메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 100, Issue 15, 2016, Pages 6545-6553

Persisters—as elusive as ever

Author keywords

Antibiotic development; Antibiotic resistance; Antibiotic tolerance; Bacterial infections; Bet hedging; Persisters

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGY; BIOTECHNOLOGY;

EID: 84978168312     PISSN: 01757598     EISSN: 14320614     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7648-8     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (83)

References (104)
  • 2
    • 80053906154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heterogeneous bacterial persisters and engineering approaches to eliminate them
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtlCntrjK, PID: 21937262
    • Allison KR, Brynildsen MP, Collins JJ (2011a) Heterogeneous bacterial persisters and engineering approaches to eliminate them. Curr Opin Microbiol 14:593–598. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2011.09.002
    • (2011) Curr Opin Microbiol , vol.14 , pp. 593-598
    • Allison, K.R.1    Brynildsen, M.P.2    Collins, J.J.3
  • 3
    • 79955886933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolite-enabled eradication of bacterial persisters by aminoglycosides
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXlvFGmtL0%3D, PID: 21562562
    • Allison KR, Brynildsen MP, Collins JJ (2011b) Metabolite-enabled eradication of bacterial persisters by aminoglycosides. Nature 473:216–220. doi:10.1038/nature10069
    • (2011) Nature , vol.473 , pp. 216-220
    • Allison, K.R.1    Brynildsen, M.P.2    Collins, J.J.3
  • 4
    • 84939525294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persister heterogeneity arising from a single metabolic stress
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXht12rs73I, PID: 26255847
    • Amato SM, Brynildsen MP (2015) Persister heterogeneity arising from a single metabolic stress. Curr Biol 25:2090–2098. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.034
    • (2015) Curr Biol , vol.25 , pp. 2090-2098
    • Amato, S.M.1    Brynildsen, M.P.2
  • 5
    • 84899731866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutrient transitions are a source of persisters in Escherichia coli biofilms
    • PID: 24667358
    • Amato SM, Brynildsen MP (2014) Nutrient transitions are a source of persisters in Escherichia coli biofilms. PLoS One 9:e93110. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093110
    • (2014) PLoS One , vol.9 , pp. 93110
    • Amato, S.M.1    Brynildsen, M.P.2
  • 7
    • 84878204775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolic control of persister formation in Escherichia coli
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXnsV2it7k%3D, PID: 23665232
    • Amato SM, Orman MA, Brynildsen MP (2013) Metabolic control of persister formation in Escherichia coli. Mol Cell 50:475–487. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2013.04.002
    • (2013) Mol Cell , vol.50 , pp. 475-487
    • Amato, S.M.1    Orman, M.A.2    Brynildsen, M.P.3
  • 8
    • 84947568610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viable but nonculturable and persister cells coexist stochastically and are induced by human serum
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XjsVOntrs%3D, PID: 26283335
    • Ayrapetyan M, Williams TC, Baxter R, Oliver JD (2015a) Viable but nonculturable and persister cells coexist stochastically and are induced by human serum. Infect Immun 83:4194–4203. doi:10.1128/IAI.00404-15
    • (2015) Infect Immun , vol.83 , pp. 4194-4203
    • Ayrapetyan, M.1    Williams, T.C.2    Baxter, R.3    Oliver, J.D.4
  • 9
    • 84920522058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bridging the gap between viable but non-culturable and antibiotic persistent bacteria
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhs1OrsLnO, PID: 25449050
    • Ayrapetyan M, Williams TC, Oliver JD (2015b) Bridging the gap between viable but non-culturable and antibiotic persistent bacteria. Trends Microbiol 23:7–13. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2014.09.004
    • (2015) Trends Microbiol , vol.23 , pp. 7-13
    • Ayrapetyan, M.1    Williams, T.C.2    Oliver, J.D.3
  • 10
    • 81955167411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persistence: mechanisms for triggering and enhancing phenotypic variability
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsFegsr3M, PID: 22051606
    • Balaban NQ (2011) Persistence: mechanisms for triggering and enhancing phenotypic variability. Curr Opin Genet Dev 21:768–775. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2011.10.001
    • (2011) Curr Opin Genet Dev , vol.21 , pp. 768-775
    • Balaban, N.Q.1
  • 11
    • 4644343922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial persistence as a phenotypic switch
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXntlGrsro%3D, PID: 15308767
    • Balaban NQ, Merrin J, Chait R, Kowalik L, Leibler S (2004) Bacterial persistence as a phenotypic switch. Science 305:1622–1625. doi:10.1126/science.1099390
    • (2004) Science , vol.305 , pp. 1622-1625
    • Balaban, N.Q.1    Merrin, J.2    Chait, R.3    Kowalik, L.4    Leibler, S.5
  • 12
    • 0038501876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seed dormancy and germination
    • PID: 22303244
    • Bentsink L, Koornneef M (2008) Seed dormancy and germination. Arabidopsis Book 6:e0119. doi:10.1199/tab.0119
    • (2008) Arabidopsis Book , vol.6 , pp. 0119
    • Bentsink, L.1    Koornneef, M.2
  • 13
    • 84864052594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of evolutionary conservation of essential genes correlate with their compensability
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XpvVWrtbs%3D, PID: 22761596
    • Bergmiller T, Ackermann M, Silander OK (2012) Patterns of evolutionary conservation of essential genes correlate with their compensability. PLoS Genet 8:e1002803. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002803
    • (2012) PLoS Genet , vol.8 , pp. 1002803
    • Bergmiller, T.1    Ackermann, M.2    Silander, O.K.3
  • 14
