The emerging role of galectins in cardiovascular disease

Vascular Pharmacology

Volumn 81, Issue , 2016, Pages 31-41

  van der Hoeven, Nina W ^a   Hollander, Maurits R ^a   Yildirim, Cansu ^a   Jansen, Matthijs F ^a   Teunissen, Paul F ^a   Horrevoets, Anton J ^a   van der Pouw Kraan, Tineke C T M ^a   van Royen, Niels ^a  

^a VU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GALECTIN; BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

ANGIOGENESIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; ATRIAL FIBRILLATION; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; MYOCARDITIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; ANIMAL; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; METABOLISM; NEOVASCULARIZATION (PATHOLOGY); PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PROGNOSIS; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALS; BIOMARKERS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; GALECTINS; HUMANS; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PHYSIOLOGIC; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PROGNOSIS; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 84962565164     PISSN: 15371891     EISSN: 18793649     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.02.006     Document Type: Review

References (137)

1. Barrionuevo P., Beigier-Bompadre M., Ilarregui J.M., Toscano M.A., Bianco G.A., Isturiz M.A., et al. A novel function for galectin-1 at the crossroad of innate and adaptive immunity: galectin-1 regulates monocyte/macrophage physiology through a nonapoptotic ERK-dependent pathway. J. Immunol. Jan. 1 2007, 178(1):436-445.
2. Cao Z., Said N., Amin S., Wu H.K., Bruce A., Garate M., et al. Galectins-3 and -7, but not galectin-1, play a role in re-epithelialization of wounds. J. Biol. Chem. Nov. 1 2002, 277(44):42299-42305.
3. Gal P., Vasilenko T., Kostelnikova M., Jakubco J., Kovac I., Sabol F., et al. Open Wound Healing In Vivo: Monitoring Binding and Presence of Adhesion/Growth-Regulatory Galectins in Rat Skin during the Course of Complete Re-Epithelialization. Acta Histochem. Cytochem. Oct. 26 2011, 44(5):191-199.
4. Paclik D., Werner L., Guckelberger O., Wiedenmann B., Sturm A. Galectins distinctively regulate central monocyte and macrophage function. Cell. Immunol. 2011, 271(1):97-103.
5. Al-Ansari S., Zeebregts C.J., Slart R.H., Peppelenbosch M., Tio R.A. Galectins in atherosclerotic disease. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. Jul. 2009, 19(5):164-169.
6. Rabinovich G.A., Toscano M.A., Jackson S.S., Vasta G.R. Functions of cell surface galectin-glycoprotein lattices. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. Oct. 2007, 17(5):513-520.
7. Cummings R.D., Liu F.T. Galectins. Essentials of Glycobiology 2009, second ed.
8. Yang R.Y., Rabinovich G.A., Liu F.T. Galectins: structure, function and therapeutic potential. Expert Rev. Mol. Med. 2008, 10:e17.
9. Moutsatsos I.K., Davis J.M., Wang J.L. Endogenous lectins from cultured cells: subcellular localization of carbohydrate-binding protein 35 in 3T3 fibroblasts. J. Cell Biol. Feb. 1986, 102(2):477-483.
10. Wang L., Inohara H., Pienta K.J., Raz A. Galectin-3 is a nuclear matrix protein which binds RNA. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. Dec. 5 1995, 217(1):292-303.
11. Hubert M., Wang S.Y., Wang J.L., Seve A.P., Hubert J. Intranuclear distribution of galectin-3 in mouse 3T3 fibroblasts: comparative analyses by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy. Exp. Cell Res. Oct. 1995, 220(2):397-406.
12. Craig S.S., Krishnaswamy P., Irani A.M., Kepley C.L., Liu F.T., Schwartz L.B. Immunoelectron microscopic localization of galectin-3, an IgE binding protein, in human mast cells and basophils. Anat. Rec. Jun. 1995, 242(2):211-219.
