Fiscal politics in time: Pathways to fiscal consolidation in Ireland, Greece, Britain, and Spain, 1980-2012

European Political Science Review

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 189-219

  Dellepiane Avellaneda, Sebastian ^a   Hardiman, Niamh ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF STRATHCLYDE   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

Author keywords

Britain; comparative case study; fiscal consolidation; Greece; Ireland; qualitative research methods; Spain

Indexed keywords

EID: 85000057958     PISSN: 17557739     EISSN: 17557747     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1755773914000186     Document Type: Review

References (152)

1. Alesina, A. and S. Ardagna (1998), 'Tales of fiscal adjustment: why they can be expansionary', Economic Policy 13(27): 488-545.
2. Alesina, A. and F. Giavazzi (2012), The austerity question: 'How' is as important as 'how much', Vox, Retrieved 3 April 2012 from http://voxeu.org/index.php?q = node/7836
3. Alesina, A. and R. Perotti (1995a), 'Fiscal expansions and adjustments in OECD countries', Economic Policy 10(21): 207-248.
4. -(1995b), The political economy of budget deficits, IMF Staff Papers Vol. 42, No.1, March, pp. 1-31. Washington DC: International Monetary Fund.
5. -(2010), 'German spending is not the cure', Vox. Retrieved 1 July 2010 from http://www.voxeu.com/index.php?q=node/5176
6. Alesina, A., R. Perotti and J. Tavares (1998), 'The political economy of fiscal adjustments', Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1: 197-266
7. Allen, N. and J. Bartle (eds.) (2010), Britain at the Polls 2010, London: Sage.
8. Antoniades, A. (2010), Producing Globalisation: Politics of Discourse and Institutions in Greece and Ireland, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
9. Arghyrou, M. and J. Tsoulakas (2010), 'The Greek debt crisis: likely causes, mechanics and outcomes, Cardiff Business School', Working paper E2010/3. Retrieved 1 December 2010 from http://www. cardiff.ac.uk/carbs/econ/workingpapers/papers/E2010-3.pdf
10. Avdagic, S., M. Rhodes and J. Visser (2005), 'The emergence and evolution social pacts: a provisional framework for comparative analysis', Eurogov Governance Papers No. N-05-01. Retrieved 1 October 2010 from http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-001M-0000-0012-4F12-B
11. -(eds.) (2011), Social Pacts in Europe: Emergence, Evolution, and Institutionalization, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
12. Avdagic, S. and P. Salardi (2013), 'Tenuous link: labour market institutions and unemployment in advanced and new market economies', Socio-Economic Review 11(4): 739-769.
13. Barry, F. (2007), 'Foreign direct investment and institutional co-evolution in Ireland', Scandinavian Economic History Review 55(3): 262-288.
14. -(2009), 'Social partnership, competitiveness and exit from fiscal crisis', Economic and Social Review 40(1): 1-14.
15. Barry, F. and M.B. Devereux (1995), 'The "Expansionary Fiscal Contraction" hypothesis: a neo-Keynesian analysis', Oxford Economic Papers 47(2): 249-264.
16. Bell, S. and A. Hindmoor (2009), Rethinking Governance: the Centrality of the State in Modern Society, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
17. Bieler, A. (2008), 'Labour and the struggles over the future European model of capitalism: British and Swedish trade unions and their positions on EMU and European co-operation', British Journal of Politics and International Relations 10(1): 84-104.
18. Blanchard, O., G. Dell'Ariccia and P. Mauro (2010), Rethinking macroeconomic policy, Washington DC: IMF. IMF Staff Position Note SPN/10/03, 12 February. Retrieved 1 March 2010 from http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/spn/2010/spn1003.pdf
19. -(2008a), '"Enlargement Waves" and interest group participation in the EU policy-making system: establishing a framework of analysis', West European Politics 31(6): 1147-1165.
20. -(2008b), 'The limits of EMU conditionality: fiscal adjustment in southern Europe', Journal of Public Policy 28(2): 229-253.
21. Blyth, M. (2013), 'Paradigms and paradox: the politics of economic ideas in two moments of crisis', Governance 26(2): 197-215.
