Paradigm shift from mechanical direct injection diesel engines to advanced injection strategies of diesel homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines- A comprehensive review

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Volumn 70, Issue , 2017, Pages 369-384

  Khandal, S V ^a   Banapurmath, N R ^a   Gaitonde, V N ^a   Hiremath, S S ^b  

^a KLE TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY   (India)

^b BASAVESHWAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE   (India)

Author keywords

Common rail direct injection (CRDI) engine; Compression ignition (CI) engine; Dual fuel (DF) engine; Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine

Indexed keywords

ALTERNATIVE FUELS; CARBON MONOXIDE; DIESEL ENGINES; DUAL FUEL ENGINES; FUEL ECONOMY; GAS EMISSIONS; IGNITION; THERMAL EFFICIENCY;

BRAKE THERMAL EFFICIENCY; COMMON RAIL; COMMON RAIL DIRECT INJECTION ENGINE; COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE; DIRECT INJECTION ENGINES; DUAL-FUEL ENGINES; ENGINE OPERATIONS; FUEL INJECTION SYSTEMS; HOMOGENEOUS CHARGE COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES; PARADIGM SHIFTS;

DIRECT INJECTION;

EID: 85006062733     PISSN: 13640321     EISSN: 18790690     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.058     Document Type: Review

References (230)

1. [1] Lalwani, Mahendra, Singh, Mool, Conventional and renewable energy scenario of India: present and future. Can J Electr Electron Eng 1:6 (2010), 122–140.
2. [2] Abdul Kalam APJ. Energy independence and plant and earth. Inaugural address on 94th Indian Science Congress. Annamalai University, Chidambaram, January 5; 2000. p. 3.
3. [3] Banapurmath, N.R., Tewrai, P.G., Vinodkumar, V., Combustion and emission characteristics of DI compression ignition engine when operated on Marotti oil methyl ester and its blends Marotti oil methyl ester with diesel. Sustain Eng 2:3 (2009), 192–200.
4. [4] Banapurmath, N.R., Tewari, P.G., Performance, combustion, and emissions characteristics of a single-cylinder compression ignition engine operated on ethanol–biodiesel blended fuels. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part A: J Power Energy 224 (2010), 533–543.
5. [5] Kjarstad, J., Johnsson, F., Resources and future supply of oil. Energy Policy 37 (2010), 441–464.
6. [6] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum consumption_statistics.
7. [7] www.worldenergyoutlook.org/media/…/2011/WEO2011_Press_Launch_London.pdf, Nov 9; 2011. - OECD/IEA 2011.
8. [8] Heywood, J.B., Internal combustion engine fundamentals. 1988, McGraw-Hill, United States of America.
9. [9] Sahoo, P.K., Das, L.M., Combustion analysis of Jatropha, Karanja and Polanga based biodiesel as fuel in a diesel engine. Fuel 88 (2009), 994–999.
10. [10] Tesfa, B., Mishra, R., Zhang, C., Gu, F., Ball, A.D., Combustion and performance characteristics of CI (compression ignition) engine running with biodiesel. Energy 51 (2013), 101–115.
11. [11] Kim, Myung Yoon, Yoon, Seung Hyung, Hwang, Jin Woo, Characteristics of particulate emissions of compression ignition engine fueled with biodiesel derived from soybean. J Eng Gas Turbines Power, 130/052805–1, 2008.
12. [12] Labecki, L., Cairns, A., Xia, J., Megaritis, A., Zhao, H., Ganippa, L.C., Combustion and emission of rapeseed oil blends in diesel engine. Appl Energy 95 (2012), 139–246.
13. [13] Labecki, L., Ganippa, L.C., Effects of injection parameters and EGR on combustion and emission characteristics of rapeseed oil and its blends in diesel engines. Fuel 81 (2012), 2417–2423.
14. [14] Song, H., Tompkins, B.T., Bittle, J.A., Jacobs, T.J., Comparison of NOx emissions and soot concentrations from biodiesel-fuelled diesel engine. Fuel 96 (2012), 446–453.
15. [15] Basavarajappa, D.N., Banapurmath, N.R., Khandal, S.V., Manavendra, G., Performance evaluation of common rail direct injection (CRDI) engine fuelled with uppage oil methyl ester (UOME). Int J Renew Energy Dev, 2015, 10.14710/ijred.4.1.
16. [16] Yao, Mingfa, Zheng, Zhaolei, Liu, Haifeng, Progress and recent trends in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines. Prog Energy Combust Sci 35 (2009), 398–437.
17. [17] Harisankar Bendu, S. Murugan, Homogeneous charge compression ignition engine (HCCI) combustion: mixture preparation and control strategies in diesel engines. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 38 (2014), 732–746.
18. [18] Komninos, N.P., Rakopoulos, C.D., Modeling HCCI combustion of biofuels: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 16 (2012), 1588–1610.
19. [19] WHO. (http://www.who.int/indoorair/publications/fuelforlife/en/index.html); 2006.
20. [20] Khan, Mohd Moiz, Khan, Riyaj Uddin, Khan, Fahad Zishan, Athar, Moina, Impacts of biodiesel on the environment. Int J Environ Eng Manag 4:4 (2013), 345–350 ISSN 2231-1319.
21. [21] Planning commission of india. Report of the expert committee on integrated energy policy; 2006.
22. [22] Recep, Altin, Selim, Cetinkaya, Serdar, Yucesu Huseyin, The potential of using vegetable oil fuels as fuel for diesel engine. Energy Convers Manag 42 (2001), 529–538.
23. [23] Nagata, Koji, State-of-art technologies for diesel common rail system. SAE, 2004-28-00, 68, 442–474.
24. [24] Baiju, B., Naik, M.K., Das, L.M., A comparative evaluation of compression ignition engine characterizes using methyl and ethyl of karanja oil. Renew Energy, 2009, 1–6.
25. [25] Basavarajappa, D.N., Banapurmath, N.R., Khandal, S.V., Manavendra, G., Effect of combustion chamber shapes & injection strategies onthe performance of uppage biodiesel operated diesel engines. Univers J Renew Energy 2 (2014), 67–98.
26. [26] Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of dual fuel (DF) engine fuelled with hydrogen induction and injection of Honne and Honge methyl esters. Energy and power Eng 7 (2015), 384–395.
27. [27] Soo-Young No. inedible vegetable oild and their derivatives or alternative diesel uels in CI engines: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 15 (2011), 131–149.
