메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 92, Issue , 2017, Pages 183-201

The structure of working memory in young children and its relation to intelligence

Author keywords

Children; Episodic buffer; Nonverbal intelligence; Phonological loop; Visuospatial sketchpad; Working memory

Indexed keywords


EID: 84978086113     PISSN: 0749596X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2016.06.004     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (132)

References (95)
  • 2
    • 67649359996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory, but not IQ, predicts subsequent learning in children with learning difficulties
    • Alloway, T.P., Working memory, but not IQ, predicts subsequent learning in children with learning difficulties. European Journal of Psychological Assessment 25 (2009), 1–7.
    • (2009) European Journal of Psychological Assessment , vol.25 , pp. 1-7
    • Alloway, T.P.1
  • 3
    • 84899438494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory in ADHD: A comparison of British and South African children
    • Alloway, T.P., Cockcroft, K., Working memory in ADHD: A comparison of British and South African children. Journal of Attention Disorders 18 (2014), 286–293.
    • (2014) Journal of Attention Disorders , vol.18 , pp. 286-293
    • Alloway, T.P.1    Cockcroft, K.2
  • 4
    • 84978056239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The automated working memory assessment. Test battery available from authors.
    • Alloway, T. P., Gathercole, S. E., & Pickering, S. J. (2004). The automated working memory assessment. Test battery available from authors.
    • (2004)
    • Alloway, T.P.1    Gathercole, S.E.2    Pickering, S.J.3
  • 5
    • 65349085163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cognitive and behavioral characteristics of children with low working memory
    • Alloway, T.P., Gathercole, S.E., Kirkwood, H., Elliott, J., The cognitive and behavioral characteristics of children with low working memory. Child Development 80 (2009), 606–621.
    • (2009) Child Development , vol.80 , pp. 606-621
    • Alloway, T.P.1    Gathercole, S.E.2    Kirkwood, H.3    Elliott, J.4
  • 6
    • 33750906779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Verbal and visuo-spatial short-term memory and working memory in children: Are they separable?
    • Alloway, T.P., Gathercole, S.E., Pickering, S.J., Verbal and visuo-spatial short-term memory and working memory in children: Are they separable?. Child Development 77 (2006), 1698–1716.
    • (2006) Child Development , vol.77 , pp. 1698-1716
    • Alloway, T.P.1    Gathercole, S.E.2    Pickering, S.J.3
  • 8
    • 55349124002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central executive involvement in children's spatial memory
    • Ang, S.Y., Lee, K., Central executive involvement in children's spatial memory. Memory 16 (2008), 918–933.
    • (2008) Memory , vol.16 , pp. 918-933
    • Ang, S.Y.1    Lee, K.2
  • 9
    • 76449118746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exploring developmental differences in visual short-term memory and working memory
    • Ang, S.Y., Lee, K., Exploring developmental differences in visual short-term memory and working memory. Developmental Psychology 46 (2010), 279–285.
    • (2010) Developmental Psychology , vol.46 , pp. 279-285
    • Ang, S.Y.1    Lee, K.2
  • 11
    • 0034333066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory?
    • Baddeley, A., The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory?. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4 (2000), 417–423.
    • (2000) Trends in Cognitive Sciences , vol.4 , pp. 417-423
    • Baddeley, A.1
  • 12
    • 84921794750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory, thought, and action
    • Oxford University Press Oxford
    • Baddeley, A.D., Working memory, thought, and action. 2007, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
    • (2007)
    • Baddeley, A.D.1
  • 15
    • 0037968215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The complexities of complex span: Explaining individual differences in working memory in children and adults
    • Bayliss, D.M., Jarrold, C., Gunn, M.D., Baddeley, A.D., The complexities of complex span: Explaining individual differences in working memory in children and adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 32 (2003), 71–92.
    • (2003) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.32 , pp. 71-92
    • Bayliss, D.M.1    Jarrold, C.2    Gunn, M.D.3    Baddeley, A.D.4
  • 16
    • 0025397298 scopus 로고
    • Comparative fit indexes in structural models
    • Bentler, P.M., Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin 107 (1990), 238–246.