22. Boix, C. (1998), Political Parties, Growth and Equality: Conservative and Social Democratic Economic Strategies in the World Economy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
23. -(2003), Democracy and Redistribution, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
24. Bradley, J. (2000), 'The Irish economy in comparative perspective', in B. Nolan, P.J. O'Connell and C.T. Whelan (eds), Bust to Boom? The Irish Experience of Growth and Inequality, Dublin: IPA, pp. 4-26.
25. Castles, F.G. (2007a), Introduction', in F.G. Castles (ed.), The Disappearing State? Retrenchment Realities in an Age of Globalization, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 1-18.
26. -(2007b), Testing the retrenchment hypothesis: an aggregate overview', in F.G. Castles (ed.), The Disappearing State? Retrenchment Realities in an Age of Globalization, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 19-43.
27. Chari, R. and P. Heywood (2009), 'Analysing the policy process in democratic Spain', West European Politics 32(1): 26-54.
28. Cheibub, J. (2006), 'Presidentialism, electoral identifiability, and budget balances in democratic systems', American Political Science Review 100(3): 353-368.
29. Crouch, C. (2000), 'The snakes and ladders of twenty-first century trade unionism', Oxford Journal of Economic Policy 16(1): 70-83.
30. Crozier, M. (1967), The Bureaucratic Phenomenon, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
31. Debrun, X., L. Moulin, A. Turrini, J. Ayuso-i-Casals and M. Kumar (2008), 'Tied to the mast? National fiscal rules in the European Union', Economic Policy 23(54): 297-362.
32. Dellepiane-Avellaneda, S. (2010), 'Review article: the politics of fiscal policy in Europe', European Political Science, 9454-9463.
33. -(2013), 'Gordon unbound: the heresthetic of Central Bank independence in Britain', British Journal of Political Science 43(2): 263-293.
34. -(2014), 'The political power of economic ideas: the case of "Expansionary Fiscal Contraction"', British Journal of Politics and International Relations. First published online 18 March 2014.
35. Dellepiane-Avellaneda, S. and N. Hardiman (2010), 'The European context of Ireland's Economic crisis', Economic and Social Review 41(4): 471-498.
36. -(2012a), Governing the Irish Economy: a triple crisis', in N. Hardiman (ed.), Irish Governance in Crisis, Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 83-109. http://ideas.repec.org/p/ucd/wpaper/201103.html
37. -(2012b), 'The new politics of austerity: fiscal responses to the economic crisis in Ireland and Spain, UCD Geary Institute'. Geary Working Paper 2012/07, http://ideas.repec.org/p/ucd/wpaper/201207.html
38. -(2014), 'The politics of fiscal effort in Spain and Ireland: market credibility versus political legitimacy', in G. Karyotis and R. Gerodimos (eds), The Politics of Extreme Austerity: Greece Beyond the Crisis, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
39. Department of Finance (2012), 'Budgetary and economic statistics', Dublin. Retrieved 1 October 2012 from http://www.finance.gov.ie/sites/default/files/budgeteconom-0.pdf
40. Döring, H. (ed.) (1995), Parliaments and Majority Rule in Western Europe, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
41. -(2001), 'Parliamentary agenda control and legislative outcomes in western Europe', Legislative Studies Quarterly XXVI(1): 145-165.
42. European Commission. (2000), European Economy: Public Finances in EMU-2000. Brussels, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs.
43. -(2010), 'Commission assesses stability programme in Greece', IP/10/116, Retrieved 3 February 2010 from http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/10/116
44. Evans, P. (1995), Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
45. Fabrizio, S. and A. Mody (2006), 'Can budget institutions counteract political indiscipline?', Economic Policy 21(48): 689-739.
46. Farrell, D. (2011), Electoral Systems: A Comparative Introduction, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
47. Featherstone, K. (2005), 'Introduction: modernization and the structural constraints of Greek politics', West European Politics 28(2): 223-241.
48. -(2011), 'The Greek sovereign debt crisis and EMU: a failing state in a skewed regime', Journal of Common Market Studies 49(2): 193-217.
