Insights into polymer crystallization and melting from fast scanning chip calorimetry

Polymer

Volumn 91, Issue , 2016, Pages 239-263

  Toda, Akihiko ^a   Androsch, René ^b   Schick, Christoph ^c  

^a HIROSHIMA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^b MARTIN LUTHER UNIVERSITY HALLE WITTENBERG   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK   (Germany)

Author keywords

Crystallization; Fast scanning calorimetry; Melting

Indexed keywords

CALORIMETERS; CALORIMETRY; CRYSTALLIZATION; ENTROPY; ISOTHERMS; MELTING; NUCLEATION;

ENTROPY PRODUCTION; FAST-SCANNING CALORIMETRIES; HEATING AND COOLING; HOMOGENEOUS NUCLEATION; ISOTHERMAL CRYSTALLIZATION; NUCLEATING AGENTS; POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION; POLYMER PROCESSING;

POLYMERS;

EID: 84979462422     PISSN: 00323861     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.03.038     Document Type: Review

References (201)

1. B. Wunderlich Macromolecular Physics vols. 1-3 1973 Academic Press New York 1976, and 1980, resp
2. G. Strobl Colloquium: laws controlling crystallization and melting in bulk polymers Rev. Mod. Phys. 81 3 2009 1287 1300
3. G. Strobl The Physics of Polymers third ed. 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
4. K.A. Dill, F.C. Frank, D.M. Sadler, E.A. DiMarzio, C.M. Guttman, J.D. Hoffman, P.J. Flory, D.Y. Yoon, F. Dowell, R.S. Stein, E.T. Samulski, A.H. Windle, D.H. Everett, D. Rigby, R.F.T. Stepto, W. Pechhold, E.W. Fischer, R. Lovell, G.R. Mitchell, E.D.T. Atkins, L. Mandelkern, A. Keller, I.M. Ward, D.R. Uhlmann, J.V. Champion, R. Waring, E.L. Thomas, D. Vesely, D.T. Grubb, W.F.X. Frank, D.J. Blundell, M. Stamm, J.B.V. Sande, and G.C. Stevens General discussion Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc. 68 0 1979 104 140
5. A. Keller Crystalline polymers; an introduction, Faraday Discussion Chem. Soc. 68 1979 145 166
6. F. De Santis, S. Adamovsky, G. Titomanlio, and C. Schick Scanning nanocalorimetry at high cooling rate of isotactic polypropylene Macromolecules 39 2006 2562 2567
7. R. Androsch, M.L.D. Lorenzo, C. Schick, and B. Wunderlich Mesophases in polyethylene, polypropylene, and poly(1-butene) Polymer 51 21 2010 4639 4662
8. N. Bosq, N. Guigo, E. Zhuravlev, and N. Sbirrazzuoli Nonisothermal crystallization of polytetrafluoroethylene in a wide range of cooling rates J. Phys. Chem. B 117 12 2013 3407 3415
9. E. Hellmuth, and B. Wunderlich Superheating of linear high-polymer polyethylene crystals J. Appl. Phys. 36 10 1965 3039 3044
10. A. Toda, M. Hikosaka, and K. Yamada Superheating of the melting kinetics in polymer crystals: a possible nucleation mechanism Polymer 43 2002 1667 1679
11. K. Yamada, M. Hikosaka, A. Toda, S. Yamazaki, and K. Tagashira Equilibrium melting temperature of isotactic polypropylene with high tacticity. 2. Determination by optical microscopy Macromolecules 36 13 2003 4802 4812
12. A. Pandey, A. Toda, and S. Rastogi Influence of amorphous component on melting of semicrystalline polymers Macromolecules 44 2011 8042 8055
13. S.A. Adamovsky, A.A. Minakov, and C. Schick Scanning microcalorimetry at high cooling rate Thermochim. Acta 403 1 2003 55 63
14. A. Minakov, A. Wurm, and C. Schick Superheating in linear polymers studied by ultrafast nanocalorimetry Eur. Phys. J. E Soft Matter 23 1 2007 43 53
15. K. Nishida, K. Okada, H. Asakawa, G. Matsuba, K. Ito, T. Kanaya, and K. Kaji In situ observations of the mesophase formation of isotactic polypropylene[mdash]A fast time-resolved X-ray diffraction study Polym. J. 44 1 2012 95 101
16. -1 Macromol. Rapid Commun. 36 12 2015 1184 1191
17. C. Riekel, E. Di Cola, M. Reynolds, M. Burghammer, M. Rosenthal, D. Doblas, and D.A. Ivanov Thermal transformations of self-assembled gold glyconanoparticles probed by combined nanocalorimetry and X-ray nanobeam scattering Langmuir 31 1 2015 529 534
18. M. Rosenthal, D. Doblas, J.J. Hernandez, Y.I. Odarchenko, M. Burghammer, E. Di Cola, D. Spitzer, A.E. Antipov, L.S. Aldoshin, and D.A. Ivanov High-resolution thermal imaging with a combination of nano-focus X-ray diffraction and ultra-fast chip calorimetry J. Synchrotron Radiat. 21 2014 223 228
19. D. Cavallo, G. Portale, L. Balzano, F. Azzurri, W. Bras, G.W. Peters, and G.C. Alfonso Real-time WAXD detection of mesophase development during quenching of propene/ethylene copolymers Macromolecules 43 24 2010 10208 10212
20. D. Schick, M. Herzog, A. Bojahr, W. Leitenberger, A. Hertwig, R. Shayduk, and M. Bargheer Ultrafast lattice response of photoexcited thin films studied by X-ray diffraction Struct. Dyn. 1 6 2014