    • (1990) Psychological Bulletin , vol.107 , pp. 238-246
    • Bentler, P.M.1
  • 18
    • 77955906611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validating running memory span: Measurement of working memory capacity and links with fluid intelligence
    • Broadway, J.M., Engle, R.W., Validating running memory span: Measurement of working memory capacity and links with fluid intelligence. Behavior Research Methods 42 (2010), 563–570.
    • (2010) Behavior Research Methods , vol.42 , pp. 563-570
    • Broadway, J.M.1    Engle, R.W.2
  • 19
    • 0001233581 scopus 로고
    • Alternative ways of assessing model fit
    • K.A. Bollen J.S. Long Sage Newbury Park, CA
    • Browne, M.W., Cudeck, R., Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Bollen, K.A., Long, J.S., (eds.) Testing structural equation models, 1993, Sage, Newbury Park, CA, 136–162.
    • (1993) Testing structural equation models , pp. 136-162
    • Browne, M.W.1    Cudeck, R.2
  • 20
    • 27844556998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human dorsal and ventral auditory streams subserve rehearsal-based and echoic processes during verbal working memory
    • Buchsbaum, B.R., Olsen, R.K., Koch, P., Berman, K.F., Human dorsal and ventral auditory streams subserve rehearsal-based and echoic processes during verbal working memory. Neuron 48 (2005), 687–697.
    • (2005) Neuron , vol.48 , pp. 687-697
    • Buchsbaum, B.R.1    Olsen, R.K.2    Koch, P.3    Berman, K.F.4
  • 21
    • 46449094938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The deployment of attention in short-term memory tasks: Tradeoffs between immediate and delayed deployment
    • Bunting, M.F., Cowan, N., Colflesh, G.H., The deployment of attention in short-term memory tasks: Tradeoffs between immediate and delayed deployment. Memory & Cognition 36 (2008), 799–812.
    • (2008) Memory & Cognition , vol.36 , pp. 799-812
    • Bunting, M.F.1    Cowan, N.2    Colflesh, G.H.3
  • 23
    • 84978158322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing working memory in children. The comprehensive assessment battery for children – Working memory (CABC-WM).
    • Cabbage, K. L., Brinkley, S., Gray, S., Alt, M., Cowan, N., Green, S., … Hogan, T. P. (2016). Assessing working memory in children. The comprehensive assessment battery for children – Working memory (CABC-WM).
    • (2016)
    • Cabbage, K.L.1    Brinkley, S.2    Gray, S.3    Alt, M.4    Cowan, N.5    Green, S.6    Hogan, T.P.7
  • 24
    • 79955733743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental change in working memory strategies: From passive maintenance to active refreshing
    • Camos, V., Barrouillet, P., Developmental change in working memory strategies: From passive maintenance to active refreshing. Developmental Psychology 47 (2011), 898–904.
    • (2011) Developmental Psychology , vol.47 , pp. 898-904
    • Camos, V.1    Barrouillet, P.2
  • 25
    • 79952193171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive choice between articulatory rehearsal and attentional refreshing in verbal working memory
    • Camos, V., Mora, G., Oberauer, K., Adaptive choice between articulatory rehearsal and attentional refreshing in verbal working memory. Memory & Cognition, 39(231), 2011, 244.
    • (2011) Memory & Cognition , vol.39 , Issue.231 , pp. 244
    • Camos, V.1    Mora, G.2    Oberauer, K.3
  • 26
  • 28
    • 0003670594 scopus 로고
    • Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies
    • Cambridge University Press New York, NY
    • Carroll, J.B., Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies. 1993, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY.
    • (1993)
    • Carroll, J.B.1
  • 29
    • 53949109813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory and intelligence are highly related constructs, but why?
    • Colom, R., Abad, F.J., Quiroga, M.A., Shih, P.C., Flores-Mendoza, C., Working memory and intelligence are highly related constructs, but why?. Intelligence 36 (2008), 584–606.