28. [28] Banapurmath, N.R., Tewari, P.G., Hosmath, R.S., Combustion and emission characteristics of a direct injection, compression-ignition operated on Honge oil, HOME and blends of HOME and diesel. Int J Sustain Eng 1:2 (2008), 80–93.
29. [29] Nwafor, O.M.I., Rice, G., Ogbonna, A.I., Effect of advanced injection timing on the performance of rapeseed oil in diesel engines. Renew Energy 21 (2000), 433–444.
30. [30] Ganapathy, T., Gakkhar, R.P., Murugesan, K., Influence of injection timing on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of Jatropha biodiesel engine. Appl Energy 88:12 (2011), 4376–4386.
31. [31] Bari, S., Yu, C.W., Lim, T.H., Effect of fuel injection timing with waste cooking oil as a fuel in a direct injection diesel engine. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part D: J Auto Eng 218:1 (2004), 93–104.
32. [32] Mani, M., Nagarajan, G., Influence of injection timing on performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a DI diesel engine running on waste plastic oil. Energy 34:10 (2009), 1617–1623.
33. [33] Haldar, S.K., Ghosh, B.B., Nag, A., Studies on the comparison of performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using three degummed non edible oils. Biomass- Bioenergy 33 (2009), 1013–1018.
34. [34] Labeckas, G., Slavinskas, S., The effect of rapeseed oil methyl ester on direct injection Diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions. Energy Convers Manag 47:13–14 (2006), 1954–1967.
35. [35] Labeckas, G., Slavinskas, S., Performance and emission characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine operating on KDV synthetic diesel fuel. Energy Convers Manag 66:0 (2013), 173–188.
36. [36] Ushakov, S., Valland, H., Vilmar, A., Combustion and emissions characteristics of fish oil fuel in a heavy-duty diesel engine. Energy Convers Manag 65:0 (2013), 228–238.
37. [37] Rakopoulos, C.D., Antonopoulos, K.A., Rakopoulos, D.C., Development and application of multi-zone model for combustion and pollutants formation in direct injection diesel engine running with vegetable oil or its bio-diesel. Energy Convers Manag 48:7 (2007), 1881–1901.
38. [38] Hamdan, M.A., Khalil, R.H., Simulation of compression engine powered by biofuels. Energy Convers Manag 51:8 (2010), 1714–1718.
39. [39] Qi, D.H., Chen, H., Geng, L.M., Bian, Y.Zh, Experimental studies on the combustion characteristics and performance of a direct injection engine fueled with biodiesel/diesel blends. Energy Convers Manag 51:12 (2010), 2985–2992.
40. [40] Rakopoulos, C.D., Antonopoulos, K.A., Rakopoulos, D.C., Hountalas, D.T., Multi-zone modeling of combustion and emissions formation in DI diesel engine operating on ethanol–diesel fuel blends. Energy Convers Manag 49:4 (2008), 625–643.
41. [41] Kannan, D., Pachamuthu, S., Nurun, N.M., Hustad, J.E., Lovas, T., Theoretical and experimental investigation of diesel engine performance, combustion and emissions analysis fuelled with the blends of ethanol, diesel and jatropha methyl ester. Energy Convers Manag 53:1 (2012), 322–331.
42. [42] Rakopoulos, C.D., Rakopoulos, D.C., Hountalas, D.T., Giakoumis, E.G., Andritsakis, E.C., Performance and emissions of bus engine using blends of diesel fuel with bio-diesel of sunflower or cottonseed oils derived from Greek feedstock. Fuel 87:2 (2008), 147–157.
43. [43] Puhan, S., Jegan, R., Balasubbramanian, K., Nagarajan, G., Effect of injection pressure on performance, emission and combustion characteristics of high linolenic linseed oil methyl ester in a DI diesel engine. Renew Energy 34:5 (2009), 1227–1233.
44. [44] Jindal, S., Nandwana, B.P., Rathore, N.S., Vashistha, V., Experimental investigation of the effect of compression ratio and injection pressure in a direct injection diesel engine running on Jatropha methyl ester. Appl Therm Eng 30:5 (2010), 442–448.
45. [45] Banapurmath, N.R., Tewari, P.G., Hosmath, R.S., Effect of biodiesel derived from Honge oil and its blends with diesel when directly injected at different injection pressures and injection timings in single-cylinder water-cooled compression ignition engine. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part A: J Power Energy 223:1 (2009), 31–40.
46. [46] Celikten, I., Koca, A., Ali, A.M., Comparison of performance and emissions of diesel fuel, rapeseed and soybean oil methyl esters injected at different pressures. Renew Energy 35:4 (2010), 814–820.
47. [47] Balusamy, T., Marappan, R., Effect of injection time and injection pressure on CI engine fuelled with methyl ester of Thevetia peruviana seed oil. Int J Green Energy 7:4 (2010), 397–409.
48. [48] Kannan, G.R., Anand, R., Effect of injection pressure and injection timing on DI diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel from waste cooking oil. Biomass- Bioenergy 46:0 (2012), 343–352.
49. [49] Sahoo, P.K., Das, L.M., Babu, M.K.G., Arora, P., Singh, V.P., Kumar, N.R., Varyani, T.S., Comparative evaluation of performance and emission characteristics of jatropha, karanja and polanga based biodiesel as fuel in a tractor engine. Fuel, 2009.
50. [50] Mofijur, M., Masjuki, H.H., Kalam, M.A., Atabani, A.E., Arbab, M.I., Cheng, S.F., Properties and use of Moringa oleifera biodiesel and diesel fuel blends in a multi-cylinder diesel engine. Energy Convers Manag 82 (2014), 169–176.
51. [51] Dhar, A., Agarwal, A.K., Performance, emissions and combustion characteristics of Karanja biodiesel in a transportation engine. Fuel 119 (2014), 70–80.
52. [52] Rahman, S.M.A., Masjuki, H.H., Kalam, M.A., Abedin, M.J., Sanjid, A., Imtenan, S., Effect of idling on fuel consumption and emissions of a diesel engine fueled by Jatropha biodiesel blends. J Clean Prod 69:0 (2014), 208–215.
53. [53] Raheman, H., Ghadge, S.V., Performance of diesel engine with biodiesel at varying compression ratio and ignition timing. Fuel 87:12 (2008), 2659–2666.
54. [54] Muralidharan, K., Vasudevan, D., Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a variable compression ratio engine using methyl esters of waste cooking oil and diesel blends. Appl Energy 88:11 (2011), 3959–3968.
