Social partnership: From lemass to cowen

Economic and Social Review

Volumn 40, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 183-205

  Roche, William K ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

^b TRINITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PARTNERSHIP APPROACH;

EID: 68149132248     PISSN: 00129984     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (132)

1. For details of Markievicz's memorandum to the cabinet see Arthur Mitchell, Labour in Irish Politics 1890-1930, Dublin: Irish University Press, 1974, pp. 141-142.
2. See Emmett O'Connor, Syndicalism in Ireland 1917-1923, Cork: Cork University Press, 1988, Ch. 2.
3. Peter Katzenstein, 1985. Small States in World Markets: Industrial Policy in Europe, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, p. 32 and p. 87.
4. See Rory O'Donnell, "Towards Post-Corporatist Concertation in Europe" in Helen Wallace (ed.), Interlocking Dimensions of European Integration, London: Palgrave, 2001, pp. 305-321.
5. For reviews of some key contributions to understanding aspects of the Irish model by international scholars, see W. K. Roche., "Social Partnership in Ireland and New Social Pacts", Industrial Relations, Vol. 46, No. 3, 2007, pp 395-425;
6. W. K. Roche, "Social Partnership and Workplace Regimes in Ireland", Industrial Relations Journal, Vol. 38, No. 3, 2007, pp. 188-209.
7. See Richard Dunphy, The making of Fianna Fail in Power in Ireland 1923-1948, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995, pp 148-9.
8. For a discussion of Lemass's response to the Commission's report, see Joe Lee, Ireland 1912-1985: Politics and Society, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 276-277.
9. See especially Memorandum on Full Employment from Minister of Industry and Commerce, 16 January 1945, UCD Archives, McEntee Papers, P67/264.
10. Memorandum from Minister of Industry and Commerce to Departmental Secretary, 13 July 1944; memorandum for Government, 23 October 1944, National Archives of Ireland (hereafter NAI), Department of Industry and Commerce, IR19.
11. Memorandum on Full Employment from Minister of Industry and Commerce, 16 January 1945, UCD Archives, McEntee Papers, P67/264, pp. 25-6.
12. Explanatory Memorandum Relating to the Establishment of an Industrial Efficiency Bureau and to Amend the Control of Prices Acts in certain Respects, 26 February 1946, NAI, Department of the Taoiseach, S13814A.
13. Industrial Prices and Efficiency Bill 1947, Part V, Development Councils for Industry, NAI Department of the Taoiseach; Bail Debates Vol. 108 col. 733.
14. For accounts of the fate of Lemass's various proposals, see Kieran Allen, Fianna Fail and the Irish Labour Movement, 1926 to the Present, London: Pluto Press, 1997, Ch. 4;
15. Paul Bew and Henry Patterson, Sean Lemass and the Making of Modern Ireland 1945-66, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan 1982, Ch. 1;
16. Richard Dunphy, The Making of Fianna Fail in Power in Ireland, 1923-1948, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995, Ch. 5;
17. Brian Girvan, Between Two Worlds: Politics and Economy in Independent Ireland, Dublin; Gill and Macmillan, 1989, Ch. 5;
18. Joe Lee, Ireland 1912-1985: Politics and Society, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Ch. 4.
19. Three main forces appear to have been at play in the narrowing down of the original proposal. First, the trade unions informed Lemass that they had no common policy on this area and would find it difficult to articulate a Congress view. (See Memorandum of Meeting with the Irish Trade Union Congress, NAI, Department of Industry and Commerce, 14 February 1945, IR19). Second, the ITUC split in 1945, making progress on Lemass's original proposal logistically more difficult. Finally, Lemass and his civil servants feared the imminent end of war-time wage control in 1946 in the absence of a new system of dispute resolution.
20. See John Horgan, Sean Lemass: The Enigmatic Patriot, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1997, p. 123.
21. See David O'Mahony, Economic Aspects of Industrial Relations, Dublin: Economic and Social Research Institute, 1965.
22. Sections of the FUE pressed for the creation of a 'national economic council' or 'national labour board', to be modelled on the Dutch system of industrial relations. Speeches by Lemass on the need for representatives of management and labour to reach a national understanding in their approach to the development of the economy appear to have been a catalyst for the FUE's initiative. See Memorandum on the Proposed Establishment of a National Economic Council or National Labour Board, NAI, Department of Industry and Commerce, W196CT.