    • 0029668827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enumeration of viable bacteria in the marine pelagic environment
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xit1yisQ%3D%3D, PID: 16535208
    • Bianchi A, Giuliano L (1996) Enumeration of viable bacteria in the marine pelagic environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:174–177
    • (1996) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.62 , pp. 174-177
    • Bianchi, A.1    Giuliano, L.2
  • 15
    • 50349141358 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of staphylococcal infections with penicillin by intermittent sterilisation
    • Bigger J (1944) Treatment of staphylococcal infections with penicillin by intermittent sterilisation. Lancet 244:497–500. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)74210-3
    • (1944) Lancet , vol.244 , pp. 497-500
    • Bigger, J.1
  • 17
    • 84964318468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distinguishing between resistance, tolerance and persistence to antibiotic treatment
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XmtVOrtbg%3D, PID: 27080241
    • Brauner A, Fridman O, Gefen O, Balaban NQ (2016) Distinguishing between resistance, tolerance and persistence to antibiotic treatment. Nat Rev Microbiol 14:320–330. doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2016.34
    • (2016) Nat Rev Microbiol , vol.14 , pp. 320-330
    • Brauner, A.1    Fridman, O.2    Gefen, O.3    Balaban, N.Q.4
  • 18
    • 84896131203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel protocol for persister cells isolation
    • PID: 24586365
    • Cañas-Duarte SJ, Restrepo S, Pedraza JM (2014) Novel protocol for persister cells isolation. PLoS One 9:e88660. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088660
    • (2014) PLoS One , vol.9 , pp. 88660
    • Cañas-Duarte, S.J.1    Restrepo, S.2    Pedraza, J.M.3
  • 19
    • 84957572395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persistence increases in the absence of the alarmone guanosine tetraphosphate by reducing cell growth
    • Chowdhury N, Kwan BW, Wood TK (2016) Persistence increases in the absence of the alarmone guanosine tetraphosphate by reducing cell growth. Sci Rep 6:20519. doi:10.1038/srep20519
    • (2016) Sci Rep , vol.6 , pp. 20519
    • Chowdhury, N.1    Kwan, B.W.2    Wood, T.K.3
  • 20
    • 84908456444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenotypic variation of Salmonella in host tissues delays eradication by antimicrobial chemotherapy
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhtlymtLrL, PID: 25126781
    • Claudi B, Spröte P, Chirkova A, Personnic N, Zankl J, Schürmann N, Schmidt A, Bumann D (2014) Phenotypic variation of Salmonella in host tissues delays eradication by antimicrobial chemotherapy. Cell 158:722–733. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.06.045
    • (2014) Cell , vol.158 , pp. 722-733
    • Claudi, B.1    Spröte, P.2    Chirkova, A.3    Personnic, N.4    Zankl, J.5    Schürmann, N.6    Schmidt, A.7    Bumann, D.8
  • 21
    • 84879072389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbial persistence and the road to drug resistance
    • Cohen NR, Lobritz MA, Collins JJ (2013) Microbial persistence and the road to drug resistance. Cell Host Microbe 13:632–42. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2013.05.009
    • (2013) Cell Host Microbe , vol.13 , pp. 632-642
    • Cohen, N.R.1    Lobritz, M.A.2    Collins, J.J.3
  • 25
    • 79951552049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bet hedging or not? A guide to proper classification of microbial survival strategies
    • PID: 21254151
    • de Jong IG, Haccou P, Kuipers OP (2011) Bet hedging or not? A guide to proper classification of microbial survival strategies. BioEssays 33:215–223. doi:10.1002/bies.201000127
    • (2011) BioEssays , vol.33 , pp. 215-223
    • de Jong, I.G.1    Haccou, P.2    Kuipers, O.P.3
  • 26
    • 0025236479 scopus 로고
    • Fluorescent-antibody method useful for detecting viable but nonculturable Salmonella spp. in chlorinated wastewater
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK3c3ltlajsQ%3D%3D, PID: 2187414
    • Desmonts C, Minet J, Colwell R, Cormier M (1990) Fluorescent-antibody method useful for detecting viable but nonculturable Salmonella spp. in chlorinated wastewater. Appl Environ Microbiol 56:1448–1452
    • (1990) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.56 , pp. 1448-1452
    • Desmonts, C.1    Minet, J.2    Colwell, R.3    Cormier, M.4
  • 27
    • 74249107300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SOS response induces persistence to fluoroquinolones in Escherichia coli
    • PID: 20011100
    • Dörr T, Lewis K, Vulić M (2009) SOS response induces persistence to fluoroquinolones in Escherichia coli. PLoS Genet 5:e1000760. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000760
    • (2009) PLoS Genet , vol.5 , pp. 1000760
    • Dörr, T.1    Lewis, K.2    Vulić, M.3
  • 28
    • 77649174212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ciprofloxacin causes persister formation by inducing the TisB toxin in Escherichia coli
    • PID: 20186264
    • Dörr T, Vulić M, Lewis K (2010) Ciprofloxacin causes persister formation by inducing the TisB toxin in Escherichia coli. PLoS Biol 8:e1000317. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000317
    • (2010) PLoS Biol , vol.8 , pp. 1000317
    • Dörr, T.1    Vulić, M.2    Lewis, K.3
  • 30
    • 84872241785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial persistence and toxin-antitoxin loci
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhsF2iurzM, PID: 22994490
    • Gerdes K, Maisonneuve E (2012) Bacterial persistence and toxin-antitoxin loci. Annu Rev Microbiol 66:103–123. doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-092611-150159
    • (2012) Annu Rev Microbiol , vol.66 , pp. 103-123
    • Gerdes, K.1    Maisonneuve, E.2
  • 31
    • 84864507798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large mutational target size for rapid emergence of bacterial persistence
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhtlelsbzE, PID: 22802628
