Exposure to pesticides and the associated human health effects

Science of the Total Environment

Volumn 575, Issue , 2017, Pages 525-535

  Kim, Ki Hyun ^a   Kabir, Ehsanul ^b   Jahan, Shamin Ara ^c  

^a Hanyang University   (South Korea)

^b BANGLADESH AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY   (Bangladesh)

^c RESEARCH AND EVALUATION DIVISION   (Bangladesh)

Author keywords

Environmental effect; Health hazards; Pesticide toxicity; Route of exposure

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL ROBOTS; CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION; DISEASE CONTROL; DISEASES; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; HEALTH HAZARDS; MAMMALS; PEST CONTROL; POTABLE WATER; TOXICITY;

AGRICULTURAL FIELDS; ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTIC; ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION; ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS; HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS; INSECT INFESTATIONS; INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT; ROUTE OF EXPOSURE;

PESTICIDE EFFECTS;

1,1 DICHLORO 2,2 BIS(4 CHLOROPHENYL)ETHANE; 1,1 DICHLORO 2,2 BIS(4 CHLOROPHENYL)ETHYLENE; 1,1,1 TRICHLORO 2 (2 CHLOROPHENYL) 2 (4 CHLOROPHENYL)ETHANE; 2 (4 CHLORO 2 METHYLPHENOXY)ACETIC ACID; 2,4 DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID; ACETOCHLOR; ALPHA HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE; ATRAZINE; BETA HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE; CARBOFURAN; CHLOROTHALONIL; CHLORPHENOTANE; CHLORPYRIFOS; DICAMBA; DIMPYLATE; ENDOSULFAN; ENDRIN; GROUND WATER; HEPTACHLOR; LINDANE; METALAXYL; METHAMIDOPHOS; METHOXYCHLOR; METOLACHLOR; ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDE; ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUND; PESTICIDE; RAIN; SIMAZINE; DRINKING WATER; PESTICIDE RESIDUE;

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT; HAZARD ASSESSMENT; HEALTH IMPACT; INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT; PESTICIDE; TOXICITY;

AMBIENT AIR; ASTHMA; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; DERMAL EXPOSURE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS; EYE EXPOSURE; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; LEUKEMIA; MALE GENITAL SYSTEM; NEOPLASM; NONHUMAN; ORAL EXPOSURE; PARKINSON DISEASE; POLLUTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY EXPOSURE; REVIEW; SOIL; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; AGRICULTURE; PEST CONTROL;

HEXAPODA; IXODIDA; MUS; RATTUS;

AGRICULTURE; DRINKING WATER; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HUMANS; PEST CONTROL; PESTICIDE RESIDUES; PESTICIDES;