21. J.A. Sellberg, C. Huang, T.A. McQueen, N.D. Loh, H. Laksmono, D. Schlesinger, R.G. Sierra, D. Nordlund, C.Y. Hampton, D. Starodub, D.P. DePonte, M. Beye, C. Chen, A.V. Martin, A. Barty, K.T. Wikfeldt, T.M. Weiss, C. Caronna, J. Feldkamp, L.B. Skinner, M.M. Seibert, M. Messerschmidt, G.J. Williams, S. Boutet, L.G.M. Pettersson, M.J. Bogan, and A. Nilsson Ultrafast X-ray probing of water structure below the homogeneous ice nucleation temperature Nature 510 7505 2014 381 384
22. S.L. Lai, G. Ramanath, L.H. Allen, P. Infante, and Z. Ma High-speed (10(4)-degrees-C/S) scanning microcalorimetry with monolayer sensitivity (J/M(2)) Appl. Phys. Lett. 67 9 1995 1229 1231
23. S.L. Lai, J.Y. Guo, V. Petrova, G. Ramanath, and L.H. Allen Size-dependent melting properties of small tin particles: nanocalorimetric measurements Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 1 1996 99 102
24. M.Y. Efremov, F. Schiettekatte, M. Zhang, E.A. Olson, A.T. Kwan, R.S. Berry, and L.H. Allen Discrete periodic melting point observations for nanostructure ensembles Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 17 2000 3560 3563
25. M.Y. Efremov, E.A. Olson, M. Zhang, S.L. Lai, F. Schiettekatte, Z.S. Zhang, and L.H. Allen Thin-film differential scanning nanocalorimetry: heat capacity analysis Thermochim. Acta 412 7 2004 13 23
26. L.P. de la Rama, L. Hu, Z. Ye, M.Y. Efremov, and L.H. Allen Size effect and odd-even alternation in the melting of single and stacked AgSCn layers: synthesis and nanocalorimetry measurements J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 38 2013 14286 14298
27. D.A. Ivanov Semicrystalline polymers K. Matyjaszewski, M. Möller, Polymer Science: a Comprehensive Reference 2012 Elsevier Amsterdam 227 258
28. C.K. Ober, S.Z.D. Cheng, P.T. Hammond, M. Muthukumar, E. Reichmanis, K.L. Wooley, and T.P. Lodge Research in macromolecular science: challenges and opportunities for the next decade Macromolecules 42 2 2009 465 471
29. M. Muthukumar Shifting paradigms in polymer crystallization G. Reiter, G. Strobl, Progress in Understanding of Polymer Crystallization vol. 714 2007 Springer Berlin Heidelberg 1 18
30. G. Strobl Crystallization and melting of bulk polymers: new observations, conclusions and a thermodynamic scheme Prog. Polym. Sci. 31 2006 398 442
31. M. Muthukumar Modeling polymer crystallization Adv. Polym. Sci. 191 2005 241 274
32. P.D. Olmsted, W.C.K. Poon, T.C.B. McLeish, N.J. Terrill, and A.J. Ryan Spinodal-assisted crystallization in polymer melts Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 2 1998 373 376
33. A. Mehta, and B. Wunderlich A study of molecular fractionation during the crystallization polymers Colloid Polym. Sci. 253 1975 193 205
34. B. Wunderlich, and A. Mehta Macromolecular nucleation J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys. Ed. 12 1974 255 263
35. J.I. Lauritzen Jr., and J.D. Hoffman Theory of formation of polymer crystals with folded chains in dilute solution J. Res. Natl. Bureau Stand. 64a 1 1960 73 102
36. T. Yamamoto Computer modeling of polymer crystallization-toward computer-assisted materials design Polymer 50 2009 1975 1985
37. W. Hu, and D. Frenkel Polymer crystallization driven by anisotropic interactions Adv. Polym. Sci. 191 2005 1 35
38. P. Yi, C.R. Locker, and G.C. Rutledge Molecular dynamics simulation of homogeneous crystal nucleation in polyethylene Macromolecules 46 11 2013 4723 4733
39. G.C. Rutledge Computer Modeling of Polymer Crystallization. Handbook of Polymer Crystallization 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 197 214
40. C. Luo, and J.-U. Sommer Coexistence of melting and growth during heating of a semicrystalline polymer Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 14 2009 147801 147804
41. J.U. Sommer, and C. Luo Molecular dynamics simulations of semicrystalline polymers: crystallization, melting, and reorganization J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 48 21 2010 2222 2232
42. C. Luo, and J.-U. Sommer Growth pathway and precursor states in single lamellar crystallization: MD simulations Macromolecules 44 6 2011 1523 1529
43. C. Luo, and J.-U. Sommer Disentanglement of linear polymer chains toward unentangled crystals ACS Macro Lett. 2 1 2012 31 34
44. C. Luo, and J.-U. Sommer Frozen topology: entanglements control nucleation and crystallization in polymers Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 19 2014 195702
45. C. Luo, and J.-U. Sommer Role of thermal history and entanglement related thickness selection in polymer crystallization ACS Macro Lett. 2015 30 34