    • Girgis HS, Harris K, Tavazoie S (2012) Large mutational target size for rapid emergence of bacterial persistence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:12740–12745. doi:10.1073/pnas.1205124109
    • (2012) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.109 , pp. 12740-12745
    • Girgis, H.S.1    Harris, K.2    Tavazoie, S.3
  • 32
    • 84896922130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective target inactivation rather than global metabolic dormancy causes antibiotic tolerance in uropathogens
    • PID: 24449771
    • Goneau LW, Yeoh NS, MacDonald KW, Cadieux PA, Burton JP, Razvi H, Reid G (2014) Selective target inactivation rather than global metabolic dormancy causes antibiotic tolerance in uropathogens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58:2089–2097. doi:10.1128/AAC.02552-13
    • (2014) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.58 , pp. 2089-2097
    • Goneau, L.W.1    Yeoh, N.S.2    MacDonald, K.W.3    Cadieux, P.A.4    Burton, J.P.5    Razvi, H.6    Reid, G.7
  • 33
    • 79953323267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cannibalism: a social behavior in sporulating Bacillus subtilis
    • PID: 20955377
    • González-Pastor JE (2011) Cannibalism: a social behavior in sporulating Bacillus subtilis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 35:415–424. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00253.x
    • (2011) FEMS Microbiol Rev , vol.35 , pp. 415-424
    • González-Pastor, J.E.1
  • 35
    • 48749089081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of global regulators and nucleotide metabolism in antibiotic tolerance in Escherichia coli
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXps1Ogtrk%3D, PID: 18519731
    • Hansen S, Lewis K, Vulić M (2008) Role of global regulators and nucleotide metabolism in antibiotic tolerance in Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:2718–2726. doi:10.1128/AAC.00144-08
    • (2008) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.52 , pp. 2718-2726
    • Hansen, S.1    Lewis, K.2    Vulić, M.3
  • 36
    • 84892181925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Internalization of Salmonella by macrophages induces formation of nonreplicating persisters
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXktVyrsw%3D%3D, PID: 24408438
    • Helaine S, Cheverton AM, Watson KG, Faure LM, Matthews SA, Holden DW (2014) Internalization of Salmonella by macrophages induces formation of nonreplicating persisters. Science 343:204–208. doi:10.1126/science.1244705
    • (2014) Science , vol.343 , pp. 204-208
    • Helaine, S.1    Cheverton, A.M.2    Watson, K.G.3    Faure, L.M.4    Matthews, S.A.5    Holden, D.W.6
  • 37
    • 84873485631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacodynamics, population dynamics, and the evolution of persistence in Staphylococcus aureus
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXivVehu7w%3D, PID: 23300474
    • Johnson PJT, Levin BR (2013) Pharmacodynamics, population dynamics, and the evolution of persistence in Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS Genet 9:e1003123. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003123
    • (2013) PLoS Genet , vol.9 , pp. 1003123
    • Johnson, P.J.T.1    Levin, B.R.2
  • 38
    • 77954369912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The frequency of persisters in Escherichia coli reflects the kinetics of awakening from dormancy
    • PID: 20435730
    • Jõers A, Kaldalu N, Tenson T (2010) The frequency of persisters in Escherichia coli reflects the kinetics of awakening from dormancy. J Bacteriol 192:3379–3384. doi:10.1128/JB.00056-10
    • (2010) J Bacteriol , vol.192 , pp. 3379-3384
    • Jõers, A.1    Kaldalu, N.2    Tenson, T.3
  • 39
    • 0346492817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persister cells and tolerance to antimicrobials
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXltVymtQ%3D%3D, PID: 14734160
    • Keren I, Kaldalu N, Spoering A, Wang Y, Lewis K (2004a) Persister cells and tolerance to antimicrobials. FEMS Microbiol Lett 230:13–18
    • (2004) FEMS Microbiol Lett , vol.230 , pp. 13-18
    • Keren, I.1    Kaldalu, N.2    Spoering, A.3    Wang, Y.4    Lewis, K.5
  • 40
    • 84855195248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization and transcriptome analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis persisters
    • PID: 21673191
    • Keren I, Minami S, Rubin E, Lewis K (2011) Characterization and transcriptome analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis persisters. MBio 2:e00100–e00111. doi:10.1128/mBio.00100-11
    • (2011) MBio , vol.2 , pp. 100-00111
    • Keren, I.1    Minami, S.2    Rubin, E.3    Lewis, K.4
  • 41
    • 10044266575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Specialized persister cells and the mechanism of multidrug tolerance in Escherichia coli
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtFSgsrzI, PID: 15576765
    • Keren I, Shah D, Spoering A, Kaldalu N, Lewis K (2004b) Specialized persister cells and the mechanism of multidrug tolerance in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 186:8172–8180. doi:10.1128/JB.186.24.8172
    • (2004) J Bacteriol , vol.186 , pp. 8172-8180
    • Keren, I.1    Shah, D.2    Spoering, A.3    Kaldalu, N.4    Lewis, K.5
  • 42
    • 84874720377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Killing by bactericidal antibiotics does not depend on reactive oxygen species
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXjtlyksL8%3D, PID: 23471410
    • Keren I, Wu Y, Inocencio J, Mulcahy LR, Lewis K (2013) Killing by bactericidal antibiotics does not depend on reactive oxygen species. Science 339:1213–1216. doi:10.1126/science.1232688
    • (2013) Science , vol.339 , pp. 1213-1216
    • Keren, I.1    Wu, Y.2    Inocencio, J.3    Mulcahy, L.R.4    Lewis, K.5
  • 43
    • 84896339295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persisters and beyond: mechanisms of phenotypic drug resistance and drug tolerance in bacteria