13. Cooper D.N., Barondes S.H. God must love galectins; he made so many of them. Glycobiology Oct. 1999, 9(10):979-984.
14. Liu F.T., Patterson R.J., Wang J.L. Intracellular functions of galectins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Sep. 19 2002, 1572(2-3):263-273.
15. Saal I., Nagy N., Lensch M., Lohr M., Manning J.C., Decaestecker C., et al. Human galectin-2: expression profiling by RT-PCR/immunohistochemistry and its introduction as a histochemical tool for ligand localization. Histol. Histopathol. Oct. 2005, 20(4):1191-1208.
16. Dumic J., Dabelic S., Flogel M. Galectin-3: an open-ended story. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Apr. 2006, 1760(4):616-635.
17. Sharma U.C., Pokharel S., van Brakel T.J., van Berlo J.H., Cleutjens J.P., Schroen B., et al. Galectin-3 marks activated macrophages in failure-prone hypertrophied hearts and contributes to cardiac dysfunction. Circulation Nov. 9 2004, 110(19):3121-3128.
18. Folkman J. Angiogenesis in cancer, vascular, rheumatoid and other disease. Nat. Med. Jan. 1995, 1(1):27-31.
19. Pluda J.M. Tumor-associated angiogenesis: mechanisms, clinical implications, and therapeutic strategies. Semin. Oncol. Apr. 1997, 24(2):203-218.
20. Lee A.H., Happerfield L.C., Bobrow L.G., Millis R.R. Angiogenesis and inflammation in invasive carcinoma of the breast. J. Clin. Pathol. Aug. 1997, 50(8):669-673.
21. Yamane J., Ishibashi S., Sakaguchi M., Kuroiwa T., Kanemura Y., Nakamura M., et al. Transplantation of human neural stem/progenitor cells overexpressing galectin-1 improves functional recovery from focal brain ischemia in the Mongolian gerbil. Mol. Brain 2011, 4:35.
22. Moreno P.R., Purushothaman K.R., Fuster V., Echeverri D., Truszczynska H., Sharma S.K., et al. Plaque neovascularization is increased in ruptured atherosclerotic lesions of human aorta: implications for plaque vulnerability. Circulation Oct. 5 2004, 110(14):2032-2038.
23. Patterson R.J., Wang W., Wang J.L. Understanding the biochemical activities of galectin-1 and galectin-3 in the nucleus. Glycoconj. J. 2004, 19(7-9):499-506.
24. Thijssen V.L., Hulsmans S., Griffioen A.W. The galectin profile of the endothelium: altered expression and localization in activated and tumor endothelial cells. Am. J. Pathol. Feb. 2008, 172(2):545-553.
25. Thijssen V.L., Barkan B., Shoji H., Aries I.M., Mathieu V., Deltour L., et al. Tumor cells secrete galectin-1 to enhance endothelial cell activity. Cancer Res. Aug. 1 2010, 70(15):6216-6224.
26. Hsieh S.H., Ying N.W., Wu M.H., Chiang W.F., Hsu C.L., Wong T.Y., et al. Galectin-1, a novel ligand of neuropilin-1, activates VEGFR-2 signaling and modulates the migration of vascular endothelial cells. Oncogene Jun. 12 2008, 27(26):3746-3753.
27. Thijssen V.L., Postel R., Brandwijk R.J., Dings R.P., Nesmelova I., Satijn S., et al. Galectin-1 is essential in tumor angiogenesis and is a target for antiangiogenesis therapy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. Oct. 24 2006, 103(43):15975-15980.
28. Jouve N., Despoix N., Espeli M., Gauthier L., Cypowyj S., Fallague K., et al. The involvement of CD146 and its novel ligand Galectin-1 in apoptotic regulation of endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. Jan. 25 2013, 288(4):2571-2579.
29. Al-Salam S., Hashmi S. Galectin-1 in early acute myocardial infarction. PLoS One 2014, 9(1):e86994.
30. Carmeliet P., Dor Y., Herbert J.M., Fukumura D., Brusselmans K., Dewerchin M., et al. Role of HIF-1alpha in hypoxia-mediated apoptosis, cell proliferation and tumour angiogenesis. Nature Jul. 30 1998, 394(6692):485-490.