55. [55] Ibrahim, A., El‐Adawy, M., El‐Kassaby, M.M., The impact of changing the compression ratio on the performance of an engine fueled by biodiesel blends. Energy Technol 1:7 (2013), 395–404.
56. [56] El-Kassaby, M., Nemit-allah, M.A., Studying the effect of compression ratio on an engine fueled with waste oil produced biodiesel/diesel fuel. Alex Eng J 52:1 (2013), 1–11.
57. [57] Balajee, D., Sankaranarayanan, G., Harish, P., Jeevarathinam, N., Performance and combustion characteristics of CI engine with variable compression ratio fuelled with pongamia and jatropha and its blends with diesel. Int J Sustain Eng 2:3 (2013), 1–14.
58. [58] Kumar, R., Dixit, A.K., Singh, S.K., Singh, G., Khurana, R., Performance characteristics of Jatropha ethyl ester as diesel engine fuel at different compression ratios. Agric Eng Int: CIGR J, 15, 2013, 3.
59. [59] Amarnath, HK, Prabhakaran, P, Bhat, SA, Paatil, R, Comparative analysis of thermal performance and emission characteristics of methyl esters of Karanja and Jatropha oils based variable compression ratio diesel engine. Int J Green Energy 11:7 (2013), 675–694.
60. [60] Jose, D.M., Prasad, B.D., Raj, R.E., Kennedy, Z.R., An extraction and performance analysis of rubber seed–methyl ester on an IC engine at various compression ratios. Int J Green Energy 11:8 (2014), 808–821.
61. [61] Nagaraja, S., Sakthivel, M., Sudhakaran, R., Comparative study of the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of a variable compression ratio engine fuelled with diesel, corn oil methyl ester, and palm oil methyl ester. J Renew Sustain Energy, 4(6), 2012, 063122.
62. [62] Gandure J, Ketlogetswe C. Comparative performance analysis of marula oil and petrodiesel fuels on a variable compression ratio engine. In: Proceedings of the AFRICON 2011, IEEE; 2011.
63. [63] Mohanraj, T., Mohan, K., Murugu, K., Operating characteristics of a variable compression ratio engine using esterified Tamanu oil. Int J Green Energy 10:3 (2013), 285–301.
64. [64] Venkatraman M, Devaradjane G. Experimental investigation of effect of compression ratio, injection timing and injection pressure on the performance of a CI engine operated with diesel–pungam methyl ester blend. In: Proceedings of the frontiers in automobile and mechanical engineering (FAME) 2010, IEEE; 2010.
65. [65] Gumus, M., A comprehensive experimental investigation of combustion and heat release characteristics of a biodiesel (hazelnut kernel oil methyl ester) fueled direct injection compression ignition engine. Fuel 89:10 (2010), 2802–2814.
66. [66] Jaichandar, S., Annamalai, K., Combined impact of injection pressure and combustion chamber geometry on the performance of a biodiesel fueled diesel engine. Energy 55 (2013), 330–339.
67. [67] Jaichandar, S., Senthil, K.P., Annamalai, K., Combined effect of injection timing and combustion chamber geometry on the performance of a biodiesel fueled diesel engine. Energy 47:1 (2012), 388–394.
68. [68] Jaichandar, S., Annamalai, K., Effects of open combustion chamber geometries on the performance of pongamia biodiesel in a DI diesel engine. Fuel 98 (2012), 272–279.
69. [69] Prasad, B.V.V.S.U., Sharma, C.S., Anand, T.N.C., Ravikrishna, R.V., High swirl-inducing pistonbowls in small diesel engines for emission reduction. Appl Therm Energy 88 (2011), 2355–2367.
70. [70] Banapurmath, N.R., Chavan, A.S., Bansode, S.B., Patil, Sankalp, Naveen, G, Tonannavar, Sanketh, Keerthi Kumar, N, Tandale, MS, Effect of Combustion Chamber Shapes on the Performance of Mahua and Neem Biodiesel Operated Diesel Engines. J Pet Environ Biotechnol, 6(4), 2015, 230, 10.4172/2157-7463.1000230.
71. [71] Valentino, Gerardo, Allocca, Luigi, Lannuzzi, Stefano, Montanaro, Alessandro, Biodiesel/mineral diesel fuel mixtures Spray evolution and engine performance and emissions characterization. Energy 36 (2011), 3924–3932.
72. [72] Song, H., Tompkins, B.T., Bittle.J, A., Jacobs, T.J., Comparison of NO emissions and soot constrations from biodiesel-fuelled diesel engine. Fuel 96 (2012), 446–453.
73. [73] Jacobs T, Assanis D, Filipi Z. The impact of exhaust gas recirculation on performance and emissions of a heavy-duty diesel engine. In: Proceedings of the SAE technical paper 2003-01-1068; 2003.
74. [74] Pfeifer A, Smeets M, Herrmann HO, Tomazic D, Richert F, Schlober A. A new approach to boost pressure and EGR rate control development for HD truck engines with VGT. In: Proceedings of the SAE technical paper; 2002.
75. [75] Tsolakis, A., Megaritis, A., Wyszynski, M.L., Theinnoi, K., Engine performance and emissions of a diesel engine operating on diesel-RME (rapeseed methyl ester) blends with EGR (exhaust gas recirculation). Energy 32:11 (2007), 2072–2080.
76. [76] Saleh, H.E., Effect of exhaust gas recirculation on diesel engine nitrogen oxide reduction operating with jojoba methyl ester. Renew Energy 34:10 (2009), 2178–2186.
77. [77] Banapurmath, N.R., Tewari, P.G., Performance studies of a low heat rejection engine operated on non-volatile vegetable oils with exhaust gas recirculation. Int J Sustain Eng 2:4 (2009), 265–274.
78. [78] Anandavelu, K., Alagumurthi, N., Saravanan, C.G., Performance and emission studies on biofuel-powered Kirloskar TV-1 direct-injection diesel engine with exhaust gas recirculation. Int J Sustain Energy(30(Supp1)), 2011, S66–S75.
79. [79] Kumar RU, Vijayaraj S. Performance and emission analysis on a direct injection diesel engine using biodiesel from palm oil with exhaust gas recirculation. In: Proceedings of the ASME 2005 internal combustion engine division fall technical conference. Am Soc Mech Engi; 2005.