23. A review of the prevailing system of dispute resolution, initiated by the Department of Industry and Commerce in 1961, led Whitaker to propose a move to centralised pay bargaining, coupled with active monetary and fiscal policies, geared to achieving wage moderation. Wage policies and industrial relations institutions in the Netherlands and Sweden were seen as having relevance for Ireland. See A Preliminary Note on Wages Policy, June 1961, NAI, Department of Industry and Commerce, W196 CT3; Memorandum from Whitaker to the Minister for Finance, 1 September 1961, NAI, Department of Industry and Commerce, W196 CT3; Whitaker to the Secretary of the Department of Industry and Commerce, 5 February 1962, Draft proposals by Whitaker for a Tripartite Council, 16 February 1962, in NAI, Department of Industry and Commerce, W196 CT4.
24. Peter Mair, 'Party Competition' in Michael Laver, Peter Mair and Richard Sinnott eds., How Ireland Voted 1987, Dublin: Poolbeg Press, pp. 30-47.
25. See Paul Bew and Henry Patterson, Sean Lemass and the Making of Modern Ireland 1945-66, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan 1982;
26. Peter Mair, The Changing Irish Party System, London: Frances Pinter, 1987, pp. 51-5.
27. Paul Bew and Henry Patterson, Sean Lemass and the Making of Modern Ireland 1945-66, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan 1982, Ch. 6.
28. Paul Bew and Henry Patterson, Sean Lemass and the Making of Modern Ireland 1945-66, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan 1982, pp. 160-4.
29. Cf. Eieran Allen, Fianna Fail and the Irish Labour Movement, 1926 to the Present, London: Pluto Press, 1997, p. 114-5.
30. See Kurt Jacobsen, Chasing Progress in the Irish Economy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 81 and
31. Charles McCarthy, The Decade of Upheaval: Irish Trade Unions in the 1960s, Dublin: Institute of Public Administration, 1973, p. 50.
32. Kurt Jacobsen, Chasing Progress in the Irish Economy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, pp. 81-2.
33. The National Employer-Labour Conference, in particular, would have disappointed the would-be reformers. The Council's Economic Sub-Committee expressed scepticism about the need to adopt 'Continental systems of industrial relations', concluding that 'collective bargaining is the method in Ireland and to follow the practices of other countries would require a complete recasting of the whole system of industrial relations and changes in the character of employers' organisations and of trade unions'. Instead, the Sub-Committee put forward the view that 'Ireland must find its own solutions to the problems that exist in the field'. See Report of the Economic Sub-Committee of the National Employer-Labour Conference, July 1962, NAI, Department of Industry and Commerce, W209.
34. Peter Katzenstein, Small States in World Markets: Industrial Policy in Europe, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985, pp. 47-57.
35. Irish Times, 7 and 21 December 1963.
36. See Franz Traxler, Sabine Blasche and Bernhard Kittel, National Labour Relations in Internationalized Markets: A Comparative Study of Institutions, Change and Performance, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, Ch. 10.
37. On the influence of Keynesian ideas on Whitaker and among sections of the Department of Finance in the early post-war period and on the introduction of capital budgeting, see Ronan Fanning, The Department of Finance 1922-58, Dublin: Institute of Public Administration, 1978. Cormac O'Grada equates the drift towards economic 'programming' and associated macro-economic policy from the late 1950s with experimental Keynesianism, but he also traces the limited impact of the Keyenesian fiscal paradigm on economic policy makers up to the late 1970s. See A Rocky Road: The Irish Economy Since the 1920s, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997, p. 41 and passim.
38. On the primacy of the balance of payments in economic and fiscal policy and its effects, see Tom Garvin, Preventing the Future: Why was Ireland so Poor for so Long?, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 2004: 79-80.