31. Lee S.H., Wolf P.L., Escudero R., Deutsch R., Jamieson S.W., Thistlethwaite P.A. Early expression of angiogenesis factors in acute myocardial ischemia and infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. Mar. 2 2000, 342(9):626-633.
32. Hirota K., Semenza G.L. Regulation of angiogenesis by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. Jul. 2006, 59(1):15-26.
33. Ueda S., Kuwabara I., Liu F.T. Suppression of tumor growth by galectin-7 gene transfer. Cancer Res. Aug. 15 2004, 64(16):5672-5676.
34. Demers M., Magnaldo T., St-Pierre Y. A novel function for galectin-7: promoting tumorigenesis by up-regulating MMP-9 gene expression. Cancer Res. Jun. 15 2005, 65(12):5205-5210.
35. Yabluchanskiy A., Ma Y., Chiao Y.A., Lopez E.F., Voorhees A.P., Toba H., et al. Cardiac aging is initiated by matrix metalloproteinase-9-mediated endothelial dysfunction. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. May 15 2014, 306(10):H1398-H1407.
36. Ovechkin A.V., Tyagi N., Rodriguez W.E., Hayden M.R., Moshal K.S., Tyagi S.C. Role of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in endothelial apoptosis in chronic heart failure in mice. J. Appl. Physiol. Dec 2005, 99(6):2398-2405.
37. Shah R.V., Chen-Tournoux A.A., Picard M.H., van Kimmenade R.R., Januzzi J.L. Galectin-3, cardiac structure and function, and long-term mortality in patients with acutely decompensated heart failure. Eur. J. Heart Fail. Aug. 2010, 12(8):826-832.
38. Rehman J., Li J., Orschell C.M., March K.L. Peripheral blood "endothelial progenitor cells" are derived from monocyte/macrophages and secrete angiogenic growth factors. Circulation Mar. 4 2003, 107(8):1164-1169.
39. Nangia-Makker P., Honjo Y., Sarvis R., Akahani S., Hogan V., Pienta K.J., et al. Galectin-3 induces endothelial cell morphogenesis and angiogenesis. Am. J. Pathol. Mar. 2000, 156(3):899-909.
40. Markowska A.I., Liu F.T., Panjwani N. Galectin-3 is an important mediator of. J. Exp. Med. Aug. 30 2010, 207(9):1981-1993.
41. Wan S.Y., Zhang T.F., Ding Y. Galectin-3 enhances proliferation and angiogenesis of endothelial cells differentiated from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Transplant. Proc. Dec. 2011, 43(10):3933-3938.
42. Etulain J., Negrotto S., Tribulatti M.V., Croci D.O., Carabelli J., Campetella O., et al. Control of angiogenesis by galectins involves the release of platelet-derived proangiogenic factors. PLoS One 2014, 9(4):e96402.
43. Fukushi J., Makagiansar I.T., Stallcup W.B. NG2 proteoglycan promotes endothelial cell motility and angiogenesis via engagement of galectin-3 and alpha3beta1 integrin. Mol. Biol. Cell Aug. 2004, 15(8):3580-3590.
44. Chen C., Duckworth C.A., Fu B., Pritchard D.M., Rhodes J.M., Yu L.G. Circulating galectins -2, -4 and -8 in cancer patients make important contributions to the increased circulation of several cytokines and chemokines that promote angiogenesis and metastasis. Br. J. Cancer Feb. 4 2014, 110(3):741-752.
45. Kim S.W., Park K.C., Jeon S.M., Ohn T.B., Kim T.I., Kim W.H., et al. Abrogation of galectin-4 expression promotes tumorigenesis in colorectal cancer. Cell. Oncol. (Dordr) Apr 2013, 36(2):169-178.
46. Rabinovich G.A., Baum L.G., Tinari N., Paganelli R., Natoli C., Liu F.T., et al. Galectins and their ligands: amplifiers, silencers or tuners of the inflammatory response?. Trends Immunol. Jun 2002, 23(6):313-320.