80. [80] Manieniyan, V., Sivaprakasam, S., Experimental analysis of exhaust gas recirculation on DI diesel engine operating with biodiesel. Int J Eng Technol, 3, 2013, 2.
81. [81] Gomaa, M., Alimin, A.J., Kamarudin, K.A., Trade-off between NOX, sdoot and EGR rates for an IDI diesel engine fuelled with JB5. World Acad Sci Eng Technol, 38, 2010, 6.
82. [82] Bermudez, V., Lujan, J.M., Pla, B., Linares, W.G., Effects of low pressure exhaust gas recirculation on regulated and unregulated gaseous emissions during NEDC in a light-duty diesel engine. Energy 36:9 (2011), 5655–5665.
83. [83] Kawano, D., Ishii, H., Goto, Y., Noda, A., Effect of exhaust gas recirculation on exhaust emissions from diesel engines fuelled with biodiesel. Training 2014 (2007), 02–24.
84. [84] Venkateswarlu, K., Kumar, K.V., Murthy, B.S.R., Subbarao, V.V., Effect of exhaust gas recirculation and ethyl hexyl nitrate additive on biodiesel fuelled diesel engine for the reduction of NOx emissions. Front Energy 6:3 (2012), 304–310.
85. [85] Pandey, R.K., Rehman, A., Sarviya, R.M., Impact of alternative fuel properties on fuel spray behavior and atomization. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 16:3 (2012), 1762–1778.
86. [86] Som, S., Longman, D.E., Ramirez, A.I., Aggarwal, S.K., A comparison of injector flow and spray characteristics of biodiesel with petrodiesel. Fuel 89:12 (2010), 4014–4024.
87. [87] Kim, H.J., Park, S.H., Lee, C.S., A study on the macroscopic spray behavior and atomization characteristics of biodiesel and dimethyl ether sprays under increased ambient pressure. Fuel Process Technol 91:3 (2010), 354–363.
88. [88] Park, S.H., Kim, H.J., Suh, H.K., Lee, C.S., A study on the fuel injection and atomization characteristics of soybean oil methyl ester (SME). Int J Heat Fluid Flow 30:1 (2009), 108–116.
89. [89] Banapurmath NR, Tewari PG. Effect of Injector Nozzle geometry on the performance of a CI engine operated on vegetable oils. In: Proceedings of the international conference on emerging research and advances-ERA 2009 at Velammal Engineering College, Chennai; March 2009, p. 19–21.
90. [90] Benajes, J., Payri, R., Molina, S., Soare, V., Investigation of the influence of injection rate shaping on the spray characteristics in a diesel common rail system equipped with a piston amplifier. J Fluid Eng, 127, 2005, 1102.
91. [91] HwanamKima, Byungchul Choi, Effect of ethanol–diesel blend fuels on emission and particle size distribution in a common-rail direct injection diesel engine with warm-up catalytic converter. Renew Energy 33 (2008), 2222–2228.
92. [92] An, H., Yang, W.M., Chou, S.K., Chua, K.J., Combustion and emissions characteristics of diesel engine fueled by biodiesel at partial load conditions. Appl Energy 99 (2012), 363–371.
93. [93] Lachaux, Thierry, Musculus, Mark P., Singh, Satbir, Reitz, Rolf D., Optical diagnostics of late-injection low-temperature combustion in a heavy-duty diesel engine. J Eng Gas Turbines Power, 130(3), 2008, 032808, 10.1115/1.2830864.
94. [94] Lai Ming-Chia, Singh IP, Zhong L, Han J. Characteristics of a common rail diesel injection system under pilot and post injection modes. In: Proceedings of the SAE technical paper 2002-01-0218; 2002, (http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2002-01-0218).
95. [95] Valentino, Gerardo, Allocca, Luigi, Lannuzzi, Stefano, Montanaro, Alessandro, Biodiesel/mineral diesel fuel mixtures Spray evolution and engine performance and emissions characterization. Energy 36 (2011), 3924–3932.
96. [96] Badami M, Mallamo F, Millo F, Rossi E. Influence of multiple injection strategies on emissions, combustion noise and BSFC of a DI common rail diesel engine. SAE paper; 2002, 01–0503.
97. [97] Monyem, A., Gerpen, J.H., Canakci, M., The effect of timing and oxidation on emissions from biodiesel-fueled engines. Trans ASAE 44 (2001), 35–42.
98. [98] Senatore, A., Cardone, M., Buono, D., Combustion Study of a Common Rail Diesel Engine Optimized to be Fueled with Biodiesel. Energy Fuels, 22(3), 2008.
99. [99] Ye, Peng, Investigation of impact of fuel injection strategy and biodiesel fueling on engine emissions and performance [Dissertation]. 2011.
100. [100] Bakar, R.A., Ismail, S., Ismail, A.R., Am, J., Fuel injection pressure effect on performance of direct injection diesel engines based on experiment. Am J Appl Sci 5:3 (2008), 197–202.
101. [101] Hwang, Joonsik, Qi, Donghui, Jung, Yongjin, ChoongsikBae. Effect of injection parameters on the combustion and emission characteristics in a common-rail direct injection diesel engine fueled with waste cooking oil biodiesel. Renew Energy 63 (2014), 9–17.
102. [102] Leung, D., Luo, Y., Chan, T., Optimization of exhaust emissions of a diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel. Energy Fuels 20 (2006), 1015–1023.
103. [103] Sayin, C., Ilhan, M., Canakci, M., Gumus, M., Effect of injection timing on the exhaust emissions of a diesel engine using diesel methanol blends. Renew Energy 34 (2009), 1261–1269.
104. [104] Tiegang Fang, Chia-fon F. Lee, Bio-diesel effects on combustion processes in an HSDI diesel engine using advanced injection strategies. Proc Combust Inst 32 (2009), 2785–2792.
105. [105] Kim, Hwanam, Choi, Byungchul, The effect of biodiesel and bio ethanol blended diesel fuel on nanoparticles and exhaust emissions from CRDI diesel engine. Renew Energy 35 (2009), 157–163.
106. [106] Lee, C.S., Park, S.W., An experimental and numerical study on fuel atomization characteristics of high pressure diesel injection sprays. Fuel 81 (2002), 2417–2423.
107. [107] Mueller CJ, Boehman AL, Martin G. An experimental investigation of the origin of increased NOx emissions when fueling a heavy duty compression ignition engine with soy biodiesel. SAE paper 2009-01-1792.