    • (2008) Intelligence , vol.36 , pp. 584-606
    • Colom, R.1    Abad, F.J.2    Quiroga, M.A.3    Shih, P.C.4    Flores-Mendoza, C.5
  • 30
    • 0036204345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A latent variable analysis of working memory capacity, short-term memory capacity, processing speed, and general fluid intelligence
    • Conway, A.R.A., Cowan, N., Bunting, M.F., Therriault, D.J., Minkoff, S.R.B., A latent variable analysis of working memory capacity, short-term memory capacity, processing speed, and general fluid intelligence. Intelligence 30 (2002), 163–183.
    • (2002) Intelligence , vol.30 , pp. 163-183
    • Conway, A.R.A.1    Cowan, N.2    Bunting, M.F.3    Therriault, D.J.4    Minkoff, S.R.B.5
  • 31
    • 0024078314 scopus 로고
    • Evolving conceptions of memory storage, selective attention, and their mutual constraints within the human information processing system
    • Cowan, N., Evolving conceptions of memory storage, selective attention, and their mutual constraints within the human information processing system. Psychological Bulletin 104 (1988), 163–191.
    • (1988) Psychological Bulletin , vol.104 , pp. 163-191
    • Cowan, N.1
  • 32
    • 84940051002 scopus 로고
    • Attention and memory: An integrated framework
    • Oxford University Press Oxford, UK
    • Cowan, N., Attention and memory: An integrated framework. 1995, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
    • (1995)
    • Cowan, N.1
  • 33
    • 84978053559 scopus 로고
    • Verbal working memory: A view with a room
    • Cowan, N., Verbal working memory: A view with a room. American Journal of Psychology 108 (1995), 123–155.
    • (1995) American Journal of Psychology , vol.108 , pp. 123-155
    • Cowan, N.1
  • 34
    • 84981263306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The magical number four in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity
    • Cowan, N., The magical number four in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24 (2001), 87–114.
    • (2001) Behavioral and Brain Sciences , vol.24 , pp. 87-114
    • Cowan, N.1
  • 35
    • 84909239070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory capacity
    • Psychology Press Hove, East Sussex, UK
    • Cowan, N., Working memory capacity. 2005, Psychology Press, Hove, East Sussex, UK.
    • (2005)
    • Cowan, N.1
  • 36
    • 84889583261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A list-length constraint on incidental item-to-item associations
    • Cowan, N., Donnell, K., Saults, J.S., A list-length constraint on incidental item-to-item associations. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 20 (2013), 1253–1258.
    • (2013) Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , vol.20 , pp. 1253-1258
    • Cowan, N.1    Donnell, K.2    Saults, J.S.3
  • 38
    • 34247200370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scope of attention, control of attention, and intelligence in children and adults
    • Cowan, N., Fristoe, N.M., Elliott, E.M., Brunner, R.P., Saults, J.S., Scope of attention, control of attention, and intelligence in children and adults. Memory & Cognition 34 (2006), 1754–1768.
    • (2006) Memory & Cognition , vol.34 , pp. 1754-1768
    • Cowan, N.1    Fristoe, N.M.2    Elliott, E.M.3    Brunner, R.P.4    Saults, J.S.5
  • 39
    • 0002839675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An embedded-processes model of working memory
    • A. Miyake P. Shah Cambridge University Press Cambridge, U.K.
    • Cowan, N., An embedded-processes model of working memory. Miyake, A., Shah, P., (eds.) Model of working memory: Mechanism of active maintenance and executive control, 1999, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 62–101.
    • (1999) Model of working memory: Mechanism of active maintenance and executive control , pp. 62-101
    • Cowan, N.1
  • 42
  • 47
    • 0013922206 scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous verbal rehearsal in a memory task as a function of age
    • Flavell, J.H., Beach, D.H., Chinsky, J.M., Spontaneous verbal rehearsal in a memory task as a function of age. Child Development, 37(283), 1966, 299.
    • (1966) Child Development , vol.37 , Issue.283 , pp. 299
    • Flavell, J.H.1    Beach, D.H.2    Chinsky, J.M.3
  • 48
    • 55249091875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Verbal working memory and story retelling in school-age children with autism
    • Gabig, C.S., Verbal working memory and story retelling in school-age children with autism. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 39 (2008), 498–511.