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXks1Smsbc%3D, PID: 24328927
    • Kester JC, Fortune SM (2014) Persisters and beyond: mechanisms of phenotypic drug resistance and drug tolerance in bacteria. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 49:91–101. doi:10.3109/10409238.2013.869543
    • (2014) Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol , vol.49 , pp. 91-101
    • Kester, J.C.1    Fortune, S.M.2
  • 44
    • 34548213103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A common mechanism of cellular death induced by bactericidal antibiotics
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtV2ntL%2FP, PID: 17803904
    • Kohanski MA, Dwyer DJ, Hayete B, Lawrence CA, Collins JJ (2007) A common mechanism of cellular death induced by bactericidal antibiotics. Cell 130:797–810. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.06.049
    • (2007) Cell , vol.130 , pp. 797-810
    • Kohanski, M.A.1    Dwyer, D.J.2    Hayete, B.3    Lawrence, C.A.4    Collins, J.J.5
  • 45
    • 84905395314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenotypic bistability in Escherichia coli’s central carbon metabolism
    • PID: 24987115
    • Kotte O, Volkmer B, Radzikowski JL, Heinemann M (2014) Phenotypic bistability in Escherichia coli’s central carbon metabolism. Mol Syst Biol 10:736. doi:10.15252/msb.20135022
    • (2014) Mol Syst Biol , vol.10 , pp. 736
    • Kotte, O.1    Volkmer, B.2    Radzikowski, J.L.3    Heinemann, M.4
  • 46
    • 73849102829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patients with long-term oral carriage harbor high-persister mutants of Candida albicans
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXht1Sitbs%3D, PID: 19841146
    • Lafleur MD, Qi Q, Lewis K (2010) Patients with long-term oral carriage harbor high-persister mutants of Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54:39–44. doi:10.1128/AAC.00860-09
    • (2010) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.54 , pp. 39-44
    • Lafleur, M.D.1    Qi, Q.2    Lewis, K.3
  • 47
    • 84866179937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Staphylococcus aureus persisters tolerant to bactericidal antibiotics
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhsFKmurnE, PID: 22986269
    • Lechner S, Lewis K, Bertram R (2012) Staphylococcus aureus persisters tolerant to bactericidal antibiotics. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 22:235–244. doi:10.1159/000342449
    • (2012) J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol , vol.22 , pp. 235-244
    • Lechner, S.1    Lewis, K.2    Bertram, R.3
  • 49
    • 0031966353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of competitive fitness in experimental populations of E. coli: what makes one genotype a better competitor than another?
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK1c3msV2rtQ%3D%3D, PID: 9602277
    • Lenski RE, Mongold JA, Sniegowski PD, Travisano M, Vasi F, Gerrish PJ, Schmidt TM (1998) Evolution of competitive fitness in experimental populations of E. coli: what makes one genotype a better competitor than another? Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 73:35–47
    • (1998) Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek , vol.73 , pp. 35-47
    • Lenski, R.E.1    Mongold, J.A.2    Sniegowski, P.D.3    Travisano, M.4    Vasi, F.5    Gerrish, P.J.6    Schmidt, T.M.7
  • 50
    • 84905222366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persistence: a copacetic and parsimonious hypothesis for the existence of non-inherited resistance to antibiotics
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhtlarsr3L, PID: 25090240
    • Levin BR, Concepción-Acevedo J, Udekwu KI (2014) Persistence: a copacetic and parsimonious hypothesis for the existence of non-inherited resistance to antibiotics. Curr Opin Microbiol 21:18–21. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2014.06.016
    • (2014) Curr Opin Microbiol , vol.21 , pp. 18-21
    • Levin, B.R.1    Concepción-Acevedo, J.2    Udekwu, K.I.3
  • 51
    • 0035077009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Riddle of biofilm resistance
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXit1OnurY%3D, PID: 11257008
    • Lewis K (2001) Riddle of biofilm resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45:999–1007. doi:10.1128/AAC.45.4.999-1007.2001
    • (2001) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.45 , pp. 999-1007
    • Lewis, K.1
  • 52
    • 77955628762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persister cells
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsVeisLzE, PID: 20528688
    • Lewis K (2010) Persister cells. Annu Rev Microbiol 64:357–372. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.112408.134306
    • (2010) Annu Rev Microbiol , vol.64 , pp. 357-372
    • Lewis, K.1
  • 53
    • 84905160775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The importance of the viable but non-culturable state in human bacterial pathogens
    • PID: 24917854
    • Li L, Mendis N, Trigui H, Oliver JD, Faucher SP (2014) The importance of the viable but non-culturable state in human bacterial pathogens. Front Microbiol 5:258. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00258
    • (2014) Front Microbiol , vol.5 , pp. 258
    • Li, L.1    Mendis, N.2    Trigui, H.3    Oliver, J.D.4    Faucher, S.P.5
  • 54
    • 34250218203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PhoU is a persistence switch involved in persister formation and tolerance to multiple antibiotics and stresses in Escherichia coli
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXmtlKrsL0%3D, PID: 17420206
    • Li Y, Zhang Y (2007) PhoU is a persistence switch involved in persister formation and tolerance to multiple antibiotics and stresses in Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51:2092–2099. doi:10.1128/AAC.00052-07
    • (2007) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.51 , pp. 2092-2099
    • Li, Y.1    Zhang, Y.2
  • 55
    • 84874695302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cell death from antibiotics without the involvement of reactive oxygen species