108. [108] Wang, X., Huang, Z., Kuti, O.A., Zhang, W., Nishida, K., Experimental and analytical study on biodiesel and diesel spray characteristics under ultra-high injection pressure. Int J Heat Fluid Flow 31 (2010), 659–666.
109. [109] Grimaldi CarloN. LucioPostrioti and Michele Battistoni. Common Rail HSDI engine combustion and emissions with fuel/ Bio-derived Fuel Blends. 2002-01-0865, p. 1453–1460.
110. [110] [Octavia]Armas, Juan J., Hernandez, Maria, D., Cardenas. Reduction of diesel smoke opacity from vegetable oil methyl ester during transient operation. Fuel 85 (2006), 2427–2438.
111. [111] Mueller CharlesJ, Boehman AndréL, Martin GlenC. An experimental investigation of the origin of increased NOx emissions when fueling a heavy-duty compression-ignition engine with soy biodiesel. SAE 2009-01-1792.
112. [112] Lee, Chang Sik, Park, Sung Wook, Sang II Kwon, An experimental study on the atomization and combustion characteristics of biodiesel-blended fuels. Energy Fuels 19:5 (2005), 2201–2208.
113. [113] Yakup, I., Duran, A., Effect of fuel cetane number and injection pressure on a DI Diesel engine performance and emissions. Energy Convers Manag 44 (2003), 389–397.
114. x and Particulate emissions by using multiple injections in a small diesel engine, SAE paper No. 2000-01-3084, 1-10.
115. [115] Kegl, B., Hribernik, A., Experimental analysis of injection characteristics using biodiesel fuel. Energy Fuels 20 (2006), 2239–2248.
116. [116] Ozsezen, A.N., Canaki, M., Sayin, C., Effects of biodiesel from used frying palm oil on the performance, injection and combustion characteristics of an indirect injection diesel engine. Energy Fuels 22 (2008), 1297–1305.
117. [117] Can, O., Celikten, I., Usta, N., The effect of biodiesel, ethanol and diesel fuel blends on the performance and exhaust emission in a DI diesel engine. Energy Convers Manag 45 (2004), 2429–2440.
118. [118] Ye, P., Boehman, A.L., Investigation of the impact of engine injection strategy on the biodiesel NOx effect with a common-rail turbocharged direct injection diesel engine. Energy Fuels 24 (2010), 4215–4225.
119. [119] Narayana, R.J., Ramesh, A., Usta, N., Parametric studies for improving the performance of a Jatropha oil-fuelled compression ignition engine. Renew Energy 31 (2006), 1994–2016.
120. [120] Jindal, S., Nandwana, B.P., Rathore, N.S., Vashistha, V., Experimental investigation of the effect of compression ratio and injection pressure in a direct injection diesel engine running on Jatropha methyl ester. Appl Therm Eng 30 (2009), 442–448.
121. [121] Najt PE, Foster DE. Compression ignited homogeneous charge combustion. SAE Paper 830264; 1983.
122. [122] Kong, S.C., Reitz, R.D., Use of detailed chemical kinetics to study HCCI engine combustion with consideration of turbulent mixing effects. J Eng GasTurbines Power 124 (2002), 702–707.
123. [123] Pucher GR, Gardiner DP, Bardon MF, Battista V. Alternative combustion systems for piston engines involving homogeneous charge compression ignition concepts, a review of studies using methanol, gasoline and diesel fuel. SAE paper 962063; 1996.
124. [124] Furutani, M., Ohta, Y., Komatsu, K., Onset behavior of low-temperature flames caused by piston compression. JSAE Rev 14:2 (1993), 12–18.
125. [125] Addargarla S, Henig Y, Wilk RD, Miller DL, Cernansky NP. Effect of fuel-air mixture stressing on pre-ignition heat release in a knock research engine. SAE paper 892082; 1989.
126. [126] Green, R.M., Cernansky, N.P., Pitz, W.J., Westbrook, C.K., The role of low temperature chemistry in the auto-ignition on n-butane. SAE Pap 872108, 1987.
127. [127] Saravanan, N., Nagarajan, G., An experimental investigation on hydrogen fuel injection in intake port and manifold with different EGR rates. Energy Environ 1 (2010), 221–248.
128. [128] Mack, J.H., Aceves, S.M., Dibble, R.W., Demonstrating direct use of wet ethanol in a homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine. Energy 34 (2009), 782–787.
129. [129] Aceves, S., Flowers, D., Engine shows diesel efficiency without the emissions. Sci Technol Rev, 2004, 17–19.
130. [130] Christensen M, Johansson B, Einewall P. Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) using iso-octane, ethanol and natural gas – a comparison with spark ignition operation. SAE Paper 971676; 1997.
131. [131] Nathan, S.S., Mallikarjuna, J.M., Ramesh, A., An experimental study of the biogas-diesel HCCI mode of engine operation. Energy Convers Manag 51 (2010), 1347–1353.
132. [132] Mohamed Ibrahim, M., Ramesh, A., Experimental investigations on a hydrogen diesel homogeneous charge compression ignition engine with exhaust gas recirculation. Int J Hydrog Energy 38 (2013), 10116–10125.
133. [133] Ma, J.J., Lu, X.C., Ji, L.B., Huang, Z., An experimental study of HCCI-DI combustionand emissions in a diesel engine with dual fuel. Int J Therm Sci 47 (2008), 1235–1242.
134. [134] Jun, D., Ishii, K., Iida, N., Autoignition and combustion of natural gas in a 4 stroke HCCI engine. JSME Int J B-Fluid Therm Eng 46 (2003), 60–67.
135. [135] Yap, D., Peucheret, S.M., Megaritis, A., Wyszynski, M.L., Xu, H., Natural gas HCCI engine operation with exhaust gas fuel reforming. Int J Hydrog Energy 31 (2006), 587–595.
136. [136] Yao, M., Zheng, Z., Liu, H., Progress and recent trends in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines. Prog Energy Combust Sci 35 (2009), 398–437.
137. [137] Stanglmaier RH, Roberts CE. Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI): benefits, compromises, and future engine applications. SAE Paper 1999-01-3682; 1999.
138. [138] Ryan III TW, Callahan TJ. Homogeneous charge compression ignition of diesel fuel. SAE paper 961160; 1996.
139. [139] Gray III AW, Ryan III TW. Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) of diesel fuel. SAE paper 971676; 1997.
140. [140] Christensen M, Hultqvist A, Johansson B. Demonstrating the multi fuel capability of a homogeneous charge compression ignition engine with variable compression ratio. SAE paper 1999-01-3679; 1999.