    • (2008) Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools , vol.39 , pp. 498-511
    • Gabig, C.S.1
  • 49
    • 84934282818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • There may be nothing special about the association between working memory capacity and fluid intelligence
    • Gignac, G.E., Watkins, M.W., There may be nothing special about the association between working memory capacity and fluid intelligence. Intelligence 52 (2015), 18–23.
    • (2015) Intelligence , vol.52 , pp. 18-23
    • Gignac, G.E.1    Watkins, M.W.2
  • 50
    • 84880285753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The structure of working memory and how it relates to intelligence in children
    • Giofre, D., Mammarella, I., Cornoldi, C., The structure of working memory and how it relates to intelligence in children. Intelligence 41 (2013), ​396–406.
    • (2013) Intelligence , vol.41 , pp. ​396-406
    • Giofre, D.1    Mammarella, I.2    Cornoldi, C.3
  • 51
    • 84965925733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Goldman-fristoe test of articulation – 2
    • American Guidance Service Inc Circle Pines, MN
    • Goldman, R., Fristoe, M., Goldman-fristoe test of articulation – 2. 2000, American Guidance Service Inc, Circle Pines, MN.
    • (2000)
    • Goldman, R.1    Fristoe, M.2
  • 52
    • 35848930306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between phonological memory, receptive vocabulary, and fast mapping in young children with specific language impairment
    • Gray, S., The relationship between phonological memory, receptive vocabulary, and fast mapping in young children with specific language impairment. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 49 (2006), 955–969.
    • (2006) Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research , vol.49 , pp. 955-969
    • Gray, S.1
  • 53
    • 84978129403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comprehensive assessment battery for children – Working memory. Unpublished measure under development.
    • Gray, S., Alt, M., Hogan, T. P., Green, S., & Cowan, N. (n.d.). Comprehensive assessment battery for children – Working memory. Unpublished measure under development.
    • Gray, S.1    Alt, M.2    Hogan, T.P.3    Green, S.4    Cowan, N.5
  • 54
    • 84946763369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of internal consistency coefficients for estimating reliability of experimental task scores
    • Green, S.B., Yang, Y., Alt, M., Brinkley, S., Gray, S., Hogan, T., Cowan, N., Use of internal consistency coefficients for estimating reliability of experimental task scores. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 23 (2016), 750–763.
    • (2016) Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , vol.23 , pp. 750-763
    • Green, S.B.1    Yang, Y.2    Alt, M.3    Brinkley, S.4    Gray, S.5    Hogan, T.6    Cowan, N.7
  • 55
    • 84954455259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of dimensionality in the assessment of internal consistency reliability: Coefficient alpha and omega coefficient
    • Green, S.B., Yang, Y., Evaluation of dimensionality in the assessment of internal consistency reliability: Coefficient alpha and omega coefficient. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 2015.
    • (2015) Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice
    • Green, S.B.1    Yang, Y.2
  • 56
    • 0002972708 scopus 로고
    • The mental effort requirement of cumulative rehearsal: A developmental study
    • Guttentag, R.E., The mental effort requirement of cumulative rehearsal: A developmental study. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 37 (1984), 92–106.
    • (1984) Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , vol.37 , pp. 92-106
    • Guttentag, R.E.1
  • 57
    • 34249295227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Separating cognitive capacity from knowledge: A new hypothesis
    • Halford, G.S., Cowan, N., Andrews, G., Separating cognitive capacity from knowledge: A new hypothesis. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 11 (2007), 236–242.
    • (2007) Trends in Cognitive Sciences , vol.11 , pp. 236-242
    • Halford, G.S.1    Cowan, N.2    Andrews, G.3
  • 58
    • 85050171497 scopus 로고
    • Rate of presentation in running memory and direct manipulation of input processing strategies
    • Hockey, R., Rate of presentation in running memory and direct manipulation of input processing strategies. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 25(104), 1973, 111.
    • (1973) Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.25 , Issue.104 , pp. 111
    • Hockey, R.1
  • 59
    • 79957652897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Children's working memory: Its structure and relationship to fluid intelligence
    • Hornung, C., Brunner, M., Reuter, R.A.P., Martin, R., Children's working memory: Its structure and relationship to fluid intelligence. Intelligence 39 (2011), 210–221.