EID: 84995469352     PISSN: 00489697     EISSN: 18791026     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.009     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. Aktar, M.W., Sengupta, D., Chowdhury, A., Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: their benefits and hazards. Interdiscip. Toxicol. 2:1 (2009), 1–12.
2. Amaral, A.F.S., Pesticides and Asthma: Challenges for Epidemiology Front Public Health. 2, 2014, 6, 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00006.
3. Amr, S., Dawson, R., Saleh, D.A., Magder, L.S., St George, D.M., El-Daly, M., Squibb, K., Mikhail, N.N., Abdel-Hamid, M., Khaled, H., Loffredo, C.A., Pesticides, gene polymorphisms, and bladder cancer among Egyptian agricultural workers. Arch. Environ. Occup. Health 70:1 (2015), 19–26, 10.1080/19338244.2013.853646.
4. Anderson, S.E., Meade, B.J., Potential health effects associated with dermal exposure to occupational chemicals. Environ. Health Insights. 8 (2014), 51–62.
5. Arrebola, J.P., Belhassen, H., Artacho-Cordón, F., Ghali, R., Ghorbel, H., Boussen, H., Perez-Carrascosa, F.M., Expósito, J., Hedhili, A., Olea, N., Risk of female breast cancer and serum concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls: a case-control study in Tunisia. Sci. Total Environ. 520 (2015), 106–113, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.045 (Epub 2015 Mar 22).
6. Azandjeme, C.S., Bouchard, M., Fayomi, B., Djrolo, F., Houinato, D., Delisle, H., Growing burden of diabetes in sub-saharan Africa: contribution of pesticides?. Curr. Diabetes Rev. 9:6 (2013), 437–449.
7. Bailey, H.D., Infante-Rivard, C., Metayer, C., Clavel, J., Lightfoot, T., Kaatsch, P., Roman, E., Magnani, C., Spector, L.G., Th Petridou, E., Milne, E., Dockerty, J.D., Miligi, L., Armstrong, B.K., Rudant, J., Fritschi, L., Simpson, J., Zhang, L., Rondelli, R., Baka, M., Orsi, L., Moschovi, M., Kang, A.Y., Schüz, J., Home pesticide exposures and risk of childhood leukemia: findings from the childhood leukemia international consortium. Int. J. Cancer 137:11 (2015), 2644–2663, 10.1002/ijc.29631.
8. Baldi, I., Gruber, A., Rondeau, V., Lebailly, P., Brochard, P., Fabrigoule, C., Neurobehavioral effects of long-term exposure to pesticides: results from the 4-year follow-up of the PHYTONER study. Occup. Environ. Med. 68:2 (2010), 108–115, 10.1136/oem.2009.047811. PMID 21097948.
9. Beard, J.D., Umbach, D.M., Hoppin, J.A., et al. Pesticide exposure and depression among male private pesticide applicators in the agricultural health study. EHP 122:9 (2014), 984–991.
10. Bouchard, M.F., Chevrier, J., Harley, K.G., Kogut, K., Vedar, M., Calderon, N., Trujillo, C., Johnson, C., Bradman, A., Barr, D.B., Eskenazi, B., Prenatal exposure to organophosphate pesticides and IQ in 7-year-old children. Environ. Health Perspect. 119 (2011), 1189–1195.
11. Brouwer, M., Koeman, T., van den Brandt, P.A., Kromhout, H., Schouten, L.J., Peters, S., Huss, A., Vermeulen, R., Occupational exposures and Parkinson's disease mortality in a prospective Dutch cohort. Occup. Environ. Med. 72:6 (2015), 448–455, 10.1136/oemed-2014-102209.
12. Bulut, S., Erdogus, S.F., Konuk, M., Cemek, M., The organochlorine pesticide residues in the drinking waters of Afyonkarahisar, Turkey. Ekoloji Dergisi 19:74 (2010), 24–31.
13. Chorfa, A., Lazizzera, C., Bétemps, D., Morignat, E., Dussurgey, S., Andrieu, T., Baron, T., A variety of pesticides trigger in vitro α-synuclein accumulation, a key event in Parkinson's disease. Arch. Toxicol., 90(5), 2016 1279-1279 (retracted).
14. Covaci, A., Tutudaki, M., Tsatsakis, A.M., Schepens, P., Hair analysis: another approach for the assessment of human exposure to selected persistent organochlorine pollutants. Chemosphere 46:3 (2002), 413–418.