141. [141] Suzuki H, Koike N, Odaka M. Combustion control method of homogeneous charge diesel engines. SAE paper 980509; 1998.
142. [142] Agarwal, Avinash Kumar, Singh, Akhilendra Pratap, Lukose, Jithin, Gupta, Tarun, Characterization of exhaust particulates from diesel fueled homogenous charge compression ignition combustion engine. J Aerosol Sci 58. (2013), 71–75.
143. [143] Ganesh, D., Nagarajan, G., Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion of diesel fuel with external mixture formation. Energy 35 (2010), 148–157.
144. [144] Ganesh, D., Nagarajan, G., Ibrahim, M.M., Study of performance, combustion and emission characteristics of diesel homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion with external mixture formation. Fuel 87 (2008), 3497–3503.
145. [145] Takeda Y, Keiichi N. Emission characteristics of premixed lean diesel combustion with extremely early staged fuel injection. SAE paper 961163; 1996.
146. [146] Nathan Swami, S., Mallikarjuna, J.M., Ramesh, A., The effect of mixture preparation in a diesel HCCI engine using early in-cylinder injection during the suction stroke. Int J Automot Technol 8 (2007), 543–553.
147. [147] Guezennec Y, Midlam-Mohler S, Rizzoni G. A mixed mode HCCI/DI engine based on a novel heavy fuel atomizer. In: Proceedings of the 8th Diesel engine emissions reduction (DEER) workshop; 2002.
148. [148] Midlam-Mohler S, Guezennec Y, Rizzoni G. Mixed-mode diesel HCCI with external mixture formation: preliminary results. In: Proceedings of the 9th Diesel engine emissions reduction (DDER) workshop; 2003.
149. [149] Midlam-Mohler S. Diesel HCCI with external mixture preparation. In: Proceedings of the 10th Diesel engine emissions reduction (DEER) workshop; 2004.
150. [150] Canova, M., Midlam-Mohler, S., Guezennec, Y., Rizzoni, G., Theoretical and Experimental Investigation on Diesel HCCI Combustion with External Mixture Formation. Int J Veh. Des., 44(1/2), 2007.
151. [151] Ryan III TW. Matheaus AC Fuel requirements for HCCI engine operation. SAE paper 2003-01-1813; 2003.
152. [152] Yao MF, Zheng ZQ, Zhang B, Chen Z. The effect of PRF fuel octane number on HCCI operation. SAE paper 2004-01-2992; 2004.
153. [153] Murcak, Ahmet, Hasimoglu, Can, Çevik, Ismet, Karabektas, Murat, Ergen, G.ökhan, Effects of ethanol–diesel blends to performance of a DI diesel engine for different injection timings. Fuel 109 (2013), 582–587.
154. [154] Jang, Jinyoung, Bae, Choongsik, Effects of valve events on the engine efficiency in a homogeneous charge compression ignition engine fueled by dimethyl ether. Fuel 88 (2009), 1228–1234.
155. [155] Ma, Junjun, Lü, Xingcai, Ji, Libin, Huang, Zhen, An experimental study of HCCI-DI combustion and emissions in a diesel engine with dual fuel. Int J Therm Sci 47 (2008), 1235–1242.
156. [156] Swami Nathan, S., Mallikarjuna, J.M., Ramesh, A., Effects of charge temperature and exhaust gas re-circulation on combustion and emission characteristics of an acetylene fuelled HCCI engine. Fuel 89 (2010), 515–521.
157. [157] Verhelst, S., Wallner, T., Hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines. Prog Energy Combust Sci 35 (2009), 490–527.
158. [158] Antunes, J.M.G., Mikalsen, R., Roskilly, A.P., An investigation of hydrogen-fuelled HCCI engine performance and operation. Int J Hydrog Energy 33 (2008), 5823–5828.
159. [159] Shudoa, Toshio, HiroyukiYamada. Hydrogen as an ignition-controlling agent for HCCI combustion engine by suppressing the low temperature oxidation. Int J Hydrog Energy 32 (2007), 3066–3072.
160. [160] Hongsheng Guo, Vahid Hosseini, Neill, W. Stuart, Chippior, Wallace L., Cosmin, Dumitrescu, E., An experimental study on the effect of hydrogen enrichment on diesel fueled HCCI combustion. Int J Hydrog Energy 36 (2011), 13820–13830.
161. [161] Alberto A, Boretti, Diesel-like and HCCI-like operation of a truck engine converted to hydrogen. Int J Hydrog Energy 36 (2011), 15382–15391.
162. [162] Mohamed Ibrahim, M., Ramesh, A., Experimental investigations on a hydrogen diesel homogeneous charge compression ignition engine with exhaust gas recirculation. Int J Hydrog Energy 38 (2013), 10116–10125.
163. [163] Wu, Horng-Wen, Wu, Zhan-Yi, Using Taguchi method on combustion performance of a diesel engine with diesel/biodiesel blend and port-inducting H2. Appl Energy 104 (2013), 362–370.
164. [164] (de) Risi, A., Carlucci, A.P., Laforgia, D., Naccarato, F., Experimental investigation and combustion analysis of a direct injection dual-fuel diesel-natural gas engine. Energy 33 (2008), 256–263.
165. [165] Tomita E, Kawahara N, Piao Z, Yamaguchi R. Effects of EGR and early injection of diesel fuel on combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions in a methane duel fuel engine. SAE Paper 2002-01-2723; 2002.
166. [166] Nathan, S.S., Mallikarjuna, J.M., Ramesh, A., An experimental study of the biogas- diesel HCCI mode of engine operation. Energy Convers Manag 51 (2010), 1347–1353.
167. [167] Nathan, S.S., Mallikarjuna, J.M., Ramesh, A., Homogeneous charge compression ignition versus dual fuelling for utilizing biogas in compression ignition engines. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part D J Automot Eng 233 (2009), 413–422.
168. [168] Yap D, Megaritis A, Peucheret S, Wyszynski ML, Xu H Effects of hydrogen addition on natural gas HCCI combustion.SAE paper 2004-01-1972; 2004.
169. [169] Takeda Y, Keiichi N. Emission characteristics of premixed lean diesel combustion with extremely early staged fuel injection. SAE paper, 961163; 1996.
170. [170] Nakagome K, Shimazaki N, Miimura K, Kobayashi S. Combustion and emission characteristics of premixed lean diesel combustion engine. SAE paper, 970898; 1997.