    • (2011) Intelligence , vol.39 , pp. 210-221
    • Hornung, C.1    Brunner, M.2    Reuter, R.A.P.3    Martin, R.4
  • 60
    • 84964999893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Executive control of stimulus-driven and goal-directed attention in visual working memory
    • (E-pub ahead of print)
    • Hu, Y., Allen, R.J., Baddeley, A.D., Hitch, G.J., Executive control of stimulus-driven and goal-directed attention in visual working memory. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 2016, 10.3758/s13414-016-1106-7 (E-pub ahead of print).
    • (2016) Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics
    • Hu, Y.1    Allen, R.J.2    Baddeley, A.D.3    Hitch, G.J.4
  • 61
    • 7044220571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory: Its role in dyslexia and other specific learning disabilities
    • Jeffries, S., Everatt, J., Working memory: Its role in dyslexia and other specific learning disabilities. Dyslexia 10 (2004), 196–214.
    • (2004) Dyslexia , vol.10 , pp. 196-214
    • Jeffries, S.1    Everatt, J.2
  • 62
    • 0037968236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working-memory capacity and the control of attention: The contributions of goal neglect, response competition, and task set to Stroop interference
    • Kane, M.J., Engle, R.W., Working-memory capacity and the control of attention: The contributions of goal neglect, response competition, and task set to Stroop interference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 132(47), 2003, 70.
    • (2003) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.132 , Issue.47 , pp. 70
    • Kane, M.J.1    Engle, R.W.2
  • 63
    • 77049115817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kaufman assessment battery for children
    • 2nd ed. American Guidance Service Inc. Circle Pines, MN
    • Kaufman, A.S., Kaufman, N.L., Kaufman assessment battery for children. 2nd ed., 2004, American Guidance Service Inc., Circle Pines, MN.
    • (2004)
    • Kaufman, A.S.1    Kaufman, N.L.2
  • 64
    • 84928540965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Controlled attention and storage: An investigation of the relationship between working memory, short-term memory, scope of attention, and intelligence in children. Learning and Individual Differences, doi: (in press).
    • Kuhn, J. (2016). Controlled attention and storage: An investigation of the relationship between working memory, short-term memory, scope of attention, and intelligence in children. Learning and Individual Differences, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2015.04.009 (in press).
    • (2016)
    • Kuhn, J.1
  • 66
    • 84943548087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rehearsal in serial recall: An unworkable solution to the nonexistent problem of decay
    • Lewandowsky, S., Oberauer, K., Rehearsal in serial recall: An unworkable solution to the nonexistent problem of decay. Psychological Review 122 (2015), 674–699.
    • (2015) Psychological Review , vol.122 , pp. 674-699
    • Lewandowsky, S.1    Oberauer, K.2
  • 68
    • 0141869966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The fractionation of working memory maps onto different components of intelligence
    • Mackintosh, N.J., Bennett, E.S., The fractionation of working memory maps onto different components of intelligence. Intelligence 31 (2003), 519–531.
    • (2003) Intelligence , vol.31 , pp. 519-531
    • Mackintosh, N.J.1    Bennett, E.S.2
  • 69
    • 84959902345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cross-modal decoding of neural patterns associated with working memory: Evidence for attention-based accounts of working memory
    • Majerus, S., Cowan, N., Péters, F., Van Calster, L., Phillips, C., Schrouff, J., Cross-modal decoding of neural patterns associated with working memory: Evidence for attention-based accounts of working memory. Cerebral Cortex 26 (2016), 166–179.
    • (2016) Cerebral Cortex , vol.26 , pp. 166-179
    • Majerus, S.1    Cowan, N.2    Péters, F.3    Van Calster, L.4    Phillips, C.5    Schrouff, J.6
  • 70
    • 26644435388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory of cognitive abilities: Past, present, and future
    • D.P. Flanagan J.L. Genshaft P.L. Harrison Guilford New York
    • McGrew, K.S., The Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory of cognitive abilities: Past, present, and future. Flanagan, D.P., Genshaft, J.L., Harrison, P.L., (eds.) Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues, 2005, Guilford, New York.