46. L.H. Allen, G. Ramanath, S.L. Lai, Z. Ma, S. Lee, D.D.J. Allman, and K.P. Fuchs 1000 000 "C/S thin film electrical heater: in situ resistivity measurements of Al and Ti/Si thin films during ultra rapid thermal annealing Appl. Phys. Lett. 64 4 1994 417 419
47. A.A. Minakov, and C. Schick Ultrafast thermal processing and nanocalorimetry at heating and cooling rates up to 1 MK/s Rev. Sci. Instrum. 78 7 2007 073902 073910
48. R.T. Tol, A.A. Minakov, S.A. Adamovsky, V.B.F. Mathot, and C. Schick Metastability of polymer crystallites formed at low temperature studied by Ultra fast calorimetry∗Polyamide 6 confined in sub-micrometer droplets vs bulk PA6 Polymer 47 6 2006 2172 2178
49. E. Zhuravlev, J.W.P. Schmelzer, A.S. Abyzov, V.M. Fokin, R. Androsch, and C. Schick Experimental test of Tammann's nuclei development approach in crystallization of macromolecules Cryst. Growth Des. 15 2 2015 786 798
50. E. Zhuravlev, A. Wurm, P. Pötschke, R. Androsch, J.W.P. Schmelzer, and C. Schick Kinetics of nucleation and (ϵ -caprolactone) - multiwalled carbon nanotube composites Eur. Polym. J. 52 2014 1 11
51. E. Zhuravlev, J.W.P. Schmelzer, B. Wunderlich, and C. Schick Kinetics of nucleation and crystallization in poly(epsilon caprolactone) (PCL) Polymer 52 9 2011 1983 1997
52. J. Ibarretxe, G. Groeninckx, L. Bremer, and V.B.F. Mathot Quantitative evaluation of fractionated and homogeneous nucleation of polydisperse distributions of water-dispersed maleic anhydride-grafted-polypropylene micro- and nano-sized droplets Polymer 50 19 2009 4584 4595
53. D. Turnbull Correlation of liquid-solid interfacial energies calculated from supercooling of small droplets J. Chem. Phys. 18 5 1950 769-769
54. L. Kailas, C. Vasilev, J.N. Audinot, H.N. Migeon, and J.K. Hobbs A real-time study of homogeneous nucleation, growth, and phase transformations in nanodroplets of low molecular weight isotactic polypropylene using AFM Macromolecules 40 20 2007 7223 7230
55. J. Carvalho, and K. Dalnoki-Veress Surface nucleation in the crystallisation of polyethylene droplets Eur. Phys. J. E Soft Matter Biol. Phys. 34 1 2011 1 6
56. E. Zhuravlev, and C. Schick Fast scanning power compensated differential scanning nano-calorimeter: 1. The device Thermochim. Acta 505 1-2 2010 1 13
57. E. Zhuravlev, and C. Schick Fast scanning power compensated differential scanning nano-calorimeter: 2. Heat capacity analysis Thermochim. Acta 505 1-2 2010 14 21
58. G. Poel, D. Istrate, A. Magon, and V. Mathot Performance and calibration of the Flash DSC 1, a new, MEMS-based fast scanning calorimeter J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 110 2012 1533 1546
59. V. Mathot, M. Pyda, T. Pijpers, G. Vanden Poel, E. van de Kerkhof, S. van Herwaarden, F. van Herwaarden, and A. Leenaers The Flash DSC 1, a power compensation twin-type, chip-based fast scanning calorimeter (FSC): first findings on polymers Thermochim. Acta 522 1-2 2011 36 45
60. B. Wunderlich, The athas database on heat capacities of polymers, see on WWW URL: http://www.springermaterials.com/docs/athas.html, Pure Appl. Chem. 67 (6) (1995) 1019-1026.
61. I.S. Gutzow, and J.W.P. Schmelzer The Vitreous State Thermodynamics, Structure, Rheology, and Crystallization second ed. 2013 Springer Heidelberg
62. J.W.P. Schmelzer, A.S. Abyzov, V.M. Fokin, C. Schick, and E.D. Zanotto Crystallization of glass-forming liquids: maxima of nucleation, growth, and overall crystallization rates J. Non-Cryst. Solids 429 2015 24 32
63. A. Wurm, R. Soliman, and C. Schick Early stages of polymer crystallization - a dielectric stud Polymer 44 24 2003 7467 7476
64. S. Adamovsky, and C. Schick Ultra-fast isothermal calorimetry using thin film sensors Thermochim. Acta 415 2004 1 7
65. Q. Zia, H.-J. Radusch, and R. Androsch Deformation behavior of isotactic polypropylene crystallized via a mesophase Polym. Bull. 63 2009 755 771
66. D. Mileva, R. Androsch, E. Zhuravlev, and C. Schick Morphology of mesophase and crystals of polyamide 6 prepared in a fast scanning chip calorimeter Polymer 53 18 2012 3994 4001
67. A. Mollova, R. Androsch, D. Mileva, C. Schick, and A. Benhamida Effect of supercooling on crystallization of polyamide 11 Macromolecules 46 3 2013 828 835
68. D. Mileva, R. Androsch, and H.J. Radusch Effect of structure on light transmission in isotactic polypropylene and random propylene-1-butene copolymers Polym. Bull. 62 4 2009 561 571
69. M. Karevan, K. Kalaitzidou, Study of interphase in exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets/polyamdie12 nanocomposites, in: The 19th International Conference on Composite Materials.