47. Delgado V.M., Nugnes L.G., Colombo L.L., Troncoso M.F., Fernandez M.M., Malchiodi E.L., et al. Modulation of endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis: a novel function for the "tandem-repeat" lectin galectin-8. FASEB J. Jan. 2011, 25(1):242-254.
48. Heusschen R., Griffioen A.W., Thijssen V.L. Galectin-9 in tumor biology: a jack of multiple trades. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Aug. 2013, 1836(1):177-185.
49. Ishikawa A., Imaizumi T., Yoshida H., Nishi N., Nakamura T., Hirashima M., et al. Double-stranded RNA enhances the expression of galectin-9 in vascular endothelial cells. Immunol. Cell Biol. Aug. 2004, 82(4):410-414.
50. Faber J.E., Chilian W.M., Deindl E., van R.N., Simons M. A brief etymology of the collateral circulation. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. Sep. 2014, 34(9):1854-1859.
51. Pfitzner J. Poiseuille and his law. Anaesthesia Mar. 1976, 31(2):273-275.
52. Scholz D., Ziegelhoeffer T., Helisch A., Wagner S., Friedrich C., Podzuweit T., et al. Contribution of arteriogenesis and angiogenesis to postocclusive hindlimb perfusion in mice. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. Jul. 2002, 34(7):775-787.
53. Meier P., Gloekler S., Zbinden R., Beckh S., de Marchi S.F., Zbinden S., et al. Beneficial effect of recruitable collaterals: a 10-year follow-up study in patients with stable coronary artery disease undergoing quantitative collateral measurements. Circulation Aug. 28 2007, 116(9):975-983.
54. Seiler C. The human coronary collateral circulation. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. May 2010, 40(5):465-476.
55. Heil M., Schaper W. Influence of mechanical, cellular, and molecular factors on collateral artery growth (arteriogenesis). Circ. Res. Sep. 3 2004, 95(5):449-458.
56. van der Laan A.M., Schirmer S.H., de Vries M.R., Koning J.J., Volger O.L., Fledderus J.O., et al. Galectin-2 expression is dependent on the rs7291467 polymorphism and acts as an inhibitor of arteriogenesis. Eur. Heart J. Aug. 2011, 10.
57. Yildirim C., Vogel D.Y., Hollander M.R., Baggen J.M., Fontijn R.D., Nieuwenhuis S., et al. Galectin-2 induces a proinflammatory, anti-arteriogenic phenotype in monocytes and macrophages. PLoS One 2015, 10(4):e0124347.
58. Jantsch J., Binger K.J., Muller D.N., Titze J. Macrophages in homeostatic immune function. Front. Physiol. 2014, 5:146.
59. Faas M.M., Spaans F., De V.P. Monocytes and macrophages in pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. Front. Immunol. 2014, 5:298.
60. Svensson-Arvelund J., Ernerudh J., Buse E., Cline J.M., Haeger J.D., Dixon D., et al. The placenta in toxicology. Part II: Systemic and local immune adaptations in pregnancy. Toxicol. Pathol. 2014, 42(2):327-338.
61. Malik R.K., Ghurye R.R., Lawrence-Watt D.J., Stewart H.J. Galectin-1 stimulates monocyte chemotaxis via the p44/42 MAP kinase pathway and a pertussis toxin-sensitive pathway. Glycobiology Dec 2009, 19(12):1402-1407.
62. Auvynet C., Moreno S., Melchy E., Coronado-Martinez I., Montiel J.L., Aguilar-Delfin I., et al. Galectin-1 promotes human neutrophil migration. Glycobiology Jan 2013, 23(1):32-42.
63. Sano H., Hsu D.K., Yu L., Apgar J.R., Kuwabara I., Yamanaka T., et al. Human galectin-3 is a novel chemoattractant for monocytes and macrophages. J. Immunol. Aug. 15 2000, 165(4):2156-2164.