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXjtlyksL4%3D, PID: 23471409
    • Liu Y, Imlay JA (2013) Cell death from antibiotics without the involvement of reactive oxygen species. Science 339:1210–1213. doi:10.1126/science.1232751
    • (2013) Science , vol.339 , pp. 1210-1213
    • Liu, Y.1    Imlay, J.A.2
  • 56
    • 79960436674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age of inoculum strongly influences persister frequency and can mask effects of mutations implicated in altered persistence
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXptFWkt7Y%3D, PID: 21602347
    • Luidalepp H, Jõers A, Kaldalu N, Tenson T (2011) Age of inoculum strongly influences persister frequency and can mask effects of mutations implicated in altered persistence. J Bacteriol 193:3598–3605. doi:10.1128/JB.00085-11
    • (2011) J Bacteriol , vol.193 , pp. 3598-3605
    • Luidalepp, H.1    Jõers, A.2    Kaldalu, N.3    Tenson, T.4
  • 57
    • 84891352625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Promoter activity dynamics in the lag phase of Escherichia coli
    • PID: 24378036
    • Madar D, Dekel E, Bren A, Zimmer A, Porat Z, Alon U (2013) Promoter activity dynamics in the lag phase of Escherichia coli. BMC Syst Biol 7:136. doi:10.1186/1752-0509-7-136
    • (2013) BMC Syst Biol , vol.7 , pp. 136
    • Madar, D.1    Dekel, E.2    Bren, A.3    Zimmer, A.4    Porat, Z.5    Alon, U.6
  • 58
    • 84883342218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (p)ppGpp controls bacterial persistence by stochastic induction of toxin-antitoxin activity
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhtlGrtb3O, PID: 23993101
    • Maisonneuve E, Castro-Camargo M, Gerdes K (2013) (p)ppGpp controls bacterial persistence by stochastic induction of toxin-antitoxin activity. Cell 154:1140–1150. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.07.048
    • (2013) Cell , vol.154 , pp. 1140-1150
    • Maisonneuve, E.1    Castro-Camargo, M.2    Gerdes, K.3
  • 59
    • 84899505083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular mechanisms underlying bacterial persisters
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXntFGit7Y%3D, PID: 24766804
    • Maisonneuve E, Gerdes K (2014) Molecular mechanisms underlying bacterial persisters. Cell 157:539–548. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.02.050
    • (2014) Cell , vol.157 , pp. 539-548
    • Maisonneuve, E.1    Gerdes, K.2
  • 61
    • 67649933665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comprehensive comparative-genomic analysis of type 2 toxin-antitoxin systems and related mobile stress response systems in prokaryotes
    • PID: 19493340
    • Makarova KS, Wolf YI, Koonin EV (2009) Comprehensive comparative-genomic analysis of type 2 toxin-antitoxin systems and related mobile stress response systems in prokaryotes. Biol Direct 4:19. doi:10.1186/1745-6150-4-19
    • (2009) Biol Direct , vol.4 , pp. 19
    • Makarova, K.S.1    Wolf, Y.I.2    Koonin, E.V.3
  • 62
    • 0001580409 scopus 로고
    • Microbial persistence
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaG1c%2FnsVSruw%3D%3D, PID: 13531168
    • McDermott W (1958) Microbial persistence. Yale J Biol Med 30:257–291
    • (1958) Yale J Biol Med , vol.30 , pp. 257-291
    • McDermott, W.1
  • 64
    • 84952837530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RNA futile cycling in model persisters derived from MazF accumulation
    • PID: 26578677
    • Mok WWK, Park JO, Rabinowitz JD, Brynildsen MP (2015) RNA futile cycling in model persisters derived from MazF accumulation. MBio 6:e01588–e01515. doi:10.1128/mBio.01588-15
    • (2015) MBio , vol.6 , pp. 1515-1588
    • Mok, W.W.K.1    Park, J.O.2    Rabinowitz, J.D.3    Brynildsen, M.P.4
  • 66
    • 0020590028 scopus 로고
    • hipA, a newly recognized gene of Escherichia coli K-12 that affects frequency of persistence after inhibition of murein synthesis
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXltlKks7w%3D, PID: 6348026
    • Moyed HS, Bertrand KP (1983) hipA, a newly recognized gene of Escherichia coli K-12 that affects frequency of persistence after inhibition of murein synthesis. J Bacteriol 155:768–775
    • (1983) J Bacteriol , vol.155 , pp. 768-775
    • Moyed, H.S.1    Bertrand, K.P.2
  • 67
    • 77957947243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains producing high levels of persister cells in patients with cystic fibrosis
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhs1Siur8%3D, PID: 20935098
    • Mulcahy LR, Burns JL, Lory S, Lewis K (2010) Emergence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains producing high levels of persister cells in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Bacteriol 192:6191–6199. doi:10.1128/JB.01651-09
    • (2010) J Bacteriol , vol.192 , pp. 6191-6199
    • Mulcahy, L.R.1    Burns, J.L.2    Lory, S.3    Lewis, K.4
  • 68
    • 33751080610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apples, oranges and unknown fruit
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xht1SrtbjE, PID: 17120340
    • Neidhardt FC (2006) Apples, oranges and unknown fruit. Nat Rev Microbiol 4:876. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1554
    • (2006) Nat Rev Microbiol , vol.4 , pp. 876
    • Neidhardt, F.C.1
  • 70
    • 84868113986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxin-antitoxin systems are important for niche-specific colonization and stress resistance of uropathogenic Escherichia coli
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhsFCisL7O, PID: 23055930
    • Norton JP, Mulvey MA (2012) Toxin-antitoxin systems are important for niche-specific colonization and stress resistance of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. PLoS Pathog 8:e1002954. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002954
    • (2012) PLoS Pathog , vol.8 , pp. 1002954
    • Norton, J.P.1    Mulvey, M.A.2
  • 71
    • 0032311128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maintenance energy requirement: what is required for stasis survival of Escherichia coli?