70. R. Androsch, A.M. Rhoades, I. Stolte, and C. Schick Density of heterogeneous and homogeneous crystal nuclei in poly (butylene terephthalate) Eur. Polym. J. 66 2015 180 189
71. B. Wunderlich, and A. Mehta The nucleation of polyethylene dendrites from solution J. Mater. Sci. 5 1970 248 253
72. M. Salmeron Sanchez, V.B.F. Mathot, G. Vanden Poel, and J.L. Gomez Ribelles Effect of the cooling rate on the nucleation kinetics of poly(L-lactic acid) and its influence on morphology Macromolecules 40 22 2007 7989 7997
73. T. Hikima, Y. Adachi, M. Hanaya, and M. Oguni Determination of potentially homogeneous-nucleation-based crystallization in o-terphenyl and an interpretation of the nucleation-enhancement mechanism Phys. Rev. B 52 6 1995 3900 3908
74. S. Vyazovkin, and I. Dranca Effect of physical aging on nucleation of amorphous indomethacin J. Phys. Chem. B 111 25 2007 7283 7287
75. C.A. Angell Structural instability and relaxation in liquid and glassy phases near the fragile liquid limit J. Non-Cryst. Solids 102 1-3 1988 205 221
76. R.K. Kadiyala, and C.A. Angell Separation of nucleation from crystallization kinetics by two step calorimetry experiments Colloids Surf. 11 3-4 1984 341 351
77. V.M. Fokin, A.A. Cabral, R.M.C.V. Reis, M.L.F. Nascimento, and E.D. Zanotto Critical assessment of DTA-DSC methods for the study of nucleation kinetics in glasses J. Non-Cryst. Solids 356 2010 358 367
78. 2 glass: a DTA study Thermochim. Acta 46 2 1981 123 129
79. M.F.J. Pijpers, V.B.F. Mathot, B. Goderis, R. Scherrenberg, and E. van der Vegte High-speed calorimetry for the analysis of kinetics of vitrification, crystallization and melting of macromolecule Macromolecules 35 9 2002 3601 3613
80. PerkinElmer-Inc Technical Specifications Thermal Analysis for the DSC 8000/8500 Differential Scanning Calorimeters 2009 http://las.perkinelmer.com/content/RelatedMaterials/SpecificationSheets/SPC-8000and8500.pdf
81. N.E. Hager Thin heater calorimeter Rev. Sci. Instrum. 35 5 1964 618 624
82. M.Y. Efremov, E.A. Olson, M. Zhang, F. Schiettekatte, Z. Zhang, and L.H. Allen Ultrasensitive, fast, thin-film differential scanning calorimeter Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75 1 2004 179 191
83. M.Y. Efremov, E.A. Olson, M. Zhang, Z. Zhang, and L.H. Allen Probing glass transition of ultrathin polymer films at a time scale of seconds using fast differential scanning calorimetry Macromolecules 37 2004 4607 4616
84. M. Chonde, M. Brindza, and V. Sadtchenkoa Glass transition in pure and doped amorphous solid water: an ultrafast microcalorimetry study J. Chem. Phys. 125 2006 094501
85. E. León-Gutierrez, G. Garcia, M.T. Clavaguera-Mora, and J. Rodríguez-Viejo Glass transition in vapor deposited thin films of toluene Thermochim. Acta 492 1-2 2009 51 54
86. S.A. McCartney, and V. Sadtchenko Fast scanning calorimetry studies of the glass transition in doped amorphous solid water: evidence for the existence of a unique vicinal phase J. Chem. Phys. 138 8 2013 084501 084510
87. A. Sepulveda, E. Leon-Gutierrez, M. Gonzalez-Silveira, C. Rodriguez-Tinoco, M.T. Clavaguera-Mora, and J. Rodriguez-Viejo Glass transition in ultrathin films of amorphous solid water J. Chem. Phys. 137 24 2012 244506-244505
88. D. Bhattacharya, C.N. Payne, and V. Sadtchenko Bulk and interfacial glass transitions of water J. Phys. Chem. A 115 23 2011 5965 5972
89. A. Sepúlveda, E. Leon-Gutierrez, M. Gonzalez-Silveira, M.T. Clavaguera-Mora, and J. Rodríguez-Viejo Anomalous transformation of vapor-deposited highly stable glasses of toluene into mixed glassy states by annealing above Tg J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 3 7 2012 919 923
90. A.A. Minakov, S.A. Adamovsky, and C. Schick Non adiabatic thin-film (chip) nanocalorimetry Thermochim. Acta 432 2 2005 177 185
91. A.A. Minakov, A.W. van Herwaarden, W. Wien, A. Wurm, and C. Schick Advanced nonadiabatic ultrafast nanocalorimetry and superheating phenomenon in linear polymers Thermochim. Acta 461 1-2 2007 96 106
92. A.A. Minakov, and C. Schick Dynamics of the temperature distribution in ultra-fast thin-film calorimeter sensors Thermochim. Acta 603 2015 205 217
93. A.W. van Herwaarden Overview of calorimeter chips for various applications Thermochim. Acta 432 2 2005 192 201
94. A.A. Minakov, D.A. Mordvintsev, and C. Schick Melting and reorganization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) on fast heating (1,000 K/s) Polymer 45 11 2004 3755 3763
95. -1; 5 ms) Faraday Discuss. 128 2005 261 270
96. A.A. Minakov, D.A. Mordvintsev, R. Tol, and C. Schick Melting and reorganization of the crystalline fraction and relaxation of the rigid amorphous fraction of isotactic polystyrene on fast heating (30,000 K/min) Thermochim. Acta 442 2006 25 30
97. A. Gradys, P. Sajkiewicz, A.A. Minakov, S. Adamovsky, C. Schick, T. Hashimoto, and K. Saijo Crystallization of polypropylene at various cooling rates Mater. Sci. Eng. A 413-414 2005 442 446
98. A. Gradys, P. Sajkiewicz, S. Adamovsky, A. Minakov, and C. Schick Crystallization of poly(vinylidene fluoride) during ultra-fast cooling Thermochim. Acta 461 1-2 2007 153 157
99. F. De Santis, S. Adamovsky, G. Titomanlio, and C. Schick Isothermal nanocalorimetry of isotactic polypropylene Macromolecules 40 2007 9026 9031