15. Coxall, M., Ethical Eating: A Complete Guide to Sustainable Food Kindle Edition. 2014, Cornelio Books.
16. Damalas, C.A., Eleftherohorinos, G.E., Pesticide exposure, safety issues, and risk assessment indicators. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 8:5 (2011), 1402–1419.
17. Debost-Legrand, A., Warembourg, C., Massart, C., Chevrier, C., Bonvallot, N., Monfort, C., Rouget, F., Bonnet, F., Cordie, r.S., Prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants and organophosphate pesticides, and markers of glucose metabolism at birth. Environ. Res. 146 (2016), 207–217.
18. Dennis, L.K., Lynch, C.F., Sandler, D.P., Alavanja, M.C., Pesticide use and cutaneous melanoma in pesticide applicators in the agricultural heath study. Environ. Health Perspect. 118 (2010), 812–817.
19. Ding, G., Novak, J.M., Amarasiriwardena, D., Hunt, P.G., Xing, B., Soil organic matter characteristics as affected by tillage management. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 66 (2002), 421–429.
20. Düring, R.A., Hoss, T., Gath, S., Depth distribution and bioavailability of pollutants in long-term differently tilled soils. Soil Tillage Res. 66 (2002), 183–195.
21. El-Zaemey, S., Heyworth, J., Fritschi, L., Noticing pesticide spray drift from agricultural pesticide application areas and breast cancer: a case-control study. Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health 37:6 (2013), 547–555.
22. Engel, S.M., Wetmur, J., Chen, J., Zhu, C., Barr, D.B., Canfield, R.L., Wolff, M.S., Prenatal exposure to organophosphates, paraoxonase 1, and cognitive development in childhood. Environ. Health Perspect. 119:8 (2011), 1182–1188, 10.1289/ehp.1003183.
23. Environment Canada (EC), Presence of pesticides in the Nelson River watershed between 2006 and 2011., 2015 (Available at:) https://www.ec.gc.ca/eaudouce-freshwater/default.asp?lang=En&n=EACFCA96-1.
24. Everett, C.J., Frithsen, I.L., Diaz, V.A., Koopman, R.J., Simpson, W.M., et al. Association of a polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, a polychlorinated biphenyl, and DDT with diabetes in the 1999–2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Environ. Res. 103 (2007), 413–418.
25. Fareed, M., Kesavachandran, C.N., Pathak, M.K., Bihari, V., Kuddus, M., Srivastava, A.K., Visual disturbances with cholinesterase depletion due to exposure of agricultural pesticides among farm workers. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 94:8 (2012), 1601–1609.
26. Ferri, M.V.W., Vidal, R.A., Gomes, J., Dick, D.P., de Souza, R.F., Activity of the herbicide acetochlor in soil under no-till and conventional tillage system. Pesq. Agrop. Brasileira 37 (2002), 1697–1703.
27. Garcia, F.P., Ascencio, S.Y.C., Oyarzun, J.C.G., Hernandez, A.C., Patricia Vazquez Alavarado, P.V., Pesticides: classification, uses and toxicity. Measures of exposure and genotoxic risks. J. Res. Environ. Sci. Toxicol. 1:11 (2012), 279–293.
28. Garron, C.A., Davis, K.C., Ernst, W.R., Near-field air concentrations of pesticides in potato agriculture in Prince Edward Island. Pest Manag. Sci. 65:6 (2009), 688–696, 10.1002/ps.1746.
29. Gaston, L.A., Locke, M.A., Acifluorfen sorption, degradation, and mobility in a Mississippi delta soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 64 (2000), 112–121.
30. Gaston, L.A., Boquet, D.J., Bosch, M.A., Fluometuron wash-off from cover crop residues and fate in a loessial soil. Soil Sci. 166 (2001), 681–690.
31. Gilden, R.C., Huffling, K., Sattler, B., Pesticides and health risks. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Neonatal. Nurs. 39:1 (2010), 103–110, 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2009.01092.x. PMID 20409108.