64. Dumont P., Berton A., Nagy N., Sandras F., Tinton S., Demetter P., et al. Expression of galectin-3 in the tumor immune response in colon cancer. Lab. Invest. Aug. 2008, 88(8):896-906.
65. Mackinnon A.C., Farnworth S.L., Hodkinson P.S., Henderson N.C., Atkinson K.M., Leffler H., et al. Regulation of alternative macrophage activation by galectin-3. J. Immunol. Feb. 15 2008, 180(4):2650-2658.
66. Wijesundera K.K., Izawa T., Tennakoon A.H., Murakami H., Golbar H.M., Katou-Ichikawa C., et al. M1- and M2-macrophage polarization in rat liver cirrhosis induced by thioacetamide (TAA), focusing on Iba1 and galectin-3. Exp. Mol. Pathol. Jun. 2014, 96(3):382-392.
67. Moiseeva E.P., Spring E.L., Baron J.H., de Bono D.P. Galectin 1 modulates attachment, spreading and migration of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells via interactions with cellular receptors and components of extracellular matrix. J. Vasc. Res. Jan. 1999, 36(1):47-58.
68. Moiseeva E.P., Javed Q., Spring E.L., de Bono D.P. Galectin 1 is involved in vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Cardiovasc. Res. Jan. 14 2000, 45(2):493-502.
69. He W., Fang Z., Wang F., Wu K., Xu Y., Zhou H., et al. Galectin-9 significantly prolongs the survival of fully mismatched cardiac allografts in mice. Transplantation Sep. 27 2009, 88(6):782-790.
70. Chellan B., Narayani J., Appukuttan P.S. Galectin-1, an endogenous lectin produced by arterial cells, binds lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] in situ: relevance to atherogenesis. Exp. Mol. Pathol. Dec. 2007, 83(3):399-404.
71. Ozaki K., Sato H., Inoue K., Tsunoda T., Sakata Y., Mizuno H., et al. SNPs in BRAP associated with risk of myocardial infarction in Asian populations. Nat. Genet. Mar. 2009, 41(3):329-333.
72. Ikeda S., Tanaka N., Arai T., Chida K., Muramatsu M., Sawabe M. Polymorphisms of LTA, LGALS2, and PSMA6 genes and coronary atherosclerosis: a pathological study of 1503 consecutive autopsy cases. Atherosclerosis Apr. 2012, 221(2):458-460.
73. Kimura A., Takahashi M., Choi B.Y., Bae S.W., Hohta S., Sasaoka T., et al. Lack of association between LTA and LGALS2 polymorphisms and myocardial infarction in Japanese and Korean populations. Tissue Antigens Mar. 2007, 69(3):265-269.
74. Mangino M., Braund P., Singh R., Steeds R., Thompson J.R., Channer K., et al. LGALS2 functional variant rs7291467 is not associated with susceptibility to myocardial infarction in Caucasians. Atherosclerosis Sep. 2007, 194(1):112-115.
75. Nachtigal M., Ghaffar A., Mayer E.P. Galectin-3 gene inactivation reduces atherosclerotic lesions and adventitial inflammation in ApoE-deficient mice. Am. J. Pathol. Jan. 2008, 172(1):247-255.
76. Arar C., Gaudin J.C., Capron L., Legrand A. Galectin-3 gene (LGALS3) expression in experimental atherosclerosis and cultured smooth muscle cells. FEBS Lett. Jul. 3 1998, 430(3):307-311.
77. Mackinnon A.C., Liu X., Hadoke P.W., Miller M.R., Newby D.E., Sethi T. Inhibition of galectin-3 reduces atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Glycobiology Jun. 2013, 23(6):654-663.
78. Sano H., Hsu D.K., Yu L., Apgar J.R., Kuwabara I., Yamanaka T., et al. Human galectin-3 is a novel chemoattractant for monocytes and macrophages. J. Immunol. Aug. 15 2000, 165(4):2156-2164.
79. Lee Y.J., Koh Y.S., Park H.E., Lee H.J., Hwang B.H., Kang M.K., et al. Spatial and temporal expression, and statin responsiveness of galectin-1 and galectin-3 in murine atherosclerosis. Korean Circ. J. Apr. 2013, 43(4):223-230.