100. V.V. Ray, A.K. Banthia, and C. Schick Fast isothermal calorimetry of modified polypropylene clay nanocomposites Polymer 48 8 2007 2404 2414
101. A. Krumme, A. Lehtinen, S. Adamovsky, C. Schick, J. Roots, and A. Viikna Crystallization behavior of some unimodal and bimodal linear low-density polyethylenes at moderate and high supercooling J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 46 15 2008 1577 1588
102. C. Silvestre, S. Cimmino, D. Duraccio, and C. Schick Isothermal crystallization of isotactic poly(propylene) studied by superfast calorimetry Macromol. Rapid Commun. 28 2007 875 881
103. C. Schick Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of semicrystalline polymers Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2009 1 23
104. M. Pyda, E. Nowak-Pyda, J. Heeg, H. Huth, A.A. Minakov, M.L. Di Lorenzo, C. Schick, and B. Wunderlich Melting and crystallization of poly(butylene terephthalate) by temperature-modulated and superfast calorimetry J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys. 44 2006 1364 1377
105. V. Brucato, S. Piccarolo, and V. La Carrubba An experimental methodology to study polymer crystallization under processing conditions. The influence of high cooling rates Chem. Eng. Sci. 57 19 2002 4129 4143
106. H. Janeschitz-Kriegl Crystallization Modalities in Polymer Melt Processing, Fundamental Aspects of Structure Formation 2010 Springer Wien, New York
107. J.W.P. Schmelzer Glass Selected Properties and Crystallization 2014 De Gruyter Berlin
108. P. Cebe, B.P. Partlow, D.L. Kaplan, A. Wurm, E. Zhuravlev, and C. Schick Using flash DSC for determining the liquid state heat capacity of silk fibroin Thermochim. Acta 615 2015 8 14
109. A.F. Lopeandia, J. Valenzuela, and J. Rodríguez-Viejo Power compensated thin film calorimetry at fast heating rates Sens. Actuat. A Phys. 143 2 2008 256 264
110. A.F. Lopeandía, L.I. Cerdó, M.T. Clavaguera-Mora, L.R. Arana, K.F. Jensen, F.J. Muñoz, and J. Rodríguez-Viejoa Sensitive power compensated scanning calorimeter for analysis of phase transformations in small samples Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76 2005 065104
111. M. Merzlyakov Method of rapid (100,000 K/s) controlled cooling and heating of thin samples Thermochim. Acta 442 2006 52 60
112. S. van Herwaarden, E. Iervolino, F. van Herwaarden, T. Wijffels, A. Leenaers, and V. Mathot Design, performance and analysis of thermal lag of the UFS1 twin-calorimeter chip for fast scanning calorimetry using the Mettler-Toledo Flash DSC 1 Thermochim. Acta 522 1-2 2011 46 52
113. G.V. Poel, A. Sargsyan, V. Mathot, G.V. Assche, A. Wurm, C. Schick, A. Krumme, and D. Zhou Recommendation for Temperature Calibration of Fast Scanning Calorimeters (FsCs) for Sample Mass and Scan Rate 2011 Beuth Verlag GmbH Berlin
114. E. Iervolino, A.W. van Herwaarden, F.G. van Herwaarden, E. van de Kerkhof, P.P.W. van Grinsven, A.C.H.I. Leenaers, V.B.F. Mathot, and P.M. Sarro Temperature calibration and electrical characterization of the differential scanning calorimeter chip UFS1 for the Mettler-Toledo Flash DSC 1 Thermochim. Acta 522 1-2 2011 53 59
115. P. Supaphol, and J.E. Spruiell Isothermal melt- and cold-crystallization kinetics and subsequent melting behavior in syndiotactic polypropylene: a differential scanning calorimetry study Polymer 42 2 2001 699 712
116. D. Mileva, R. Androsch, D. Cavallo, and G.C. Alfonso Structure formation of random isotactic copolymers of propylene and 1-hexene or 1-octene at rapid cooling Eur. Polym. J. 48 6 2012 1082 1092
117. D. Mileva, and R. Androsch Effect of co-unit type in random propylene copolymers on the kinetics of mesophase formation and crystallization Colloid Polym. Sci. 290 465-471 2012 1 7
118. D. Cavallo, L. Gardella, G.C. Alfonso, D. Mileva, and R. Androsch Effect of comonomer partitioning on the kinetics of mesophase formation in random copolymers of propene and higher α-olefins Polymer 53 20 2012 4429 4437
119. M. van Drongelen, T. Meijer-Vissers, D. Cavallo, G. Portale, G.V. Poel, and R. Androsch Microfocus wide-angle X-ray scattering of polymers crystallized in a fast scanning chip calorimeter Thermochim. Acta 563 2013 33 37
120. J.E.K. Schawe Influence of processing conditions on polymer crystallization measured by fast scanning DSC J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 116 3 2014 1165 1173
121. R. Androsch, C. Schick, and J.W.P. Schmelzer Sequence of enthalpy relaxation, homogeneous crystal nucleation and crystal growth in glassy Polyamide 6 Eur. Polym. J. 53 1 2014 100 108
122. I. Stolte, R. Androsch, M.L. Di Lorenzo, and C. Schick Effect of aging the glass of isotactic polybutene-1 on form II nucleation and cold crystallization J. Phys. Chem. B 117 48 2013 15196 15203
123. A. Wurm, E. Zhuravlev, K. Eckstein, D. Jehnichen, D. Pospiech, R. Androsch, B. Wunderlich, and C. Schick Crystallization and homogeneous nucleation kinetics of poly(ϵ-caprolactone) (PCL) with different molar masses Macromolecules 45 9 2012 3816 3828
124. R. Androsch, C. Schick, Crystal nucleation of polymers at high supercooling of the melt, Adv. Polym. Sci., http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/12-2015-325.