39. In the debate on reforming the Irish industrial relations during the early 1960s, Lynch and his Department adopted a consistently conservative stance and sought largely to defend the prevailing systems of collective bargaining and dispute resolution and to disavow the practicality in Irish circumstances of Continental models of industrial relations. Revealing in this respect was Lynch's response to a proposal by Erskine Childers, Minister for Transport and Power, that the 'Dutch system' of industrial relations merited examination and emulation. Lynch's reply to Childers, strongly influenced by his Department's advice that a change in the present system relating to the fixing of wage levels was 'outside the realm of practical polities', stated: 'My view is that the present system under which wages and conditions of employment are negotiated largely by employers and workers with a minimum of interference from the State is the one most suitable to our conditions and that it should not be disturbed'. In NAI Department of Industry and Commerce, W153, Letter from Lynch to Childers 20 October 1959. The posture of Lynch and his Department are also outlined in Memorandum - Minister for Transport and Power's Suggestion for the Introduction of Wage Fixing Machinery, 8 October 1959, Collaboration Between Workers, Employers and the State in Regard to Wages, 30 October 1959.
40. For an examination of the background to the Lynch-O'Donoghue programme, see Dermot Keogh, Jack Lynch: A Biography, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 2008, pp. 403-8;
41. Andrew McCarthy, 'Lynch and Economic Policy', paper presented to 'Jack Lynch: Politics and Sport, Personality and Leadership' (unpublished), University College Cork, Department of History, 3-4 October 2008.
42. See James F. O'Brien, A Study of National Wage Agreements in Ireland, Dublin: Economic and Social Research Institute, 1981. p. 144.
43. The terms appear respectively in Joe Lee, Ireland 1912-1985: Politics and Society, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 467;
44. A Rocky Road: The Irish Economy Since the 1920s, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997, p. 230;
45. Dermot Keogh, Jack Lynch: A Biography, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 2008, p 405;
46. Kieran Allen, Fianna Fail and the Irish Labour Movement, 1926 to the Present, London: Pluto Press, 1997, p. 152.
47. Ray MacSharry and Padraic White, The Making of the Celtic Tiger: Inside Ireland's Boom Economy, Cork: Mercier Press, 2000, p. 49.
48. See Niamh Hardiman, Pay, Politics and Economic Performance in Ireland 1970-1987, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
49. Michael Fogarty, Dermot Egan and Louden Ryan, Pay Policy for the 1980s, Dublin: Federated Union of Employers, 1981.
50. Teresa Brannick, Linda Doyle and Aidan Kelly, 'Industrial Conflict', in Thomas Murphy and William K. Roche eds, Irish Industrial Relations in Practice, Dublin: Oaktree Press, 1997, pp. 299-324.
51. Dermot Ferriter, The Transformation of Ireland, 1990-2000, Dublin: Profile Books, 2005, pp. 667-9.
52. Conversation with Eugene McCarthy, former Director, Federated Union of Employers.
53. Haughey was concerned that the history of social partnership and of his role therein should be recorded. Following the publication of his work, Lockout: Dublin 1913 (Dublin: Palgrave 2000),
54. Padraig Yeates, the distinguished journalist, author and industrial correspondent of The Irish Times, was invited by Charles Haughey to Kinsealy [Haughey's Dublin home]. Haughey asked Yeates to write a history of the genesis of social partnership in 1987. He offered to fund the study and to provide introductions to various people involved. Communication with Padraig Yeates.
55. See Ray MacSharry and Padraic White, The Making of the Celtic Tiger: Inside Ireland's Boom Economy, Cork: Mercier Press, 2000;
56. Tim Hastings, Brian Sheehan and Padraig Yeates, Saving the Future: How Social Partnership Shaped Ireland's Economic Success, Dublin: Blackhall Publishing, 2007.
57. Kieran Allen, Fianna Fail and the Irish Labour Movement, 1926 to the Present, London: Pluto Press, 1997, pp. 158-9.
58. Kieran Allen, Fianna Fail and the Irish Labour Movement, 1926 to the Present, London: Pluto Press, 1997, Ch. 7.
59. Kieran Allen, Fianna Fail and the Irish Labour Movement, 1926 to the Present, London: Pluto Press, 1997, p. 173.
60. Tim Hastings, Brian Sheehan and Padraig Yeates, Saving the Future: How Social Partnership Shaped Ireland's Economic Success, Dublin: Blackhall Publishing, 2007, p. 33.