32. Giordano, F., Dell'Orco, V., Giannandrea, F., Lauria, L., Valente, P., Figà-Talamanca, I., Mortality in a cohort of pesticide applicators in an urban setting: sixty years of follow-up. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 19 (2006), 61–65.
33. Gunnell, D., Eddleston, M., Phillips, M.R., Konradsen, F., The global distribution of fatal pesticide self-poisoning: systematic review. BMC Public Health 7 (2007), 357–371.
34. Hansen, M.R., Jørs, E., Lander, F., Condarco, G., Schlünssen, V., Is cumulated pyrethroid exposure associated with prediabetes? A cross-sectional study. J Agromedicine. 19:4 (2014), 417–426, 10.1080/1059924X.2014.945708.
35. Henneberger, P.K., Liang, X., London, S.J., Umbach, D.M., Sandler, D.P., Hoppin, J.A., Exacerbation of symptoms in agricultural pesticide applicators with asthma. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 87:4 (2014), 423–432, 10.1007/s00420-013-0881-x.
36. Hernández, A.F., Parrón, T., Alarcón, R., Pesticides and asthma. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 11:2 (2011), 90–96, 10.1097/ACI.0b013e3283445939.
37. Hernández, A.F., Parrón, T., Tsatsakis, A.M., Requena, M., Alarcón, R., López-Guarnido, O., Toxic effects of pesticide mixtures at a molecular level: their relevance to human health. Toxicology 307 (2013), 136–145.
38. Hernández, A.F., Gil, F., Lacasaña, M., Rodríguez-Barranco, M., Tsatsakis, A.M., Requena, M., Parrón, T., Alarcón, R., Pesticide exposure and genetic variation in xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes interact to induce biochemical liver damage. Food Chem. Toxicol. 61 (2013), 144–151, 10.1016/j.fct.2013.05.012 Epub 2013 May 18.
39. Hoppin, J.A., Umbach, D.M., London, S.J., Henneberger, P.K., Kullman, G.J., Alavanja, M.C., et al. Pesticides and atopic and nonatopic asthma among farm women in the Agricultural Health Study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2008, 177 (11–810.1164/rccm.200706-821OC).
40. Jaacks, L.M., Staimez, L.R., Association of persistent organic pollutants and non-persistent pesticides with diabetes and diabetes-related health outcomes in Asia: a systematic review. Environ. Int. 76 (2015), 57–70, 10.1016/j.envint.2014.12.001 (Epub 2014 Dec 26).
41. Jacobsen, C.S., Hjelmsø, M.H., Agricultural soils, pesticides and microbial diversity. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 27 (2014), 15–20.
42. Jaga, K., Dharmani, C., Ocular toxicity from pesticide exposure: a recent review. Environ. Health Prev. Med. 11:3 (2006), 102–107.
43. James, K.A., Hall, D.A., Groundwater pesticide levels and the association with Parkinson disease. Int. J. Toxicol. 34:3 (2015), 266–273, 10.1177/1091581815583561.
44. Kavvalakis, M.P., Tzatzarakis, M.N., Alegakis, A.K., Vynias, D., Tsakalof, A.K., Tsatsakis, A.M., Development and application of GC–MS method for monitoring of long-term exposure to the pesticide cypermethrin. Drug Test. Anal. 1 (2014), 9–16, 10.1002/dta.1601.
45. Kim, S.-A., Lee, Y.M., Lee, H.-W., Jacobs, D.R. Jr., Lee, D.H., Greater cognitive decline with aging among elders with high serum concentrations of organochlorine pesticides. PLoS One, 10(6), 2015, e0130623, 10.1371/journal.pone.0130623.
46. Knipe, D.W., Jayasumana, C., Siribaddana, S., Priyadarshana, C., Pearson, M., Gunnell, D., Metcalfe, C., Tzatzarakis, M.N., Tsatsakis, A.M., Feasibility of hair sampling to assess levels of organophosphate metabolites in rural areas of Sri Lanka. Environ. Res. 147 (2016), 207–211, 10.1016/j.envres.2016.02.011 (Epub 2016 Feb 16).