125. G. Tammann Number of nuclei in supercooled liquids Z. Phys. Chem. 25 1898 441 479
126. R. Androsch, and M.L. Di Lorenzo Crystal nucleation in glassy poly(l-lactic acid) Macromolecules 46 15 2013 6048 6056
127. R. Androsch, and M.L. Di Lorenzo Kinetics of crystal nucleation of poly(L-lactic acid) Polymer 54 26 2013 6882 6885
128. C. Schick, E. Zhuravlev, René Androsch, A. Wurm, and J.W.P. Schmelzer Influence of thermal prehistory on crystal nucleation and growth in polymers J.W.P. Schmelzer, Glass - Selected Properties and Crystallization vol. 1 2014 1 93
129. G.S.Y. Yeh, and P.H. Geil Crystallization of polyethylene terephthalate from the glassy amorphous state J. Macromol. Sci. Phys. B 1 2 1967 235 249
130. D.M. Gezovich, and P.H. Geil Morphology of quenched polypropylene Polym. Eng. Sci. 8 3 1968 202 209
131. S. Lee, H. Miyaji, and P.H. Geil Morphology of amorphous polyethylene terephthalate J. Macromol. Sci. Phys. 22 3 1983 489 496
132. O. Zia, R. Androsch, H.J. Radusch, and S. Piccarolo Morphology, reorganization and stability of mesomorphic nanocrystals in isotactic polypropylene Polymer 47 2006 8163 8172
133. D. Mileva, I. Kolesov, and R. Androsch Morphology of cold-crystallized polyamide 6 Colloid Polym. Sci. 290 10 2012 971 978
134. C.T. Moynihan, A.J. Easteal, M.A. De Bolt, and J. Tucker Dependence of the fictive temperature of glass on cooling rate Am. Ceram. Soc. 59 1976 12 16
135. I.M. Hodge Enthalpy relaxation and recovery in amorphous materials [Review] J. Non-Cryst. Solids 169 3 1994 211 266
136. S. Vyazovkin, A.K. Burnham, J.M. Criado, L.A. Pérez-Maqueda, C. Popescu, and N. Sbirrazzuoli ICTAC Kinetics Committee recommendations for performing kinetic computations on thermal analysis data Thermochim. Acta 520 1-2 2011 1 19
137. S. Vyazovkin, K. Chrissafis, M.L.D. Lorenzo, N. Koga, M. Pijolat, B. Roduit, N. Sbirrazzuoli, and J.J. Suñol ICTAC kinetics committee recommendations for collecting experimental thermal analysis data for kinetic computations Thermochim. Acta 590 2014 1 23
138. J.B. Jones, S. Barenbergt, and P.H. Geil Amorphous linear polyethylene Polymer 20 1979 903 916
139. E. Zhuravlev, V. Madhavi, A. Lustiger, R. Androsch, and C. Schick Crystallization of polyethylene at large undercooling ACS Macro Lett. 2016 365 370
140. A. Gradys, P. Sajkiewicz, E. Zhuravlev, and C. Schick Kinetics of isothermal and non-isothermal crystallization of poly(vinylidene fluoride) by fast scanning calorimetry Polymer 82 2016 40 48
141. I. Stolte, and R. Androsch Kinetics of the melt - form II phase transition in isotactic random butene-1/ethylene copolymers Polymer 54 26 2013 7033 7040
142. I. Kolesov, D. Mileva, R. Androsch, and C. Schick Structure formation of polyamide 6 from the glassy state by fast scanning chip calorimetry Polymer 52 22 2011 5156 5165
143. A.M. Rhoades, J.L. Williams, and R. Androsch Crystallization kinetics of polyamide 66 at processing-relevant cooling conditions and high supercooling Thermochim. Acta 603 2015 103 109
144. R. Androsch, C. Schick, and A.M. Rhoades Application of Tammann's two-stage crystal nuclei development method for analysis of the thermal stability of homogeneous crystal nuclei of poly(ethylene terephthalate) Macromolecules 48 2015 8082 8089
145. M. Yasuniwa, S. Tsubakihara, Y. Sugimoto, and C. Nakafuku Thermal analysis of the double-melting behavior of poly(L-lactic acid) J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys. 42 2004 25 32
146. R. Androsch, N. Iqbal, and C. Schick Non-isothermal crystal nucleation of poly (l-lactic acid) Polymer 81 2015 151 158
147. D.G. Papageorgiou, E. Zhuravlev, G.Z. Papageorgiou, D. Bikiaris, K. Chrissafis, and C. Schick Kinetics of nucleation and crystallization in poly(butylene succinate) nanocomposites Polymer 55 26 2014 6725 6734
148. D. Cavallo, D. Mileva, G. Portale, L. Zhang, L. Balzano, G.C. Alfonso, and R. Androsch Mesophase-mediated crystallization of poly(butylene-2,6-naphthalate): an example of ostwald's rule of stages ACS Macro Lett. 1 8 2012 1051 1055
149. K. Nishida, E. Zhuravlev, B. Yang, C. Schick, Y. Shiraishi, and T. Kanaya Vitrification and crystallization of poly(butylene-2,6-naphthalate) Thermochim. Acta 603 2015 110 115
150. J.E.K. Schawe Analysis of non-isothermal crystallization during cooling and reorganization during heating of isotactic polypropylene by fast scanning DSC Thermochim. Acta 603 2015 85 93
151. Y.S. Yadav, P.C. Jain, and V.S. Nanda A study of isothermal lamellar thickening in polyethylene by differential scanning calorimetry Thermochim. Acta 84 0 1985 141 150