61. See Stephen Collins, The Haughey File, Dublin: O'Brien Press, 1992, p. 86. and pp. 95-6.
62. National Economic and Social Council Document, A Strategy for Development, 1986-1990, Dublin: NESC, 1986.
63. See Stephen Collins, The Haughey File, Dublin: O'Brien Press, 1992, pp. 128-30.
64. Ray MacSharry and Padraic White, The Making of the Celtic Tiger: Inside Ireland's Boom Economy, Cork: Mercier Press, 2000, p. 126.
65. Industrial Relations News, 22 and 29 October 1987.
66. Interview by Tim Hastings of Dan McAuley, former Director General of the Federated Union of Employers, 9 August 2006. (I am indebted to Dr. Tim Hastings for making available transcripts of a series of interviews he conducted with leading figures involved in the development of social partnership. All subsequent references to interviews conducted by Dr. Tim Hastings refer to these.)
67. National Economic and Social Council Document, A Strategy for Development, 1986-1990, Dublin: NESC, 1986, p. 155 and Ch. 12.
68. Stephen Collins, The Haughey File, Dublin: O'Brien Press, 1992, Ch. 11
69. and Breaking the Mould: How the PDs Changed Irish Politics, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 2005, pp. 81-2.
70. Tim Hastings, Brian Sheehan and Padraig Yeates, Saving the Future: How Social Partnership Shaped Ireland's Economic Success, Dublin: Blackhall Publishing, 2007, pp. 8-13.
71. Roche, W.K., 'Social Partnership in Ireland and New Social Pacts', Industrial Relations, Vol. 46, No. 3, 2007, pp. 395-425.
72. Joe Larragy, 'Origins and Significance of the Community and Voluntary Pillar in Irish Social Partnership', Economic and Social Review, Vol. 37, No. 3, 2006, pp. 375-98.
73. Quoted in Paul Bew and Henry Patterson, Sean Lemass and the Making of Modern Ireland 1945-66, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan 1982, p. 145.
74. Garret FitzGerald, All in a Life: An Autobiography, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1991, p. 117 and p. 607.
75. See Tim Hastings, Brian Sheehan and Padraig Yeates, Saving the Future: How Social Partnership Shaped Ireland's Economic Success, Dublin: Blackhall Publishing, 2007, 28.
76. FitzGerald established a Committee on Costs and Competitiveness in 1981 to advise on competitively sustainable pay rises. This initiative was followed in 1983 by the establishment of the National Planning Board, charged with providing advice on economic and fiscal policy. The ICTU responded to the Committee on Costs and Competitiveness by claiming that the 'Government was seeking to run the economy by diktat and economic lecture' (quoted in Industrial Relations News 30 October 1981), while one commentator described the modus of the National Planning Board as 'a highly centralised and directive approach to economic planning with little participation by the social partners in the formulation of the plan' (quoted in Industrial Relations News, 18 January 1984).
77. In an Interview with Tim Hastings, John Bruton declared himself a 'political successor of James Dillon' [former Fine Gael leader, liberal and exponent of parliamentary democracy] in his view 'that policy should be made in the Dail and not at meetings outside the Dail with people who haven't been directly elected'. Interview by Tim Hastings of John Bruton, 2 March 2007.
78. Ruairi Quinn, Straight left, A Journey in Politics, Dublin: Hodder Headline Ireland, 2005, pp. 246-7;
79. Fergus Finlay, Snakes and Ladders, Dublin: New Island Books, 1998, pp 43-4.
80. See also Barry Desmond, Finally and in Conclusion: A Political Memoir, Dublin: New Island Book, 2000, p. 210
81. and Garret FitzGerald, All in a Life: An Autobiography, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1991, p. 607.