47. Kokkinaki, A., Kokkinakis, M., Kavvalakis, M.P., Tzatzarakis, M.N., Alegakis, A.K., Maravgakis, G., Babatsikou, F., Fragkiadakis, G.A., Tsatsakis, A.M., Biomonitoring of dialkylphosphate metabolites (DAPs) in urine and hair samples of sprayers and rural residents of Crete, Greece. Environ Res. 134 (2014), 181–187, 10.1016/j.envres.2014.07.012 (Epub 2014 Aug 28).
48. Koureas, M., Tsakalof, A., Tzatzarakis, M., Vakonaki, E., Tsatsakis, A., Hadjichristodoulou, C., Biomonitoring of organophosphate exposure of pesticide sprayers and comparison of exposure levels with other population groups in Thessaly (Greece). Occup. Environ. Med. 71:2 (2014), 126–133, 10.1136/oemed-2013-101490 (Epub 2013 Nov 1).
49. Koutros, S., Lynch, C.F., Ma, X., Lee, W.J., Hoppin, J.A., et al. Aromatic amine pesticide use and human cancer risk: results from the U.S. Agricultural Health Study. Int. J. Cancer 124:5 (2009), 1206–1212.
50. Koutros, S., Silverman, D.T., Alavanja, M.C., Andreotti, G., Lerro, C.C., Heltshe, S., Lynch, C.F., Sandler, D.P., Blair, A., Beane Freeman, L.E., Occupational exposure to pesticides and bladder cancer risk. Int. J. Epidemiol., 2015, 10.1093/ije/dyv195.
51. Koutroulakis, D., Sifakis, S., Tzatzarakis, M.N., Alegakis, A.K., Theodoropoulou, E., Kavvalakis, M.P., Kappou, D., Tsatsakis, A.M., Dialkyl phosphates in amniotic fluid as a biomarker of fetal exposure to organophosphates in Crete, Greece; association with fetal growth. Reprod. Toxicol. 46 (2014), 98–105, 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.03.010 (Epub 2014 Mar 29).
52. Lee, D.H., Lind, P., P.M., J. Jr., Salihovic, S., van Bavel, B., Lind, L., Association between background exposure to organochlorine pesticides and the risk of cognitive impairment: a prospective study that accounts for weight change. Environ. Int. 89–90 (2016), 179–184.
53. LeNoir, J.S., Mcconnell, L.L., Fellers, G.M., Cahill, T.M., Seiber, J.N., Summertime transport of current-use pesticides from California's Central Valley to the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range, USA. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 18:12 (1999), 2715–2722.
54. Lerro, C.C., Koutros, S., Andreotti, G., Friesen, M.C., Alavanja, M.C., Blair, A., Hoppin, J.A., Sandler, D.P., Lubin, J.H., Ma, X., Zhang, Y., Beane Freeman, L.E., Organophosphate insecticide use and cancer incidence among spouses of pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study. Occup. Environ. Med. 72:10 (2015), 736–744, 10.1136/oemed-2014-102798 (Epub 2015 Jul 6).
55. Lerro, C.C., Koutros, S., Andreotti, G., Hines, C.J., Blair, A., Lubin, J., Ma, X., Zhang, Y., Beane Freeman, L.E., Use of acetochlor and cancer incidence in the Agricultural Health Study. Int. J. Cancer 137:5 (2015), 1167–1175, 10.1002/ijc.29416.
56. Locke, M.A., Zablotowicz, R.M., Bauer, P.J., Steinriede, R.W., Gaston, L.A., Conservation cotton production in the southern United States: herbicide dissipation in soil and cover crops. Weed Sci. 53 (2005), 717–727.
57. Loos, R., Locoro, G., Comero, S., Contini, S., Schwesig, D., Werres, F., Balsaa, P., Gans, O., Weiss, S., Blaha, L., Bolchi, M., Gawlik, B.M., Pan-European survey on the occurrence of selected polar organic persistent pollutants in ground water. Water Res. 44:14 (2010), 4115–4126.
58. Luqman, M., Javed, M.M., Daud, S., Raheem, N., Ahmad, J., Khan, A.U., Risk factors for lung cancer in the Pakistani population. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 15:7 (2014), 3035–3039.
59. Macfarlane, E., Carey, R., Keegel, T., El-Zaemay, S., Fritschi, L., Dermal exposure associated with occupational end use of pesticides and the role of protective measures. Safe Health Work. 4 (2013), 136–141.