49. Featherstone, K. and D. Papadimitriou (2008), The Limits of Europeanization: Reform Capacity and Policy Conflict in Greece, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
50. Ferrera, M. and E. Gualmini (2004), Rescued by Europe? Social and Labour Market Reforms in Italy from Maastricht to Berlusconi, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
51. FitzGerald, J. and J. Hore (2002), Wage Determination in Economies in Transition: Ireland, Spain and Portugal, Economic and Social Research Institute. ESRI Working Paper No. 147.
52. Freitag, M and P Sciarini (2001), 'The political economy of budget deficits in the European Union: the role of international constraints and domestic structure', European Union Politics 2(2): 163-189.
53. Gali, J. and R. Perotti (2003), 'Fiscal policy and monetary integration in Europe', Economic Policy 18(37): 535-572.
54. Gallego, R. and M. Barzelay (2010), 'Public management policymaking in Spain: the politics of legislative reform of administrative structures, 1991-1997', Governance 23(2): 277-296.
55. Grett, G. (1998), Partisan Politics in a Global Economy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
56. Geddes, B. (2003), Paradigms and Sand Castles: Theory Building and Research Design in Comparative Politics, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
57. George, A.L. and A. Bennett (2005), Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
58. Gerring, J. (2007), Case Study Research: Principles and Practices, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
59. Giavazzi, F. (2010), 'The "stimulus debate" and the golden rule of mountain climbing', Vox, 22 July 2010.
60. Giavazzi, F. and M. Pagano (1990), 'Can severe fiscal contractions be expansionary? Tales of two small European countries', NBER Macroeconomics Annual 5: 75-111.
61. Gilardi, F. (2010), 'Who learns from what in policy diffusion processes?', American Journal of Political Science 54(3): 650-666.
62. Goetz, K.H. (2008), 'Governance as a path to government', West European Politics 31(1-2): 258-279.
63. Gourevitch, P. (1986), Politics in Hard Times: Comparative Responses to International Crises, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
64. Grilli, V., D. Masciandaro and G. Tabellini (1991), 'Institutions and policies: political and monetary institutions and public financial policies in the industrial countries', Economic Policy 6(13): 341-392.
65. Gunther, R., P.N. Diamandouros and D.A. Sotiropoulos (eds) (2006), Democracy and the State in the New Southern Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
66. Hall, P.A. (2012), 'The political origins of our economic discontents: contemporary adjustment problems in historical perspective', in M. Kahler and D. Lake (eds), Politics in the New Hard Times: The Great Recession in Comparative Perspective, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp. 129-149.
67. -(2013), 'Brother, can you paradigm?', Governance 26(2): 189-192.
68. Hall, P.A. and D. Soskice (2001), 'An introduction to varieties of capitalism', in P.A. Hall and D. Soskice (eds), Varieties of Capitalism: the Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 1-70.
69. Hallerberg, M., R.R. Strauch and J. von Hagen (2009), Fiscal Governance in Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
70. Hallerberg, M., R. Strauch and J. von Hagen (2007), 'The design of fiscal rules and forms of governance in European Union countries', European Journal of Political Economy 23(2): 338-359.
71. Hardiman, N. (2002), 'From conflict to coordination: economic governance and political innovation in Ireland', West European Politics 25(4): 1-24.
72. -(2004), 'Paying for government', in T. Garvin, M. Manning and R. Sinnott (eds), Dissecting Irish Government: Essays in Honour of Brian Farrell, Dublin: UCD Press, pp. 82-103.
73. -(2006), 'Politics and social partnership: flexible network governance', Economic and Social Review 37(3): 347-374.
74. -(2014), 'Repeating history: fiscal squeeze in two recessions in Ireland', in C. Hood, D. Heald and R. Himaz (eds), When the Party's Over: The Politics of Fiscal Squeeze in Perspective, London: The British Academy, pp. 139-160.
75. Hardiman, N., A. Regan and M. Shayne (2012), 'The core executive and policy coordination', in M. MacCarthaigh and E. O'Malley (eds), Governing Ireland: From Cabinet Government to Delegated Governance, Dublin: IPA, pp. 106-127.