82. Ruairi Quinn, Straight left, A Journey in Politics, Dublin: Hodder Headline Ireland, 2005, p 246.
83. Dail Debates, Vol. 405, 20 February 1991.
84. Dail Debates, Vol. 405, 19 February 1991, Cols. 737-9.
85. Dail Debates, Vol. 439, 4 March 1994, Col. 1673.
86. Dail Debates, Vol. 405, 19 February 1991, Cols. 752-4.
87. Joe Larragy, "Origins and Significance of the Community and Voluntary Pillar in Irish Social Partnership", Economic and Social Review, Vol. 37, No. 3, 2006, pp. 375-98.
88. Foreword by the Tainiste and Minister for Foreign Affairs, First Periodic Report on the Work of the Forum, Dublin: National Economic and Social Forum, 1995, p. iv.
89. For the argument that the inclusion of such groups is an important feature distinguishing Irish social partnership from other European cases of new social pacts, see Rory O'Donnell, 'Towards Post-Corporatist Concertation in Europe" in Helen Wallace (ed.), Interlocking Dimensions of European Integration, London: Palgrave, 2001, pp. 305-21. For empirical studies showing the limited influence of these groups, compared with government, employers and unions, see Joe
90. Continued - Larragy, 'Origins and Significance of the Community and Voluntary Pillar in Irish Social Partnership', Economic and Social Review, Vol. 37, No. 3, 2006, pp. 375-98
91. and Tom Wall, Understanding Irish Social Partnership: An Assessment of the Competitive Corporatism and Post-Corporatism Perspectives, unpublished MComm dissertation, Library, University College Dublin, 2004.
92. Interview of Bertie Ahem by Tim Hastings, n.d.
93. See Roche, W.K., "Social Partnership in Ireland and New Social Pacts", Industrial Relations, Vol. 46, No. 3, 2007, pp. 395-425.
94. Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh, How Ireland Voted 2007, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, p. 9.
95. In an interview on the RTE news programme, Morning Ireland, Fianna Fail backbench TD, John Mulloy, complained that 'across the State the view has been ⋯ that the PDs in government were instrumental in directing policy. ⋯The impression had been created that that we had become a centre-right government and we're drifting even further to the right'. Morning Ireland 15 June 2004, http://www.rte.ie/news/elections2004/audiovideo.html. See also the views of Fianna Fail backbench TDs reported in Niamh Connolly, 'It's Think-In Time', The Sunday Business Post, August 27, 2006.
96. On the McCreevy-Harney axis and its effects, see Stephen Collins, Breaking the Mould: How the PDs Changed Irish Politics, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 2005, pp. 185-6.
97. Stephen Collins, Breaking the Mould: How the PDs Changed Irish Politics, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 2005, p. 190.
98. Industrial Relations News, 11 December 1998.
99. Dail Debates, Vol. 497, 2 December 1998, Cols. 1319-1344.
100. See 'Healy's Economic Policies are Criticised' in which McCreevy is reported as describing CORI Director, Fr. Sean Healy, as 'taking nonsense on the economy', http://www.rte.ie/news/2004/0902/economy.html
101. See Joe Larragy, 'Origins and Significance of the Community and Voluntary Pillar in Irish Social Partnership', Economic and Social Review, Vol. 37, No. 3, 2006, pp. 375-98.
102. 'Remarks by Tainiste, Mary Harney at a Meeting of the American Bar Association in the Law Society of Ireland', 21 July 2000, http://www.entemp.ie/ press/2000/210700.htm.
103. Stephen Collins, 'If the Whole Exercise Turns Out to be a Damp Squib, the Central Purpose of the Reshuffle will be Lost' Sunday Tribune, 5 September 2004;
104. Pat Leahy, 'The Thorn in Fianna Fail'sSide', Sunday Business Post, 5 September, 2004
105. On Brennan's transport 'polices and removal from the Department of Transport, see Olivia O'Leary, 'Brennan on the Move' in Politicians and Other Animals, Dublin: O'Brien Press, 2004, pp. 90-92, 'Olivia O'Leary Remembers the Late Seamus Brennan', RTE Drivetime podcast, 9 July 2008, http://www.rte.ie/radiol/podcast/podcast-drivetime.xml
106. Industrial Relations News, 24 June 2004.
107. Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh, How Ireland Voted 2007, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, pp. 110-1;
108. Michelle Miller, 'Social Inclusion and the Welfare State: Who Cares?', in Maura Adshead, Peadar Kirby and Michelle Miller eds., Contesting the State: Lessons from the Irish Case, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2008, p. 102.