60. Mark, M., Brouwer, M., Kromhout, H., Nijssen, P., Huss, A., Vermeulen, R., Is pesticide use related to Parkinson disease? Some clues to heterogeneity in study results. Environ. Health Perspect. 120:3 (2012), 340–347.
61. Maryam, Z., Sajad, A., Maral, N., Zahra, L., Sima, P., Zeinab, A., Zahra, M., Fariba, E., Sezaneh, H., Davood, M., Relationship between exposure to pesticides and occurrence of acute leukemia in Iran. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 16:1 (2015), 239–244.
62. Mascarelli, A., Growing up with pesticides. Science, 341(6074), 2013, 740, 10.1126/science.341.6147.740.
63. Matthews, G.A., Pesticides: Health, Safety and the Environment. 2006, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK.
64. Meenakshi, Sharon, P., Bhawana, M., Anita, S., V.K., G., A short review on how pesticides affect human health. Int. J. Ayurvedic Herbal Medic. 5 (2012), 935–946.
65. Mehrpour, O., Karrari, P., Zamani, N., Tsatsakis, A.M., Abdollahi, M., Occupational exposure to pesticides and consequences on male semen and fertility: a review. Toxicol. Lett. 230:2 (2014), 146–156, 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.01.029 (Epub 2014 Jan 30).
66. Merhi, M., Raynal, H., Cahuzac, E., Vinson, F., Cravedi, J.P., Gamet-Payrastre, L., Occupational exposure to pesticides and risk of hematopoietic cancers: meta-analysis of case-control studies. Cancer Causes Control 18:10 (2007), 1209–1226.
67. Michalakis, M., Tzatzarakis, M.N., Kovatsi, L., Alegakis, A.K., Tsakalof, A.K., Heretis, I., Tsatsakis, A., Hypospadias in offspring is associated with chronic exposure of parents to organophosphate and organochlorine pesticides. Toxicol. Lett. 230:2 (2014), 139–145, 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.10.015 (Epub 2013 Oct 25).
68. Ministry of Agricultur (MOA), British Columbia, Canada., 2015 (Available at) http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/pesticides/b_2.htm#2.
69. Mnif, W., Hassine, A.I., Bouaziz, A., Bartegi, A., Thomas, O., Roig, B., Effect of endocrine disruptor pesticides: a review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 8 (2011), 2265–2303.
70. Moisan, F., Spinosi, J., Delabre, L., Gourlet, V., Mazurie, J.L., Bénatru, I., Goldberg, M., Weisskopf, M.G., Imbernon, E., Tzourio, C., Elbaz, A., Association of Parkinson's disease and its subtypes with agricultural pesticide exposures in men: a case–control study in France. Environ. Health Perspect. 123:11 (2015), 1123–1129.
71. Narayan, S., Liew, Z., Paul, K., Lee, P.C., Sinsheimer, J.S., Bronstein, J.M., Ritz, B., Household organophosphorus pesticide use and Parkinson's disease. Int. J. Epidemiol. 42:5 (2013), 1476–1485, 10.1093/ije/dyt170.
72. Ndlovu, V., Dalvie, M.A., Jeebhay, M.F., Asthma associated with pesticide exposure among women in rural Western Cape of South Africa. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:12 (2014), 1331–1343, 10.1002/ajim.22384.
73. Ortega-Jacome, G.P., Koifman, R.J., Rego-Monteiro, G.T., Koifman, S., Environmental exposure and breast cancer among young women in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 73:13–14 (2010), 858–865, 10.1080/15287391003744773.
74. Palma, G., Sánchez, A., Olave, Y., Encina, F., Palma, R., Barra, R., Pesticide levels in surface waters in an agricultural-forestry basin in Southern Chile. Chemosphere 57:8 (2004), 763–770.
75. Pezzoli, G., Cereda, E., Exposure to pesticides or solvents and risk of Parkinson disease. Neurology 80:22 (2013), 2035–2041, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318294b3c8.
76. Pimentel, D., Culliney, T.W., Bashore, T., Public Health Risks Associated with Pesticides and Natural Toxins in Foods. 2013, IPM World Textbook. Regents of the University of Minnesota.