80. Fermino M.L., Polli C.D., Toledo K.A., Liu F.T., Hsu D.K., Roque-Barreira M.C., et al. LPS-induced galectin-3 oligomerization results in enhancement of neutrophil activation. PLoS One 2011, 6(10):e26004.
81. Lehr H.A., Sagban T.A., Ihling C., Zahringer U., Hungerer K.D., Blumrich M., et al. Immunopathogenesis of atherosclerosis: endotoxin accelerates atherosclerosis in rabbits on hypercholesterolemic diet. Circulation Aug. 21 2001, 104(8):914-920.
82. Vink A., Schoneveld A.H., van der Meer J.J., Van Middelaar B.J., Sluijter J.P., Smeets M.B., et al. In vivo evidence for a role of toll-like receptor 4 in the development of intimal lesions. Circulation Oct. 8 2002, 106(15):1985-1990.
83. Michelsen K.S., Wong M.H., Shah P.K., Zhang W., Yano J., Doherty T.M., et al. Lack of Toll-like receptor 4 or myeloid differentiation factor 88 reduces atherosclerosis and alters plaque phenotype in mice deficient in apolipoprotein E. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. Jul. 20 2004, 101(29):10679-10684.
84. Colin S., Chinetti-Gbaguidi G., Staels B. Macrophage phenotypes in atherosclerosis. Immunol. Rev. Nov. 2014, 262(1):153-166.
85. De P.F., Staels B., Chinetti-Gbaguidi G. Macrophage phenotypes and their modulation in atherosclerosis. Circ. J. 2014, 78(8):1775-1781.
86. Novak R., Dabelic S., Dumic J. Galectin-1 and galectin-3 expression profiles in classically and alternatively activated human macrophages. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Sep. 2012, 1820(9):1383-1390.
87. Ozturk D., Celik O., Satilmis S., Aslan S., Erturk M., Cakmak H.A., et al. Association between serum galectin-3 levels and coronary atherosclerosis and plaque burden/structure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Coron. Artery Dis. Apr. 2015, 15.
88. Opavsky M.A., Penninger J., Aitken K., Wen W.H., Dawood F., Mak T., et al. Susceptibility to myocarditis is dependent on the response of alphabeta T lymphocytes to coxsackieviral infection. Circ. Res. Sep. 17 1999, 85(6):551-558.
89. Huber S.A., Sartini D., Exley M. Vgamma4(+) T cells promote autoimmune CD8(+) cytolytic T-lymphocyte activation in coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis in mice: role for CD4(+) Th1 cells. J. Virol. Nov. 2002, 76(21):10785-10790.
90. Huber S., Shi C., Budd R.C. Gammadelta T cells promote a Th1 response during coxsackievirus B3 infection in vivo: role of Fas and Fas ligand. J. Virol. Jul. 2002, 76(13):6487-6494.
91. Matsumoto R., Matsumoto H., Seki M., Hata M., Asano Y., Kanegasaki S., et al. Human ecalectin, a variant of human galectin-9, is a novel eosinophil chemoattractant produced by T lymphocytes. J. Biol. Chem. Jul. 3 1998, 273(27):16976-16984.
92. De Giusti C.J., Ure A.E., Rivadeneyra L., Schattner M., Gomez R.M. Macrophages and galectin 3 play critical roles in CVB3-induced murine acute myocarditis and chronic fibrosis. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. May 20 2015, 85:58-70.
93. Lv K., Xu W., Wang C., Niki T., Hirashima M., Xiong S. Galectin-9 administration ameliorates CVB3 induced myocarditis by promoting the proliferation of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated Th2 cells. Clin. Immunol. Jul. 2011, 140(1):92-101.
94. Zhang Y., Jiang L., Zhang M., Lv K. Galectin-9 induced myeloid suppressor cells expand regulatory T cells in an IL-10-dependent manner in CVB3-induced acute myocarditis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15(3):3356-3372.