109. See John Cooney, 'Bertie, the Socialist!', in Battleship Bertie, Blantyremoy Publications, 2008, p. 40.
110. On the change of direction in budgetary policy see Niamh Connolly, 'It's Think-In Time', The Sunday Business Post, August 27, 2006;
111. 'Cowen to Unveil First Budget' Breakingnewsie http://www. breakingnews.ie/ireland/kfqlidmhmhid:
112. Industrial Relations News, 24 June, 2004;
113. Garret FitzGerald, 'Getting to Know the Taoiseach', Irish Times, 15 November, 2008.
114. The social programme contained in the 2006 social partnership agreement is the most comprehensive and ambitious to date. See Department of the Taoiseach, Towards 2016, Ten-Year Framework Social Partnership Agreement 2006-2016, Dublin: Government Publications, 2006, pp. 39-73.
115. On the rationale for the inclusion of a social investment programme in the 2007-2013 National Development Plan, see 'Speech by the Taoiseach, Mr Bertie Ahern T.D. at the Launch of the National Development Plan: 2007-2013', http://www.eustructuralfunds.ie/viewdoc.asp?Docid:=1905&mn=&nID= &UserLang=EN&CatID=35&StartDate=l+Januarv+2008:
116. for details of the plan, see National Development Plan, National Development Plan 2007-2013, Transforming Ireland, Dublin: Government Publications, 2007, Chs. 9-11.
117. Industrial Relations News, 28 April, 2005.
118. Dail Debates, Vol. 653, No. 5, 7 May, 2008.
119. Fintan O'Toole, "What Does Cowen Believe In?", Irish Times, 10 May, 2008.
120. Saturday View, RTE Radio 1, 1 November, 2008, http://www.rte.ie/radiol/ saturdawiew/1230587.html.
121. Jason O'Toole, Brian Cowen: The Path to Power, Dublin: Transworld Ireland, 2008, Chs. 8 and 10.
122. On the relationship between Christian Democracy, social policy and corporatism, see K. van Kersbergen, Social Capitalism: A Study of Christian Democracy and the Welfare State, London: Routledge, 1995, Chs. 5-8
123. and Peter Katzenstein, Small States in World Markets: Industrial Policy in Europe, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985, pp. 94-104.
124. For examples of his numerous writings outlining this perspective, see Rory O'Donnell, "The Partnership State: Building the Ship at Sea', in Maura Adshead, Peadar Kirby and Michelle Miller (eds.), Contesting the State: Lessons from the Irish Case, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2008, pp. 73-99;
125. "Towards Post-Corporatist Concertation in Europe', in Helen Wallace (ed.), Interlocking Dimensions of European Integration, London: Palgrave, 2001, pp. 305-21.
126. William K. Roche and Terry Cradden, "Neo-Corporatism and Social Partnership' in Maura Adshead and Helen Miler eds., Public Administration and Policy in Ireland: Theory and Methods, London: Routledge 2003;
127. William K. Roche, "Social Partnership in Ireland and New Social Pacts', Industrial Relations, Vol. 46, No. 3, 2007, pp. 395-425.
128. See Jimmy Donaghey, "Deliberation, Employment Relations and Social Partnership in the Republic of Ireland', Economic and Industrial Democracy, Vol. 29, No. 1, 2008, pp. 35-63;
129. Joe Larragy and Brendan Bartley, "Transformations in Governance' in Brendan Bartley and Rob Kitchin eds., Understanding Contemporary Ireland, London: Pluto Press, 2007;
130. Paul Teague, Social Partnership and Local Development in Ireland: The Limits of Deliberation', British Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol. 44, No. 3, 2006, pp. 421-43;
131. George Taylor, Negotiated Governance and Public Policy in Ireland, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005;
132. Tom Wall, Understanding Irish Social Partnership: An Assessment of the Competitive Corporatism and Post-Corporatism Perspectives, unpublished MComm dissertation, Library, University College Dublin, 2004.