    • PID: 9693738
    • Nyström T, Gustavsson N (1998) Maintenance energy requirement: what is required for stasis survival of Escherichia coli? Biochim Biophys Acta 1365:225–231
    • (1998) Biochim Biophys Acta , vol.1365 , pp. 225-231
    • Nyström, T.1    Gustavsson, N.2
  • 73
    • 77953206132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent findings on the viable but nonculturable state in pathogenic bacteria
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXosFChsb4%3D, PID: 20059548
    • Oliver JD (2010) Recent findings on the viable but nonculturable state in pathogenic bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 34:415–425. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00200.x
    • (2010) FEMS Microbiol Rev , vol.34 , pp. 415-425
    • Oliver, J.D.1
  • 74
    • 84875212396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding, predicting and manipulating the genotypic evolution of antibiotic resistance
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXislWgur8%3D, PID: 23419278
    • Palmer AC, Kishony R (2013) Understanding, predicting and manipulating the genotypic evolution of antibiotic resistance. Nat Rev Genet 14:243–248. doi:10.1038/nrg3351
    • (2013) Nat Rev Genet , vol.14 , pp. 243-248
    • Palmer, A.C.1    Kishony, R.2
  • 75
    • 14244266086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxin-antitoxin loci are highly abundant in free-living but lost from host-associated prokaryotes
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXitVyqtbk%3D, PID: 15718296
    • Pandey DP, Gerdes K (2005) Toxin-antitoxin loci are highly abundant in free-living but lost from host-associated prokaryotes. Nucleic Acids Res 33:966–976. doi:10.1093/nar/gki201
    • (2005) Nucleic Acids Res , vol.33 , pp. 966-976
    • Pandey, D.P.1    Gerdes, K.2
  • 76
    • 84921716583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thirty years of viable but nonculturable state research: unsolved molecular mechanisms
    • Pinto D, Santos MA, Chambel L (2015) Thirty years of viable but nonculturable state research: unsolved molecular mechanisms. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 41:61-76. doi:10.3109/1040841X.2013.794127
    • (2015) Crit. Rev. Microbiol , vol.41 , pp. 61-76
    • Pinto, D.1    Santos, M.A.2    Chambel, L.3
  • 78
    • 0242523909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The uncultured microbial majority
    • PID: 14527284
    • Rappé MS, Giovannoni SJ (2003) The uncultured microbial majority. Annu Rev Microbiol 57:369–394. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.090759
    • (2003) Annu Rev Microbiol , vol.57 , pp. 369-394
    • Rappé, M.S.1    Giovannoni, S.J.2
  • 79
    • 43549091825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cell division in Escherichia coli cultures monitored at single cell resolution
    • PID: 18430255
    • Roostalu J, Jõers A, Luidalepp H, Kaldalu N, Tenson T (2008) Cell division in Escherichia coli cultures monitored at single cell resolution. BMC Microbiol 8:68. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-8-68
    • (2008) BMC Microbiol , vol.8 , pp. 68
    • Roostalu, J.1    Jõers, A.2    Luidalepp, H.3    Kaldalu, N.4    Tenson, T.5
  • 80
    • 77955452979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of phenotypic variability by a threshold-based mechanism underlies bacterial persistence
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXpt1eiurY%3D, PID: 20616060
    • Rotem E, Loinger A, Ronin I, Levin-Reisman I, Gabay C, Shoresh N, Biham O, Balaban NQ (2010) Regulation of phenotypic variability by a threshold-based mechanism underlies bacterial persistence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:12541–12546. doi:10.1073/pnas.1004333107
    • (2010) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.107 , pp. 12541-12546
    • Rotem, E.1    Loinger, A.2    Ronin, I.3    Levin-Reisman, I.4    Gabay, C.5    Shoresh, N.6    Biham, O.7    Balaban, N.Q.8
  • 81
    • 84892457739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Senescence, dormancy and tillering in perennial C4 grasses
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhsVykt7k%3D, PID: 24467906
    • Sarath G, Baird LM, Mitchell RB (2014) Senescence, dormancy and tillering in perennial C4 grasses. Plant Sci 217-218:140–151. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.12.012
    • (2014) Plant Sci , vol.217-218 , pp. 140-151
    • Sarath, G.1    Baird, L.M.2    Mitchell, R.B.3
  • 82
    • 84938812034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HipBA-promoter structures reveal the basis of heritable multidrug tolerance
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXht1GlsbfI, PID: 26222023
    • Schumacher MA, Balani P, Min J, Chinnam NB, Hansen S, Vulić M, Lewis K, Brennan RG (2015) HipBA-promoter structures reveal the basis of heritable multidrug tolerance. Nature 524:59–64. doi:10.1038/nature14662
    • (2015) Nature , vol.524 , pp. 59-64
    • Schumacher, M.A.1    Balani, P.2    Min, J.3    Chinnam, N.B.4    Hansen, S.5    Vulić, M.6    Lewis, K.7    Brennan, R.G.8