95. Kamal F.A., Watanabe K., Ma M., Abe Y., Elbarbary R., Kodama M., et al. A novel phenylpyridazinone, T-3999, reduces the progression of autoimmune myocarditis to dilated cardiomyopathy. Heart Vessels Jan. 2011, 26(1):81-90.
96. Ferrer M.F., Pascuale C.A., Gomez R.M., Leguizamon M.S. DTU I isolates of Trypanosoma cruzi induce upregulation of Galectin-3 in murine myocarditis and fibrosis. Parasitology May 2014, 141(6):849-858.
97. Ishibashi S., Kuroiwa T., Sakaguchi M., Sun L., Kadoya T., Okano H., et al. Galectin-1 regulates neurogenesis in the subventricular zone and promotes functional recovery after stroke. Exp. Neurol. Oct. 2007, 207(2):302-313.
98. Inacio A.R., Ruscher K., Leng L., Bucala R., Deierborg T. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor promotes cell death and aggravates neurologic deficits after experimental stroke. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. Apr. 2011, 31(4):1093-1106.
99. Walther M., Kuklinski S., Pesheva P., Guntinas-Lichius O., Angelov D.N., Neiss W.F., et al. Galectin-3 is upregulated in microglial cells in response to ischemic brain lesions, but not to facial nerve axotomy. J. Neurosci. Res. Aug. 15 2000, 61(4):430-435.
100. Yan Y.P., Lang B.T., Vemuganti R., Dempsey R.J. Galectin-3 mediates post-ischemic tissue remodeling. Brain Res. Sep. 8 2009, 1288:116-124.
101. Young C.C., Al-Dalahmah O., Lewis N.J., Brooks K.J., Jenkins M.M., Poirier F., et al. Blocked angiogenesis in Galectin-3 null mice does not alter cellular and behavioral recovery after middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke. Neurobiol. Dis. Mar. 2014, 63:155-164.
102. Lalancette-Hebert M., Swarup V., Beaulieu J.M., Bohacek I., Abdelhamid E., Weng Y.C., et al. Galectin-3 is required for resident microglia activation and proliferation in response to ischemic injury. J. Neurosci. Jul. 25 2012, 32(30):10383-10395.
103. Yamada Y., Kato K., Oguri M., Yoshida T., Yokoi K., Watanabe S., et al. Association of genetic variants with atherothrombotic cerebral infarction in Japanese individuals with metabolic syndrome. Int. J. Mol. Med. Jun. 2008, 21(6):801-808.
104. Szolnoki Z., Maasz A., Magyari L., Horvatovich K., Farago B., Kondacs A., et al. Galectin-2 3279TT variant protects against the lymphotoxin-alpha 252GG genotype associated ischaemic stroke. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. Apr. 2009, 111(3):227-230.
105. Babuin L., Jaffe A.S. Troponin: the biomarker of choice for the detection of cardiac injury. CMAJ Nov. 8 2005, 173(10):1191-1202.
106. Milner T.D., Viner A.C., Mackinnon A.C., Sethi T., Flapan A.D. Temporal expression of galectin-3 following myocardial infarction. Acta Cardiol. Dec. 2014, 69(6):595-602.
107. Arias T., Petrov A., Chen J., de HH, Perez-Medina C., Strijkers G.J., et al. Labeling galectin-3 for the assessment of myocardial infarction in rats. EJNMMI Res Dec 2014, 4(1):75.
108. Sanchez-Mas J., Lax A., Asensio-Lopez M.C., Fernandez-Del Palacio M.J., Caballero L., Garrido I.P., et al. Galectin-3 expression in cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction. Int. J. Cardiol. 2014, 172(1):e98-e101.
109. Bleumink G.S., Knetsch A.M., Sturkenboom M.C., Straus S.M., Hofman A., Deckers J.W., et al. Quantifying the heart failure epidemic: prevalence, incidence rate, lifetime risk and prognosis of heart failure The Rotterdam Study. Eur. Heart J. Sep. 2004, 25(18):1614-1619.