77. Provost, D., Cantagrel, A., Lebailly, P., Jaffré, A., Loyant, V., Loiseau, H., Vital, A., Brochard, P., Baldi, I., Brain tumours and exposure to pesticides: a case-control study in southwestern France. Occup. Environ. Med. 64:8 (2007), 509–514.
78. Qiu, X., Zhu, T., Li, J., Pan, H., Li, Q., Miao, G., Gong, J., Organochlorine pesticides in the air around the Taihu Lake, China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38:5 (2004), 1368–1374.
79. Raanan, R., Harley, K.G., Balmes, J.R., Bradman, A., Lipsett, M., Eskenazi, B., Early-life exposure to organophosphate pesticides and pediatric respiratory symptoms in the CHAMACOS cohort. Environ. Health Perspect. 123:2 (2015), 179–185, 10.1289/ehp.1408235.
80. Ratner, M.H., Farb, D.H., Ozer, J., Feldman, R.G., Durso, R., Younger age at onset of sporadic Parkinson's disease among subjects occupationally exposed to metals and pesticides. Interdiscip. Toxicol. 7:3 (2014), 123–133.
81. Rauh, V., Arunajadai, S., Horton, M., Perera, F., Hoepner, L., Barr, D.B., Whyatt, R., Seven-year neurodevelopmental scores and prenatal exposure to chlorpyrifos, a common agricultural pesticide. Environ. Health Perspect. 119:8 (2011), 1196–1201, 10.1289/ehp.1003160.
82. Rivero, J., Luzardo, O.P., Henríquez-Hernández, L.A., Machín, R.P., Pestano, J., Zumbado, M., Boada, L.D., Camacho, M., Valerón, P.F., In vitro evaluation of oestrogenic/androgenic activity of the serum organochlorine pesticide mixtures previously described in a breast cancer case-control study. Sci. Total Environ. 537 (2015), 197–202, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.016.
83. Rull, R.P., Ritz, B., Historical pesticide exposure in California using pesticide use reports and land-use surveys: an assessment of misclassification error and bias. Environ. Health Perspect. 111:13 (2003), 1582–1589.
84. Saldana, T.M., Basso, O., Hoppin, J.A., Baird, D.D., Knott, C., Blair, A., Alavanja, M.C., Sandler, D.P., Pesticide exposure and self-reported gestational diabetes mellitus in the Agricultural Health Study. Diabetes Care 30:3 (2007), 529–534.
85. Salvatore, A.L., Bradman, A., Castorina, R., et al. Occupational behaviors and farmworkers' pesticide exposure: findings from a study in Monterey County, California. Am. J. Ind. Med. 51 (2008), 782–794.
86. Samanic, C.M., De Roos, A.J., Stewart, P.A., Rajaraman, P., Waters, M.A., Inskip, P.D., Occupational exposure to pesticides and risk of adult brain tumors. Am. J. Epidemiol. 167:8 (2008), 976–985.
87. Sarwar, M., The dangers of pesticides associated with public health and preventing of the risks. Int. J. Bioinfor. Biomed. Eng. 1:2 (2015), 130–136.
88. Simeonov, L.I., Macaev, F.Z., Simeonova, B.G., Environmental Security Assessment and Management of Obsolete Pesticides in Southeast Europe. 2013, Springer Netherlands.
89. Starling, A.P., Umbach, D.M., Kamel, F., Long, S., Sandler, D.P., Hoppin, J.A., Pesticide use and incident diabetes among wives of farmers in the Agricultural Health Study. Occup. Environ. Med. 71:9 (2014), 629–635.
90. Stivaktakis, P.D., Kavvalakis, M.P., Tzatzarakis, M.N., Alegakis, A.K., Panagiotakis, M.N., Fragkiadaki, P., Vakonaki, E., Ozcagli, E., Hayes, W.A., Rakitskii, V.N., Tsatsakis, A.M., Long-term exposure of rabbits to imidacloprid as quantified in blood induces genotoxic effect. Chemosphere 149 (2016), 108–113.
91. Székács, A., Mária Mörtl, M., Darvas, B., Monitoring pesticide residues in surface and ground water in Hungary: surveys in 1990–2015. J. Chem., 2015, 717948, 10.1155/2015/717948.
92. Tang, M., Chen, K., Yang, F., Liu, W., Exposure to Organochlorine Pollutants and Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. 2014, 10.1371/journal.pone.0085556.
