richt, J.A., Efficacy of intranasal administration of a truncated NS1 modified live influenza virus vaccine in swine. Vaccine 25 (2007), 7999–8009.
65. Vincent, A.L., Ma, W., Lager, K.M., Janke, B.H., Richt, J.A., Swine influenza viruses a North American perspective. Adv. Virus Res. 72 (2008), 127–154.
66. Vincent, A.L., Ma, W., Lager, K.M., Richt, J.A., Janke, B.H., Sandbulte, M.R., Gauger, P.C., Loving, C.L., Webby, R.J., Garcia-Sastre, A., Live attenuated influenza vaccine provides superior protection from heterologous infection in pigs with maternal antibodies without inducing vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease. J. Virol. 86 (2012), 10597–10605.
67. Vincent, A., Awada, L., Brown, I., Chen, H., Claes, F., Dauphin, G., Donis, R., Culhane, M., Hamilton, K., Lewis, N., Mumford, E., Nguyen, T., Parchariyanon, S., Pasick, J., Pavade, G., Pereda, A., Peiris, M., Saito, T., Swenson, S., Van Reeth, K., Webby, R., Wong, F., Ciacci-Zanella, J., Review of influenza A virus in swine worldwide: a call for increased surveillance and research. Zoonoses Public Health 61 (2014), 4–17.
68. Vincent, A.L., Lager, K.M., Anderson, T.K., A brief introduction to influenza a virus in Swine. Methods Mol. Biol., 2014, 243–258.
69. Watson, S.J., Langat, P., Reid, S.M., Lam, T.T., Cotten, M., Kelly, M., Van Reeth, K., Qiu, Y., Simon, G., Bonin, E., Foni, E., Chiapponi, C., Larsen, L., Hjulsager, C., Markowska-Daniel, I., Urbaniak, K., Durrwald, R., Schlegel, M., Huovilainen, A., Davidson, I., Dan, A., Loeffen, W., Edwards, S., Bublot, M., Vila, T., Maldonado, J., Valls, L., Consortium, E., Brown, I.H., Pybus, O.G., Kellam, P., Molecular epidemiology and evolution of influenza viruses circulating within European swine between 2009 and 2013. J. Virol. 89 (2015), 9920–9931.
70. Wesley, R.D., Lager, K.M., Overcoming maternal antibody interference by vaccination with human adenovirus 5 recombinant viruses expressing the hemagglutinin and the nucleoprotein of swine influenza virus. Vet. Microbiol. 118 (2006), 67–75.
71. Wiersma, L.C., Rimmelzwaan, G.F., de Vries, R.D., Developing universal influenza vaccines: hitting the nail, not just on the head. Vaccines (Basel) 3 (2015), 239–262.
72. Wiley, D.C., Wilson, I.A., Skehel, J.J., Structural identification of the antibody-binding sites of Hong Kong influenza haemagglutinin and their involvement in antigenic variation. Nature 289 (1981), 373–378.
73. Worobey, M., Han, G.Z., Rambaut, A., Genesis and pathogenesis of the 1918 pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 111 (2014), 8107–8112.
74. York, I., Donis, R.O., The 2009 pandemic influenza virus: where did it come from, where is it now, and where is it going?. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 370 (2013), 241–257.
75. Zell, R., Scholtissek, C., Ludwig, S., Genetics, evolution, and the zoonotic capacity of European Swine influenza viruses. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 370 (2013), 29–55.
76. Zhu, H., Webby, R., Lam, T.T., Smith, D.K., Peiris, J.S., Guan, Y., History of Swine influenza viruses in Asia. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 370 (2013), 57–68.