76. Hay, D. (1999), The Political Economy of New Labour: Labouring Under False Pretences?, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
77. Hodson, D. (2011), Governing the Euro Area in Good Times and Bad, Oxford: OUP.
78. Honohan, P. (1992), 'Fiscal adjustment in Ireland in the 1980s', The Economic and Social Review 23(3): 285-314.
79. IMF (2012a), 'Coping with high debt and sluggish growth, IMF, World Economic Outlook', October. Washington DC, International Monetary. Retrieved 1 December 2012 from http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/02/pdf/text.pdf
80. -(2012b), 'The good, the bad, and the ugly: 100 years of dealing with public debt overhangs', World Economic Outlook Report, Washington DC, International Monetary Fund, pp. 101-137.
81. Johnston, A. and B. Hancke (2009), 'Wage inflation and labour unions in EMU', Journal of European Public Policy 16(4): 601-622.
82. Kooiman, J. (2003), Governing as Governance, London: Sage.
83. Kouretas, G. and P. Vlamis (2010), 'The Greek crisis: causes and implications', Panoeconomicus 4: 391-404.
84. Krugman, P. (2009), 'Erin go broke', New York Times. 20 April, p. A27.
85. Kumar, M., D. Leigh and A. Plekhanov (2007), 'Fiscal adjustments: determinants and macroeconomic consequences'. Washington DC: International Monetary Fund, IMF Working Paper WP/07/178. Retrieved 1 September 2010 from http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2007/wp07178.pdf
86. Laffan, B. (2006), 'Managing Europe from home in Dublin, Athens and Helsinki: a comparative analysis', West European Politics 29(4): 687-708.
87. Lavdas, K.A. (2005), 'Interest groups in disjointed corporatism: social dialogue in Greece and European "Competitive Corporatism"', West European Politics 28(2): 297-316.
88. Levi, M. (1988), Of Rule and Revenue, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
89. -(2000), 'The economic turn in comparative politics', Comparative Political Studies 33(6/7): 822-844.
90. Lijphart, A. (1999), Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
91. Lyrintzis, C. (2011), 'Greek politics in the era of economic crisis: reassessing causes and effects', London, LSE European Institute: The Hellenic Observatory, GreeSE Paper No. 45. Retrieved 1 February 2012 from http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/33826/1/GreeSE-No45.pdf
92. Mahoney, J. and G. Goertz (2006), 'A tale of two cultures: contrasting quantitative and qualitative research', Political Analysis 14(3): 227-249.
93. Mair, P. (2009), 'Representative versus responsible government, Cologne: Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies.' MPIfG Working Paper 09/8. Retrieved 1 September 2010 from http://www.mpifg.de/pu/workpap/wp09-8.pdf
94. Mauro, P. (ed.) (2011), Chipping Away at Public Debt: Sources of Failure and Keys to Success in Fiscal Adjustment, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
95. McCarthy, C. (2009), 'Fiscal consolidation II-lessons from the last time', Dublin, Irish Economy Note No. 8, Retrieved 1 February 2010 from http://www.irisheconomy.ie/Notes/IrishEconomyNote8.pdf
96. -(2010), 'Resolving Ireland's fiscal crisis', Journal of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland XXXIX: 70-78.
97. McCarthy, C. and P. Tansey (1996), 'Taxes on Labour in Ireland and the United Kingdom.' IBEC Business and Economic Research Series. Dublin, Irish Business and Employers Confederation.
98. McDermott, C. and J. Wescott (1996), 'An empirical analysis of fiscal adjustments', IMF Staff Papers 43: 347-374.
99. McNamara, K. (2003), 'Globalization, institutions, and convergence: fiscal adjustment in Europe', in M. Kahler and D. Lake (eds), Governance in a Global Economy, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 332-360.
100. Milesi-Ferretti, G.M., R. Perotti and M. Rostagno (2002), 'Electoral systems and the composition of public spending', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117: 609-657.
101. Mitsopoulos, M. and T. Pelagidis (2010), Understanding the Crisis in Greece: From Boom to Bust, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
102. Molina, Ó. and M. Rhodes (2007), 'The political economy of adjustment in mixed market economies: a study of Spain and Italy', in B. Hancké, M. Rhodes and M. Thatcher (eds), Beyond Varieties of Capitalism: Conflict, Contradictions and Complementarities in the European Economy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 223-252.