    • (2005) Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues
    • McGrew, K.S.1
  • 71
    • 78650507886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cattell–Horn–Carroll cognitive-achievement relations: What we have learned from the past 20 years of research
    • McGrew, K.S., Wendling, B.J., Cattell–Horn–Carroll cognitive-achievement relations: What we have learned from the past 20 years of research. Psychology in the Schools 47 (2010), 651–675.
    • (2010) Psychology in the Schools , vol.47 , pp. 651-675
    • McGrew, K.S.1    Wendling, B.J.2
  • 73
    • 65249176289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complex sentence comprehension and working memory in children with specific language impairment
    • Montgomery, J.W., Evans, J.L., Complex sentence comprehension and working memory in children with specific language impairment. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 52 (2009), 269–288.
    • (2009) Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research , vol.52 , pp. 269-288
    • Montgomery, J.W.1    Evans, J.L.2
  • 75
    • 84880582314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2007. Mplus user's guide
    • 6th ed. Muthén & Muthén Los Angeles, CA
    • Muthén, L.K., Muthén, B.O., 2007. Mplus user's guide. 6th ed., 1998–2012, Muthén & Muthén, Los Angeles, CA.
    • (1998)
    • Muthén, L.K.1    Muthén, B.O.2
  • 77
    • 85027931516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The development of working memory from kindergarten to first grade in children with different decoding skills
    • Nevo, E., Breznitz, Z., The development of working memory from kindergarten to first grade in children with different decoding skills. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 114 (2013), 217–228.
    • (2013) Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , vol.114 , pp. 217-228
    • Nevo, E.1    Breznitz, Z.2
  • 79
    • 12144278125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory and intelligence – their correlation and their relations: Comment on Ackerman, Beier, and Boyle (2005)
    • Oberauer, K., Schultze, R., Wilhelm, O., Suß, H., Working memory and intelligence – their correlation and their relations: Comment on Ackerman, Beier, and Boyle (2005). Psychological Bulletin, 131(61), 2005, 65.
    • (2005) Psychological Bulletin , vol.131 , Issue.61 , pp. 65
    • Oberauer, K.1    Schultze, R.2    Wilhelm, O.3    Suß, H.4
  • 80
    • 84955744657 scopus 로고
    • Rehearsal processes in children's memory
    • P.A. Ornstein Erlbaum Hillsdale, NJ
    • Ornstein, P.A., Naus, M.J., Rehearsal processes in children's memory. Ornstein, P.A., (eds.) Memory development in children, 1978, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 69–99.
    • (1978) Memory development in children , pp. 69-99
    • Ornstein, P.A.1    Naus, M.J.2
  • 81
    • 84896707919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory and visuospatial deficits correlate with oculomotor control in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
    • Paolozza, A., Rasmussen, C., Pei, J., Hanlong-Dearman, A., Nikkel, S.M., et al. Working memory and visuospatial deficits correlate with oculomotor control in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Behavioural Brain Research 263 (2014), 70–79.
    • (2014) Behavioural Brain Research , vol.263 , pp. 70-79
    • Paolozza, A.1    Rasmussen, C.2    Pei, J.3    Hanlong-Dearman, A.4    Nikkel, S.M.5
  • 82
    • 0141827817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory test battery for children: Manual
    • Psychological Corporation London, UK
    • Pickering, S.J., Gathercole, S., Working memory test battery for children: Manual. 2001, Psychological Corporation, London, UK.
    • (2001)
    • Pickering, S.J.1    Gathercole, S.2
  • 83
    • 33749437296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation dissociates working memory manipulation from retention functions in the prefrontal, but not posterior parietal, cortex
    • Postle, B.R., Ferrarelli, F., Hamidi, M., Feredoes, E., Massimini, M., Peterson, M., Alexander, A., Tononi, G., Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation dissociates working memory manipulation from retention functions in the prefrontal, but not posterior parietal, cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18 (2006), 1712–1722.
    • (2006) Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , vol.18 , pp. 1712-1722
    • Postle, B.R.1    Ferrarelli, F.2    Hamidi, M.3    Feredoes, E.4    Massimini, M.5    Peterson, M.6    Alexander, A.7    Tononi, G.8
  • 84
    • 0041101858 scopus 로고
    • A generalization of coefficient alpha
    • Raju, N.S., A generalization of coefficient alpha. Psychometrika 42 (1977), 549–565.