171. [171] Yokota H, Kudo Y, Nakajima H, Kakegawa T, Suzuki T. A low concept for low emission diesel combustion. SAE paper, 970891; 1997.
172. [172] Suzuki T, Kakegawa T, Hikino K, Obata A. Development of diesel combustion for commercial vehicles. SAE paper, 972685;1997.
173. [173] Iwabuchi Y, Kawai K, Takeshi S, Takeda Y. Trial of new concept diesel combustion system- premixed compression ignition combustion, SAE paper 1999-02-0185; 1999.
174. [174] Kimura S, Aoki O, Ogawa H, Muranaka S, Enomoto Y. New combustion concept for ultra-clean and high-efficiency small DI diesel engines. SAE paper, 1999-01-3681; 1999.
175. [175] Kimura, S., Aoki, O., Kitahara, Y., Aiyoshizawa, E., Ultra-clean combustion technology combining a low-temperature and premixed combustion concept for Meeting. Future Emiss Stand SAE Pap 2000-, 2000, 01–0200.
176. [176] Morita A, Iwashiro Y, Aoyagi Y, Hashizume T. Observation of the diesel combustion process in multiple stage injection. in: Proceedings of Thiesel thermofluidynamic processes in diesel engines. 447–452; 2000.
177. [177] Nishijima Y, Asaumi Y, Aoyagi Y. Impingement spray system with direct water injection for premixed lean diesel combustion control. SAE paper, 2002-01-0109; 2002.
178. [178] Arjan H, Denbartt I. HCCI operation of a passanger car common rail DI diesel engine with early injection of conventional diesel fuel. SAE paper, 2004-01-0935; 2004.
179. [179] Shi, L., Deng, K., Cui, Y., Study of diesel-fuelled homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion by in-cylinder early fuel injection and negative valve overlap. P I. Mech Eng D-J Aut 219 (2005), 1193–1201.
180. [180] Su WH, Zhang XY, Lin TJ. Study of pulse spray, heat release, emissions and efficiencies in a compound diesel HCCI combustion engine. in: Proceedings of ASME-ICE ASME internal combustion engine division. Fall Technical Confer- ence, ICEF2004–927; 2004.
181. [181] Arjan H and Denbartt I. HCCI operation of a passanger car common rail DI diesel engine with early injection of conventional diesel fuel. SAE paper, 2004-01-0935; 2004.
182. [182] Suzuki H, Koike N, Odaka M. Exhaust purification of diesel engines by homogeneous charge with compression ignition. Part 1: experimental investigation of combustion and exhaust emission behavior under pre-mixed homogeneous charge compression ignition method. SAE paper 970313; 1997.
183. [183] Suzuki H, Koike N, Odaka M. Exhaust purification of diesel engines by homogeneous charge with compression ignition. Part 2: analysis of combustion phenomena and NOx formation by numerical simulation with experiment. SAE paper 970315; 1997.
184. [184] Suzuki, H., Koike, N., Odaka, M., Combustion Control Method Homogeneous Charge Diesel Engines. SAE Paper, 1998, 980509.
185. [185] Odaka, M., Suzuki, H., Koike, N., Ishii, H., Search for optimizing method of homogeneous charge diesel combustion. SAE Pap 1999, 1999, 01–0184.
186. [186] Inagaki, K., Fuyuto, T., Combustion System Premixed Control Compression ignition. RD Rev Toyota CRDL 41:3 (2006), 35–46.
187. [187] Li, T., Okabe, Y., Izumi, H., Shudo, T., Ogawa, H., Dependence of ultra-High EGR low temperature diesel combustion on fuel properties. SAE Pap 2006, 2006, 01–3387.
188. [188] Xing- Cai et. al, Study on the ignition, combustion and emissions of HCCI combustion engines fueled with primary reference Fuels, SAE Technical Paper, 2005-01-0155.
189. [189] Saravanan, N., Nagarajan, G., Dhanasekaran, C., Kalaiselvan, K.M., Experimental investigation of hydrogen port fuel injection in DI diesel engine. Int J Hydrog Energy 32 (2007), 4071–4080.
190. [190] Saravanan, N., Nagarajan, G., Sanjay, G., Dhanasekaran, C., Kalaiselvan, K.M., Combustion analysis on a DI diesel engine with hydrogen in dual fuel mode. Fuel 87 (2008), 3591–3599.
191. [191] Saravanan, N., Nagarajan, G., Narayanasamy, S., An experimental investigation on DI diesel engine with hydrogen fuel. Renew Energy 33 (2008), 415–421.
192. [192] Tomita E. Dual fuel HCCI combustion – high octane and high cetane number fuels. In: Proceedings of the HCCI symposium. Berkeley: OkayamaUniversity; 2004.
193. [193] Antunes, J.M.G., Mikalsen, R., Roskilly, A.P., An experimental study of a direct injection compression ignition hydrogen engine. Int J Hydrog Energy 34 (2009), 6516–6522.
194. [194] Aceves SM, Flowers DL, Martinez-Frias J, Smith JR, Dibble R, Au M, et al. HCCI combustion: analysis and experiments. SAE Paper, 2001-01-2077; 2001.
195. [195] Kuo, K.K., Principles of combustion, 2005, John Wiley and Sons, New Jersey.
196. [196] Akansu, S.O., Dulger, Z., Kahraman, N., Veziroglu, T.N., Internal combustion engines fueled by natural gas - hydrogen mixtures. Int J Hydrog Energy 29 (2004), 1527–1539.
197. [197] Saravanan, N., Nagarajan, G., An experimental investigation on hydrogen fuel injection in intake port and manifold with different EGR rates. Energy Environ 1 (2010), 221–248.
198. [198] Tsolakis, A., Megaritis, A., Yap, D., Application of exhaust gas fuel reforming in diesel and homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines fuelled with biofuels. Energy 33 (2008), 462–470.
199. [199] Tsolakis, A., Megaritis, A., Partially premixed charge compression ignition engine withon-board H2 production by exhaust gas fuel reforming of diesel and biodiesel. Int J Hydrog Energy 30 (2005), 731–745.
200. [200] Duc, P.M., Wattanavichien, K., Study on biogas premixed charge diesel dual fuelled engine. Energy Convers Manag 48 (2007), 2286–2308.
201. [201] Papagiannakis, R.G., Hountalas, D.T., Combustion and exhaust emission characteristics of a dual fuel compression ignition engine operated with pilot diesel fuel and natural gas. Energy Convers Manag 45 (2004), 2971–2987.