103. -(2011), 'Spain: from tripartite to bipartite pact in S. Avdagic, M. Rhodes and J. Visser (eds), Social Pacts in Europe: Emergence, Evolution, and Institutionalization, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 174-202.
104. Mulas-Granados, C. (2003), 'The political and economic determinants of budgetary consolidation in Europe', European Political Economy Review 1(1): 15-39.
105. -(2004), 'Voting against spending cuts: the electoral costs of fiscal adjustments in Europe', European Union Politics 5(4): 467-493.
106. -(2006), Economics, Politics and Budgets: The Political Economy of Fiscal Consolidations in Europe, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
107. Müller, W.C. and K. Strøm (eds) (2000), Coalition Governments in Western Europe, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
108. Münchau, W. (2011), 'Original sin: the seeds of the euro crisis are as old as the euro itself', Foreign Policy, 7 April 2011.
109. O'Rourke, K.H. (2011), 'A tale of two trilemmas, the challenge of Europe', Institute for New Economic Thinking, Bretton Woods, NH. Retrieved 15 September 2011 from http://ineteconomics.org/sites/inet.civicactions.net/files/BWpaper-OROURKE-040811.pdf
110. Ongaro, E. (2010), Public Management Reform and Modernization: Trajectories of Administrative Change in Italy, France, Greece, Portugal and Spain, London: Edward Elgar.
111. Pagoulatos, G. (2004), 'Believing in national exceptionalism: ideas and economic divergence in Southern Europe', West European Politics 23(1): 43-68.
112. -(2012), 'Greece should not be sacrificed for the euro', Financial Times, 15 August. Retrieved 1 September 2012 from http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/3c9a0e06-e6c3-11e1-af33-00144feab49a.html-ixzz23ijq3UHg
113. Parrado, S. (2008), 'Failed policies but institutional innovation through "Layering" and "Diffusion" in Spanish Central Administration', International Journal of Public Sector Management 21(2): 230-253.
114. Pérez, S.A. (2000), 'From de-centralization to re-organization: explaining the return to national-level bargaining in Italy and Spain', Comparative Politics 32(4): 437-458.
115. Pérez-Diáz, V. (1993), The Return of Civil Society: The Emergence of Democratic Spain, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
116. Perotti, R. (1996), 'Fiscal consolidation in Europe: composition matters', American Economic Review 86(2): 191-222.
117. -(1998), 'The political economy of fiscal consolidations', The Scandinavian Journal of Economics 100(1): 367-394.
118. -(2011), 'The "Austerity Myth": gain without pain?'. Retrieved 1 November 2011 from http://www.bis.org/events/conf110623/perotti.pdf
119. Perotti, R. and Y. Kontopoulos (2002), 'Fragmented fiscal policy', Journal of Public Economics 86(2): 191-222.
120. Persson, T. and G. Tabellini (2003), The Economic Effects of Constitutions, Cambridge, MA: TheMIT Press.
121. Peters, B.G. and J. Pierre (eds) (2004), The Politicisation of the Civil Service in Comparative Perspective, London: Routledge.
122. Pierre, J. and B.G. Peters (2005), Governing Complex Societies: Trajectories and Scenarios, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
123. Pierson, P. (2004), Politics in Time: History, Institutions, and Social Analysis, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
124. Pierson, P. and T. Skocpol (2002), 'Historical institutionalism in contemporary political science', in I. Katznelson and H. Milner (eds), Political Science: State of the Discipline, New York: Norton, pp. 693-721.
125. Porzecanski, A.C. (2012), 'Behind the Greek default and restructuring of 2012', in E.A. Bruno (ed.), Sovereign Debt and Debt Restructuring: Legal, Financial and Regulatory Aspects, Washington DC, American University. MPRA Paper No. 44178. Retrieved 1 February 2013 from http://mpra.ub.unimuenchen.de/44178/
126. Poterba, J. (1994), 'States' responses to fiscal crises: the effects of budgetary institutions and politics', Journal of Political Economy 108: 1121-1161.
127. Poterba, J. and J. von Hagen (eds) (1999), Fiscal Institutions and Fiscal Performance, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
128. Rajan, R.G. (2010), Fault Lines: How Hidden Fractures Still Threaten the World Economy, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
129. Regan, A. (2012a), 'The political economy of social pacts in the EMU: Irish liberal market corporatism in crisis', New Political Economy 17(4): 465-491.