    • (1977) Psychometrika , vol.42 , pp. 549-565
    • Raju, N.S.1
  • 85
    • 0003583954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Section 2: Coloured progressive matrices. Manual for the Raven's progressive matrices and vocabulary scales
    • 1998 ed. Oxford Psychologists Press Oxford, UK
    • Raven, J., Raven, J.C., Court, J.H., Section 2: Coloured progressive matrices. Manual for the Raven's progressive matrices and vocabulary scales. 1998 ed., 1998, Oxford Psychologists Press, Oxford, UK.
    • (1998)
    • Raven, J.1    Raven, J.C.2    Court, J.H.3
  • 86
    • 84880615241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A cross-battery, reference variable, confirmatory factor analytic investigation of the CHC taxonomy
    • Reynolds, M.R., Keith, T.Z., Flanagan, D.P., Alfonso, V.C., A cross-battery, reference variable, confirmatory factor analytic investigation of the CHC taxonomy. Journal of School Psychology 51 (2013), 535–555.
    • (2013) Journal of School Psychology , vol.51 , pp. 535-555
    • Reynolds, M.R.1    Keith, T.Z.2    Flanagan, D.P.3    Alfonso, V.C.4
  • 87
    • 68349111306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical evaluation of language fundamentals
    • 4th ed. American Guidance Service Inc. Circle Pines, MN
    • Semel, E., Wiig, E.H., Secord, W.A., Clinical evaluation of language fundamentals. 4th ed., 2003, American Guidance Service Inc., Circle Pines, MN.
    • (2003)
    • Semel, E.1    Wiig, E.H.2    Secord, W.A.3
  • 88
    • 0030094120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The separability of working memory resources for spatial thinking and language processing: An individual differences approach
    • Shah, P., Miyake, A., The separability of working memory resources for spatial thinking and language processing: An individual differences approach. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 125 (1996), 4–27.
    • (1996) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.125 , pp. 4-27
    • Shah, P.1    Miyake, A.2
  • 89
    • 84899798166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-term storage is a stable predictor of fluid intelligence whereas working memory capacity and executive function are not: A comprehensive study with Iranian schoolchildren
    • Shahabi, S.R., Abad, F.J., Colom, R., Short-term storage is a stable predictor of fluid intelligence whereas working memory capacity and executive function are not: A comprehensive study with Iranian schoolchildren. Intelligence 44 (2014), 134–141.
    • (2014) Intelligence , vol.44 , pp. 134-141
    • Shahabi, S.R.1    Abad, F.J.2    Colom, R.3
  • 90
    • 81455158340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intellectual growth in children as a function of domain specific and domain general working memory subgroups
    • Swanson, H.L., Intellectual growth in children as a function of domain specific and domain general working memory subgroups. Intelligence 39 (2011), 481–492.
    • (2011) Intelligence , vol.39 , pp. 481-492
    • Swanson, H.L.1
  • 92
    • 0004108259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Test of word reading efficiency
    • 2nd ed. American Guidance Service Inc. Circle Pines, MN
    • Torgesen, J., Wagner, R., Rashotte, C., Test of word reading efficiency. 2nd ed., 2012, American Guidance Service Inc., Circle Pines, MN.
    • (2012)
    • Torgesen, J.1    Wagner, R.2    Rashotte, C.3
  • 93
    • 35648992459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the division of short-term and working memory: An examination of simple and complex span and their relation to higher order abilities
    • Unsworth, N., Engle, R.W., On the division of short-term and working memory: An examination of simple and complex span and their relation to higher order abilities. Psychological Bulletin 133 (2007), 1038–1066.
    • (2007) Psychological Bulletin , vol.133 , pp. 1038-1066
    • Unsworth, N.1    Engle, R.W.2
  • 94
    • 77957128554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory structure in 10- and 15-year old children with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities
    • Van der Molen, M.J., Working memory structure in 10- and 15-year old children with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities 31 (2010), 1258–1263.
    • (2010) Research in Developmental Disabilities , vol.31 , pp. 1258-1263
    • Van der Molen, M.J.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.