152. H. Marand, and Z. Huang Isothermal lameller thickening in linear polyethylene: correlation between the evolution of the degree of crystallinity and the melting temperature Macromolecules 37 17 2004 6492 6497
153. R. Androsch, and C. Schick Crystal Nucleation of Polymers at High Supercooling of the Melt 2015 Springer Berlin Heidelberg 1 32
154. Q. Zia, R. Androsch, H.-J. Radusch, and E. Ingoliç Crystal morphology of rapidly cooled isotactic polypropylene: a comparative study by TEM and AFM Polym. Bull. 60 6 2008 791 798
155. A. Wurm, A. Herrmann, M. Cornelius, E. Zhuravlev, D. Pospiech, R. Nicula, and C. Schick Temperature dependency of nucleation efficiency of carbon nanotubes in PET and PBT Macromol. Mater. Eng. 300 6 2015 637 649
156. J.W.P. Schmelzer, and O. Hellmuth Nucleation Theory and Applications 2013 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Dubna
157. B. Fillon, A. Thierry, B. Lotz, and J.C. Wittmann Efficiency scale for polymer nucleating agents J. Therm. Anal. 42 1994 721 731
158. M. Trujillo, M.L. Arnal, A.J. Müller, M.A. Mujica, C. Urbina de Navarro, B. Ruelle, and P. Dubois Supernucleation and crystallization regime change provoked by MWNT addition to poly(ϵ-caprolactone) Polymer 53 3 2012 832 841
159. A. Müller, Z. Hernández, M. Arnal, and J. Sánchez Successive self-nucleation/annealing (SSA): a novel technique to study molecular segregation during crystallization Polym. Bull. 39 4 1997 465 472
160. J.A. Forrest What can we learn about a dynamical length scale in glasses from measurements of surface mobility? J. Chem. Phys. 139 2013 084702
161. A. Wurm, M. Ismail, B. Kretzschmar, D. Pospiech, and C. Schick Retarded crystallization in polyamide/layered silicates nanocomposites caused by an immobilized interphase Macromolecules 43 2010 1480 1487
162. P.J. Purohit, D.-Y. Wang, A. Wurm, C. Schick, and A. Schönhals Comparison of Thermal and dielectric spectroscopy for nanocomposites based on polypropylene and layered double hydroxide - proof of interfaces Eur. Polym. J. 55 2014 48 56
163. D. Mileva, A. Monami, D. Cavallo, G.C. Alfonso, G. Portale, and R. Androsch Crystallization of a polyamide 6/montmorillonite nanocomposite at rapid cooling Macromol. Mater. Eng. 298 9 2013 938 943
164. I. Kolesov, R. Androsch, D. Mileva, W. Lebek, A. Benhamida, M. Kaci, and W. Focke Crystallization of a polyamide 11/organo-modified montmorillonite nanocomposite at rapid cooling Colloid Polym. Sci. 291 2013 2541 2549
165. D. Mileva, R. Androsch, E. Zhuravlev, C. Schick, and B. Wunderlich Formation and reorganization of the mesophase of random copolymers of propylene and 1-butene Polymer 52 4 2011 1107 1115
166. G. Strobl From the melt via mesomorphic and granular crystalline layers to lamellar crystallites: a major route followed in polymer crystallization? Eur. Phys. J. E 3 2 2000 165 183
167. A. Wurm, and C. Schick Development of thermal stability of polymer crystals during isothermal crystallisation e-Polymers 24 2002 1 15
168. P. Kohn, and G. Strobl Continuous Changes in the inner order of the crystalline lamellae during isothermal crystallization of poly(-caprolactone) Macromolecules 37 2004 6823 6826
169. D. Mileva, R. Androsch, E. Zhuravlev, and C. Schick Temperature of melting of the mesophase of isotactic polypropylene Macromolecules 42 19 2009 7275 7278
170. R. Androsch, C. Schick, and A.M. Rhoades Application of Tammann's two-stage crystal nuclei development method for analysis of the thermal stability of homogeneous crystal nuclei of poly (ethylene terephthalate) Macromolecules 48 22 2015 8082 8089
171. H.G. Kim, and R.E. Robertson A new approach for estimating the recrystallization rate and equilibrium melting temperature J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 36 1 1998 133 141
172. R. Androsch, E. Zhuravlev, and C. Schick Solid-state reorganization, melting and melt-recrystallization of conformationally disordered crystals (α′-phase) of poly (l-lactic acid) Polymer 55 2014 4932 4941
173. D. Mileva, R. Androsch, E. Zhuravlev, C. Schick, and B. Wunderlich Homogeneous nucleation and mesophase formation in glassy isotactic polypropylene Polymer 53 2012 277 282
174. F.N. Liberti, and B. Wunderlich Melting of polycaprolactam J. Polym. Sci. Part B 6 1968 833 848
175. J.E.K. Schawe, and G.R. Strobl Superheating effects during the melting of crystallites of syndiotactic polypropylene analyzed by temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry Polymer 39 16 1998 3745 3751
176. H. Marand, A. Alizadeh, R. Farmer, R. Desai, and V. Velikov Influence of structural and topological constraints on the crystallization and melting behavior of polymers. 2. Poly(arylene ether ether ketone) Macromolecules 33 9 2000 3392 3403