130. -(2012b), The Rise and Fall of Irish Social Partnership: The Political Economy of Institutional Change in European Varieties of Capitalism. School of Politics and International Relations, Dublin: University College Dublin.
131. Reinhart, C.M. and K. Rogoff (2009), This Time is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
132. Rhodes, M. (2000), 'Restructuring the British Welfare State: between domestic constraints and global imperatives', in F.W. Scharpf and V.A. Schmidt (eds), Welfare and Work in the Open Economy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 19-68.
133. Roche, W.K. (2009), 'Social partnership: from Lemass to Cowen', Economic and Social Review 40(2): 183-205.
134. Rothstein, B. and J. Teorell (2008), 'What is quality of government? A theory of impartial government institutions', Governance 21(2): 165-190.
135. Roubini, N. and J.D. Sachs (1989), 'Political and economic determinants of budget deficits in the industrial democracies', European Economic Review 33(5): 903-934.
136. Scharpf, F.W. (2011), 'Monetary Union, fiscal crisis and the preemption of democracy', Cologne: Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, MPIfG Discussion Paper 11/11. Retrieved 1 October 2011 from http://www.mpifg.de/pu/mpifg-dp/dp11-11.pdf
137. Shalev, M. (2007), 'Limits and alternatives to multiple regression in comparative research', Comparative Social Research 24: 261-308.
138. Skocpol, T. (1985), 'Bringing the state back in strategies of analysis in current research', in P. Evans, D. Rueschemeyer and T. Skocpol (eds), Bringing the State Back In, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 3-36.
139. Smith, N. and C. Hay (2008), 'Mapping the discourse of globalisation and European integration in the United Kingdom and Ireland empirically', European Journal of Political Research 47(3): 359-382.
140. Sotiropoulos, D.A. (1993), 'A colossus with feet of clay: the state in post-authoritarian Greece', in H. Psomiades and S. Thomadakis (eds), Greece, the New Europe and Changing International Order, New York: Pella, pp. 43-56.
141. -(1998), 'A description of the Greek Higher Civil Service', in E.C. Page and V. Wright (eds), Bureaucratic Elites inWestern European States: A Comparative Analysis of TopOfficials, Oxford:Oxford University Press, pp. 13-31.
142. Stafford, P. (2010), 'The Croke Park deal and the death of Partnership', Political Reform blog.
143. Steinmo, S. (1993), Taxation and Democracy, New Haven: Yale University Press.
144. Story, L., T. Landon, Jr. and N.D. Schwartz (2010), Wall St. helped to mask debt fueling Europe's Crisis, New York Times, 14 February.
145. Teague, P. and J. Donaghey (2009), 'Why has Irish social partnership survived?', British Journal of Industrial Relations 47(1): 55-78.
146. Traxler, F., S. Blaschke and B. Kittel (2001), National Labour Relations in Internationalized Markets: A Comparative Study, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
147. Trichet, J.-C. (2010), 'Recovery, reform and renewal: Europe's economic challenge', Frankfurt am Main, ECB, 9 June. Retrieved 1 October 2010 from http://www.ecb.int/press/key/date/2010/html/sp100709.en.html
148. Tsarouhas, D. (2008), 'Social partnership in Greece: is there a Europeanization effect?', European Journal of Industrial Relations 14(3): 347-365.
149. Visser, J. (2013), Database on Institutional Characteristics of Trade Unions, Wage Setting, State Intervention and Social Pacts, version 4, 1960-2010 (ICTWSS), Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Labour Studies, University of Amsterdam. Retrieved 1 June 2013 from http://www.uva-aias.net/208
150. von Hagen, J., A.H. Hallitt and R. Strauch (2002), 'Budgetary consolidation in Europe: quality, economic conditions, and persistence', Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 16: 512-535.
151. Weingast, B., K. Shepsle and C. Johnsen (1981), 'The political economy of benefits and costs: a neoclassical approach to distributive politics', Journal of Political Economy 89: 642-664.
152. Weiss, L. (1998), The Myth of the Powerless State: Governing the Economy in a Global Era, Cambridge: Polity Press.