93. Teras, L.R., Diver, W.R., Turner, M.C., Krewski, D., Sahar, L., Ward, E., Gapstur, S.M., Residential radon exposure and risk of incident hematologic malignancies in the cancer prevention study-II nutrition cohort. Environ. Res. 148 (2016), 46–54, 10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.002 (Epub 2016 Mar 23).
94. Turgut, C., The contamination with organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals in surface water in Küçük Menderes River in Turkey, 2000–2002. Environ. Int. 29:1 (2003), 29–32.
95. Turner, M.C., Wigle, D.T., Krewski, D., Residential pesticides and childhood leukemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cien Saude Colet. 16:3 (2011), 1915–1931.
96. Turyk, M., Anderson, H., Knobeloch, L., Imm, P., Persky, V., Organochlorine exposure and incidence of diabetes in a cohort of Great Lakes sport fish consumers. Environ. Health Perspect. 117 (2009), 1076–1082.
97. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Pesticides: Health and Safety. National Assessment of the Worker Protection Workshop #3., 2007 (Available at:) http://www2.epa.gov/pesticide-worker-safety.
98. Vakonaki, E., Androutsopoulos, V.P., Liesivuori, J., Tsatsakis, A.M., Spandidos, D.A., Pesticides and oncogenic modulation. Toxicology 307 (2013), 42–45, 10.1016/j.tox.2013.01.008 (Epub 2013 Jan 24).
99. Van Maele-Fabry, G., Lantin, A.C., Hoet, P., Lison, D., Childhood leukaemia and parental occupational exposure to pesticides: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control 21:6 (2010), 787–809.
100. Van Maele-Fabry, G., Lantin, A.C., Hoet, P., Lison, D., Residential exposure to pesticides and childhood leukaemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ. Int. 37:1 (2011), 280–291, 10.1016/j.envint.2010.08.016.
101. Ventura, C., Venturino, A., Miret, N., Randi, A., Rivera, E., Núñez, M., Cocca, C., Chlorpyrifos inhibits cell proliferation through ERK1/2 phosphorylation in breast cancer cell lines. Chemosphere 120 (2015), 343–350, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.07.088 (Epub 2014 Aug 31).
102. Viel, J.-F., Warembourg, C., LeManer-Idrissi, G., Lacroix, A., Limon, G., Rouget, F., et al. Pyrethroid insecticide exposure and cognitive developmental dis-abilities in children: the PELAGIE mother-child cohort. Environ. Int. 82:0 (2015), 69–75.
103. Vinson, F., Merhi, M., Baldi, I., Raynal, H., Gamet-Payrastre, L., Exposure to pesticides and risk of childhood cancer: a meta-analysis of recent epidemiological studies. Occup. Environ. Med. 68:9 (2011), 694–702.
104. White, L.M., Ernst, W.R., Julien, G., Garron, C., Leger, M., 2006. Ambient air concentrations of pesticides used in potato cultivation in Prince Edward Island, Canada. Pest Manag. Sci. 62:2 (2006 Feb), 126–136.
105. WHO (World Health Organization), The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard., 2009 (Available at:) http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/pesticides_hazard/en/.
106. Wickerham, E.L., Lozoff, B., Shao, J., Kaciroti, N., Xia, Y., Meeker, J.D., Reduced birth weight in relation to pesticide mixtures detected in cord blood of full-term infants. Environ. Int. 47 (2012), 80–85.
107. Yadav, I.C., Devi, N.L., Syed, J.H., Cheng, Z., Li, J., et al. Current status of persistent organic pesticides residues in air, water, and soil, and their possible effect on neighboring countries: a comprehensive review of India. Sci. Total Environ. 511 (2015), 123–137.
108. Zablotowicz, R.M., Locke, M.A., Gaston, L.A., Bryson, C.T., Interactions of tillage and soil depth on fluometuron degradation in a Dundee silt loam soil. Soil Tillage Res. 57 (2000), 61–68.