202. [202] Olsson J-O, Tunesta P, Johansson B, Fiveland SB, Agama R, Willi M, et al. Compression ratio influence on maximum load of a natural gas fueled HCCI engine. SAEPaper02P 147;2002.
203. [203] Yap, D., Peucheret, S.M., Megaritis, A., Wyszynski, M.L., Xu, H., Natural gas HCCI engine operation with exhaust gas fuel reforming. Int J Hydrog Energy 31 (2006), 587–595.
204. [204] Rousseau, S., Lemoult, B., Tazerout, M., Combustion characterization of natural gas in a lean burn spark-ignition engine. Proc Inst Mech Eng D—J Automob Eng 213 (1999), 481–489.
205. [205] Zeng, K., Huang, Z.H., Liu, B., Liu, L.X., Jiang, D.M., Ren, Y., et al. Combustion characteristics of a direct-injection natural gas engine under various fuel injection timings. Appl Therm Eng 26 (2006), 806–813.
206. [206] Jahirul, M.I., Masjuki, H.H., Saidur, R., Kalam, M.A., Jayed, M.H., Wazed, M.A., Comparative engine performance and emission analysis of CNG and gasoline in a retrofitted car engine. Appl Therm Eng 30 (2010), 2219–2226.
207. [207] Harada, A., Shimazaki, N., Sator, S., Miyamoto, T., Akagawa, H., Tsujimura, K., The effects of mixture formation on premixed lean diesel combustion. SAE, paper 980533, 1998.
208. [208] Hashizume, T., Miyamato T., Akagawa, H., Tsujimura, K., Combustion and emission characteristics of multiple stage diesel combustion. SAE, paper 980505, 1998.
209. [209] Shi, Lei, Deng, Kangyao, Cui, Yi, Qu, Shuan, Hu, Wei, Study on knocking combustion in a diesel HCCI engine with fuel injection in negative valve overlap. Fuel 106 (2013), 478–483.
210. [210] Berntsson, A.W., Denbratt, I., HCCI combustion using charge stratification for combustion control. SAE Pap 2007-01-0210, 2007.
211. [211] Aroonsrisopon, T., Werner, P., Waldman, J.O., Sohm, V., Foster, D.E., Morikawa, T., et al. Expanding the HCCI operation with the charge stratification. SAE Pap 2004, 2004, 01–1756.
212. [212] Szybist JP, Bunting BG Cetane number and engine speed effects on diesel HCCI performance and emissions. SAE paper, 2005-01-3723.
213. [213] Risberg P, Kalghatgi G, Angstrom H, Wahlin F. Auto-ignition quality of diesel-like fuels in HCCI engines. SAE paper, 2005-01-2127; 2005.
214. [214] Szwaja, S., Grab-Rogalinski, K., Hydrogen Combustion in a compression ignition diesel engine. Int J Hydrog Energy 34 (2009), 4413–4421.
215. [215] Guo, H.S., Hosseini, V., Neill, W.S., Chippior, W.L., Dumitrescu, C.E., An experimental study on the effect of hydrogen enrichment on diesel fueled HCCI combustion. Int J Hydrog Energy 36 (2011), 13820–13830.
216. [216] Roy, M.M., Tomita, E., Kawahara, N., Harada, Y., Sakane, A., An experimental investigation on engine performance and emissions of a supercharged H2-diesel dual-fuel engine. Int J Hydrog Energy 35 (2010), 844–853.
217. [217] Gowda, Bharath D., Echekki, Tarek, Complex injection strategies for hydrogen-fueled HCCI Engines. Fuel 97 (2012), 418–427.
218. [218] Aceves, S., Flowers, D., Engine shows diesel efficiency without the emissions. Sci. Technol Rev, 2004, 17–19.
219. [219] Fiveland SB, Assanis DN. A four-stroke homogeneous charge compression ignition engine for combustion and performance studies. SAE Paper, 2000- 01-0332; 2000.
220. [220] Kong, S.C., A study of natural gas/DME combustion in HCCI engines using CFD with detailed chemical kinetics. Fuel 86 (2007), 1483–1489.
221. [221] Jun, D., Ishii, K., Iida, N., Auto ignition and combustion of natural gas in a 4 stroke HCCI engine. JSME Int J B-Fluid Therm Eng 46 (2003), 60–67.
222. [222] Mohamed Ibrahim, M., Ramesh, A., Investigations on the effects of intake temperature and charge dilution in a hydrogen fueled HCCI engine. Int J Hydrog Energy, 39, 2014 [14097-108].
223. [223] Jung, Dongwon, Iida, Norimasa, Closed loop control of HCCI combustion for DME using external EGR and rebreathed EGR to reduce pressure –rise rate with combustion –phasing retard. Appl Energy 138 (2015), 315–330.
224. [224] Christodoulou, Fanos, Megaritis, Athanasios, Experimental investigation of the effects of simultaneous hydrogen and nitrogen addition on the emissions and combustion of a diesel engine. Hydrog Energy 39 (2014), 2692–2702.
225. [225] Pandian, M., Sivapirakasam, S.P., Udayakumar, M., Investigation on the effect of injection system parameters on performance and emission characteristics of a twin cylinder compression ignition direct injection engine fuelled with pongamia-diesel blend using response surface methodology. Appl Energy 88 (2011), 2663–2676.
226. [226] Banapurmath, N.R., Tewari, P.G., Gaitonde, V.N., Experimental investigations on performance and emission characteristics of Honge oil biodiesel (HOME) operated compression ignition engine. Renew Energy 48 (2012), 193–201.
227. [227] Kunal, R., Natarajan, S., Abraham, M., Subash, G., Effects of governing parameters on the performance and emissions of hydrogen engine for automotive application. SAE, 2013, 10.4271/2013-01-2891.
228. [228] Saravanan, S., Nagarajan, G., Sampath, S., Combined effect of injection timing, EGR and injection pressure in NOx control of a stationary diesel engine fuelled with crude rice bran oil methyl ester. Fuel 104 (2013), 409–416.
229. [229] Chung, K., Chun, K., Combustion characteristics and generating efficiency using biogas with added H2. SAE, 2013, 10.4271/2013-01-2506.
230. [230] Wu, Horng-Wen, Wu, Zhan-Yi, Using Taguchi method on combustion performance of a diesel engine with diesel/biodiesel blend and port-inducting H2. Appl Energy 104 (2013), 362–370.