  • 83
    • 79955518532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost of unneeded proteins in E. coli is reduced after several generations in exponential growth
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXlvVyiu7s%3D
    • Shachrai I, Zaslaver A, Alon U, Dekel E (2011) Cost of unneeded proteins in E. coli is reduced after several generations in exponential growth. Mol Cell 42:401. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2011.04.009
    • (2011) Mol Cell , vol.42 , pp. 401
    • Shachrai, I.1    Zaslaver, A.2    Alon, U.3    Dekel, E.4
  • 84
    • 77953115788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost of unneeded proteins in E. coli is reduced after several generations in exponential growth
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXotFGktLg%3D, PID: 20434381
    • Shachrai I, Zaslaver A, Alon U, Dekel E (2010) Cost of unneeded proteins in E. coli is reduced after several generations in exponential growth. Mol Cell 38:758–767. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2010.04.015
    • (2010) Mol Cell , vol.38 , pp. 758-767
    • Shachrai, I.1    Zaslaver, A.2    Alon, U.3    Dekel, E.4
  • 86
    • 84929467281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic basis of persister tolerance to aminoglycosides in Escherichia coli
    • PID: 25852159
    • Shan Y, Lazinski D, Rowe S, Camilli A, Lewis K (2015) Genetic basis of persister tolerance to aminoglycosides in Escherichia coli. MBio. doi:10.1128/mBio.00078-15
    • (2015) MBio
    • Shan, Y.1    Lazinski, D.2    Rowe, S.3    Camilli, A.4    Lewis, K.5
  • 87
    • 0035173818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biofilms and planktonic cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa have similar resistance to killing by antimicrobials
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXovVSjs7Y%3D, PID: 11698361
    • Spoering AL, Lewis K (2001) Biofilms and planktonic cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa have similar resistance to killing by antimicrobials. J Bacteriol 183:6746–6751. doi:10.1128/JB.183.23.6746-6751.2001
    • (2001) J Bacteriol , vol.183 , pp. 6746-6751
    • Spoering, A.L.1    Lewis, K.2
  • 88
    • 33745904995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GlpD and PlsB participate in persister cell formation in Escherichia coli
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XntFWmtLo%3D, PID: 16816185
    • Spoering AL, Vulic M, Lewis K (2006) GlpD and PlsB participate in persister cell formation in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 188:5136–5144. doi:10.1128/JB.00369-06
    • (2006) J Bacteriol , vol.188 , pp. 5136-5144
    • Spoering, A.L.1    Vulic, M.2    Lewis, K.3
  • 89
    • 84940582391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenotypic diversity as a mechanism to exit cellular dormancy
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhtlCis73M, PID: 26279233
    • Sturm A, Dworkin J (2015) Phenotypic diversity as a mechanism to exit cellular dormancy. Curr Biol 25:2272–2277. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.018
    • (2015) Curr Biol , vol.25 , pp. 2272-2277
    • Sturm, A.1    Dworkin, J.2
  • 90
    • 84888991522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tolerance of Escherichia coli to fluoroquinolone antibiotics depends on specific components of the SOS response pathway
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhtlGjsLs%3D, PID: 24077306
    • Theodore A, Lewis K, Vulic M (2013) Tolerance of Escherichia coli to fluoroquinolone antibiotics depends on specific components of the SOS response pathway. Genetics 195:1265–1276. doi:10.1534/genetics.113.152306
    • (2013) Genetics , vol.195 , pp. 1265-1276
    • Theodore, A.1    Lewis, K.2    Vulic, M.3
  • 91
    • 0014941489 scopus 로고
    • Multiple antibiotic resistance in a bacterium with suppressed autolytic system
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaE3cXks1emtLs%3D, PID: 4393335
    • Tomasz A, Albino A, Zanati E (1970) Multiple antibiotic resistance in a bacterium with suppressed autolytic system. Nature 227:138–140. doi:10.1038/227138a0
    • (1970) Nature , vol.227 , pp. 138-140
    • Tomasz, A.1    Albino, A.2    Zanati, E.3
  • 92
    • 0022652442 scopus 로고
    • The rate of killing of Escherichia coli by β-lactam antibiotics is strictly proportional to the rate of bacterial growth
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaL28Xkt1WmtLk%3D
    • Tuomanen E, Cozens R, Tosch W, Zak O, Tomasz A (1986a) The rate of killing of Escherichia coli by β-lactam antibiotics is strictly proportional to the rate of bacterial growth. Microbiology 132:1297–1304. doi:10.1099/00221287-132-5-1297
    • (1986) Microbiology , vol.132 , pp. 1297-1304
    • Tuomanen, E.1    Cozens, R.2    Tosch, W.3    Zak, O.4    Tomasz, A.5
  • 93
    • 0022871754 scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic tolerance among clinical isolates of bacteria
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaL28XmtVGrsr4%3D, PID: 3539006