177. S. Sohn, A. Alizadeh, and H. Marand On the multiple melting behavior of bisphenol-A polycarbonate Polymer 41 25 2000 8879 8886
178. H. Gao, J. Wang, C. Schick, A. Toda, D. Zhou, and W. Hu Combining fast-scan chip-calorimeter with molecular simulations to investigate superheating behaviors of lamellar polymer crystals Polymer 55 16 2014 4307 4312
179. A. Toda, K. Taguchi, K. Sato, K. Nozaki, M. Maruyama, K. Tagashira, and M. Konishi Melting kinetics of it-polypropylene crystals over wide heating rates J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 113 3 2013 1231 1237
180. A. Toda, K. Taguchi, K. Nozaki, and M. Konishi Melting behaviors of polyethylene crystals: an application of fast-scan DSC Polymer 55 14 2014 3186 3194
181. A. Toda, and M. Konishi An evaluation of thermal lags of fast-scan microchip DSC with polymer film samples Thermochim. Acta 589 2014 262 269
182. J.D. Hoffman, G.T. Davis, and J.I. Lauritzen Jr. The rate of crystallization oj'linear polymers with chain folding N.B. Hannay, Treatise on Solid State Chemistry vol. 3 1976 Plenum Press New York-London 497 614
183. R.G. Alamo, B.D. Viers, and L.A. Mandelkern Re-examination of the relation between the melting temperature and the crystallization temperature: linear polyethylene Macromolecules 28 9 1995 3205 3213
184. H. Marand, J. Xu, and S. Srinivas Determination of the equilibrium melting temperature of polymer crystals: linear and nonlinear hoffman-weeks extrapolations Macromolecules 31 23 1998 8219 8229
185. J. Xu, S. Srinivas, H. Marand, and P. Agarwal Equilibrium melting temperature and undercooling dependence of the spherulitic growth rate of isotactic polypropylene Macromolecules 31 1998 8230 8242
186. S. Vyazovkin, B. Yancey, and K. Walker Nucleation-driven kinetics of poly(ethylene terephthalate) melting Macromol. Chem. Phys. 214 22 2013 2562 2566
187. A. Toda, I. Kojima, and M. Hikosaka Melting kinetics of polymer Crystals with an entropic barrier Macromolecules 41 1 2008 120 127
188. Y. Saito Statistical Physics of Crystal Growth 1996 World Scientific Singapore
189. P.S. Gill, S.R. Sauerbrunn, and M. Reading Modulated differential scanning calorimetry J. Therm. Anal. 40 1993 931 939
190. M. Reading, D. Elliot, and V.L. Hill Some aspects of the theory and practice of modulated differential scanning calorimetry J. Therm. Anal. 40 1993 949 955
191. A.J. Kovacs, A. Gonthier, and C. Straupe Isothermal growth, thickening, and melting of poly(ethylene oxide) single crystals in the bulk J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Symp. 50 1 1975 283 325
192. K.H. Illers Die Ermittlung des Schmelzpunktes von kristallinen Polymeren mittels Wärmeflusskalorimetrie (DSC) Eur. Polym. J. 10 10 1974 911 916
193. G.V. Poel, and V.B.F. Mathot High speed/high performance differential scanning calorimetry (HPer DSC): temperature calibration in the heating and cooling mode and minimization of thermal lag Thermochim. Acta 446 1-2 2006 41 54
194. A. Toda Heating rate dependence of melting peak temperature examined by DSC of heat flux type J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2015 1 14
195. Y. Furushima, M. Nakada, M. Murakami, T. Yamane, A. Toda, and C. Schick Method for calculation of the lamellar thickness distribution of not-reorganized linear polyethylene using fast scanning calorimetry in heating Macromolecules 48 2015 8831 8837
196. P.J. Barham, and A. Keller The initial stages of crystallization of polyethylene from the melt J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 27 5 1989 1029 1042
197. S. Rastogi, A.B. Spoelstra, J.G.P. Goossens, and P.J. Lemstra Chain mobility in polymer systems: on the borderline between solid and melt. 1. Lamellar doubling during annealing of polyethylene Macromolecules 30 25 1997 7880 7889
198. T.Y. Cho, B. Heck, and G. Strobl Equations describing lamellar structure parmeters and melting points of polyethylene-co-(butene/octene)s Colloid Polym. Sci. 282 2004 825 832
199. A. Magoń, A. Wurm, C. Schick, P. Pangloli, S. Zivanovic, M. Skotnicki, and M. Pyda Heat capacity and transition behavior of sucrose by standard, fast scanning and temperature - modulated calorimetry Thermochim. Acta 589 2014 183 196
200. P. Cebe, X. Hu, D.L. Kaplan, E. Zhuravlev, A. Wurm, D. Arbeiter, and C. Schick Beating the heat - fast scanning melts silk beta sheet crystals Sci. Rep. 3 1130 2013 1 7
201. Y. Furushima, M. Nakada, H. Takahashi, and K. Ishikiriyama Study of melting and crystallization behavior of polyacrylonitrile using ultrafast differential scanning calorimetry Polymer 55 13 2014 3075 3081