    • Tuomanen E, Durack DT, Tomasz A (1986b) Antibiotic tolerance among clinical isolates of bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 30:521–527
    • (1986) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.30 , pp. 521-527
    • Tuomanen, E.1    Durack, D.T.2    Tomasz, A.3
  • 95
    • 84978164829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Composition of the outgrowth medium modulates wake-up kinetics and ampicillin sensitivity of stringent and relaxed Escherichia coli
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XjsFentb8%3D, PID: 26923949
    • Varik V, Oliveira SRA, Hauryliuk V, Tenson T (2016) Composition of the outgrowth medium modulates wake-up kinetics and ampicillin sensitivity of stringent and relaxed Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 6:22308. doi:10.1038/srep22308
    • (2016) Sci Rep , vol.6 , pp. 22308
    • Varik, V.1    Oliveira, S.R.A.2    Hauryliuk, V.3    Tenson, T.4
  • 96
    • 33646549559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased persistence in Escherichia coli caused by controlled expression of toxins or other unrelated proteins
    • PID: 16672603
    • Vázquez-Laslop N, Lee H, Neyfakh AA (2006) Increased persistence in Escherichia coli caused by controlled expression of toxins or other unrelated proteins. J Bacteriol 188:3494–3497. doi:10.1128/JB.188.10.3494-3497.2006
    • (2006) J Bacteriol , vol.188 , pp. 3494-3497
    • Vázquez-Laslop, N.1    Lee, H.2    Neyfakh, A.A.3
  • 97
    • 84936934052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cell differentiation in a Bacillus thuringiensis population during planktonic growth, biofilm formation, and host infection
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhvFWnu7jJ, PID: 25922389
    • Verplaetse E, Slamti L, Gohar M, Lereclus D (2015) Cell differentiation in a Bacillus thuringiensis population during planktonic growth, biofilm formation, and host infection. MBio 6:e00138–e00115. doi:10.1128/mBio.00138-15
    • (2015) MBio , vol.6 , pp. 115-138
    • Verplaetse, E.1    Slamti, L.2    Gohar, M.3    Lereclus, D.4
  • 100
    • 84890445788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ribosome-targeting antibiotics and mechanisms of bacterial resistance
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhvFensLnJ, PID: 24336183
    • Wilson DN (2014) Ribosome-targeting antibiotics and mechanisms of bacterial resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol 12:35–48. doi:10.1038/nrmicro3155
    • (2014) Nat Rev Microbiol , vol.12 , pp. 35-48
    • Wilson, D.N.1
  • 101
    • 0025078793 scopus 로고
    • Mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 exhibiting reduced killing by both quinolone and beta-lactam antimicrobial agents
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXmtVyhtrs%3D, PID: 1963289
    • Wolfson JS, Hooper DC, McHugh GL, Bozza MA, Swartz MN (1990) Mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 exhibiting reduced killing by both quinolone and beta-lactam antimicrobial agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 34:1938–1943. doi:10.1128/AAC.34.10.1938
    • (1990) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.34 , pp. 1938-1943
    • Wolfson, J.S.1    Hooper, D.C.2    McHugh, G.L.3    Bozza, M.A.4    Swartz, M.N.5
  • 102
    • 84865419909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of oxidative stress in persister tolerance
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xht12mt7bL, PID: 22777047
    • Wu Y, Vulić M, Keren I, Lewis K (2012) Role of oxidative stress in persister tolerance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56:4922–4926. doi:10.1128/AAC.00921-12
    • (2012) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.56 , pp. 4922-4926
    • Wu, Y.1    Vulić, M.2    Keren, I.3    Lewis, K.4
  • 103
    • 0025992789 scopus 로고
    • Residual guanosine 3′,5′-bispyrophosphate synthetic activity of relA null mutants can be eliminated by spoT null mutations
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXit1agt7c%3D, PID: 2005134
    • Xiao H, Kalman M, Ikehara K, Zemel S, Glaser G, Cashel M (1991) Residual guanosine 3′,5′-bispyrophosphate synthetic activity of relA null mutants can be eliminated by spoT null mutations. J Biol Chem 266:5980–5990
    • (1991) J Biol Chem , vol.266 , pp. 5980-5990
    • Xiao, H.1    Kalman, M.2    Ikehara, K.3    Zemel, S.4    Glaser, G.5    Cashel, M.6
  • 104
    • 0020286856 scopus 로고
    • Survival and viability of nonculturable Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae in the estuarine and marine environment
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BC2c7mtFyrsQ%3D%3D, PID: 24226049
    • Xu HS, Roberts N, Singleton FL, Attwell RW, Grimes DJ, Colwell RR (1982) Survival and viability of nonculturable Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae in the estuarine and marine environment. Microb Ecol 8:313–323. doi:10.1007/BF02010671
    • (1982) Microb Ecol , vol.8 , pp. 313-323
    • Xu, H.S.1    Roberts, N.2    Singleton, F.L.3    Attwell, R.W.4    Grimes, D.J.5    Colwell, R.R.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.