110. Lloyd-Jones D.M., Larson M.G., Leip E.P., Beiser A., D'Agostino R.B., Kannel W.B., et al. Lifetime risk for developing congestive heart failure: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation Dec. 10 2002, 106(24):3068-3072.
111. Grandin E.W., Jarolim P., Murphy S.A., Ritterova L., Cannon C.P., Braunwald E., et al. Galectin-3 and the Development of Heart Failure after Acute Coronary Syndrome: Pilot Experience from PROVE IT-TIMI 22. Clin. Chem. Jan. 2012, 58(1):267-273.
112. Sharma U.C., Pokharel S., van Brakel T.J., van Berlo J.H., Cleutjens J.P., Schroen B., et al. Galectin-3 marks activated macrophages in failure-prone hypertrophied hearts and contributes to cardiac dysfunction. Circulation Nov. 9 2004, 110(19):3121-3128.
113. Yu L., Ruifrok W.P., Meissner M., Bos E.M., GH van, Sanjabi B., et al. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of galectin-3 prevents cardiac remodeling by interfering with myocardial fibrogenesis. Circ. Heart Fail. Jan. 2013, 6(1):107-117.
114. Liu Y.H., D'Ambrosio M., Liao T.D., Peng H., Rhaleb N.E., Sharma U., et al. N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline prevents cardiac remodeling and dysfunction induced by galectin-3, a mammalian adhesion/growth-regulatory lectin. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. Feb. 2009, 296(2):H404-H412.
115. Psarras S., Mavroidis M., Sanoudou D., Davos C.H., Xanthou G., Varela A.E., et al. Regulation of adverse remodelling by osteopontin in a genetic heart failure model. Eur. Heart J. Jul. 20 2011.
116. Toprak G., Yuksel H., Demirpence O., Islamoglu Y., Evliyaoglu O., Mete N. Fibrosis in heart failure subtypes. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. Sep. 2013, 17(17):2302-2309.
117. Lok D.J., Klip I.T., Lok S.I., Bruggink-Andre de la Porte P.W., Badings E., van W.J., et al. Incremental prognostic power of novel biomarkers (growth-differentiation factor-15, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, galectin-3, and high-sensitivity troponin-T) in patients with advanced chronic heart failure. Am. J. Cardiol. Sep. 15 2013, 112(6):831-837.
118. Wu A.H., Wians F., Jaffe A. Biological variation of galectin-3 and soluble ST2 for chronic heart failure: implication on interpretation of test results. Am. Heart J. Jun. 2013, 165(6):995-999.
119. Felker G.M., Fiuzat M., Shaw L.K., Clare R., Whellan D.J., Bettari L., et al. Galectin-3 in Ambulatory Patients With Heart Failure: Results From the HF-ACTION Study. Circ. Heart Fail. Jan. 1 2012, 5(1):72-78.
120. Karayannis G., Triposkiadis F., Skoularigis J., Georgoulias P., Butler J., Giamouzis G. The emerging role of Galectin-3 and ST2 in heart failure: practical considerations and pitfalls using novel biomarkers. Curr. Heart Fail. Rep. Dec. 2013, 10(4):441-449.
121. Chen K., Jiang R.J., Wang C.Q., Yin Z.F., Fan Y.Q., Cao J.T., et al. Predictive value of plasma galectin-3 in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. Apr. 2013, 17(8):1005-1011.
122. van Kimmenade R.R., Januzzi J.L., Ellinor P.T., Sharma U.C., Bakker J.A., Low A.F., et al. Utility of amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, galectin-3, and apelin for the evaluation of patients with acute heart failure. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Sep. 19 2006, 48(6):1217-1224.
123. Kortekaas K.A., Hoogslag G.E., de Boer R.A., Dokter M.M., Versteegh M.I., Braun J., et al. Galectin-3 and left ventricular reverse remodelling after surgical mitral valve repair. Eur. J. Heart Fail. Sep. 2013, 15(9):1011-1018.
124. Motiwala S.R., Szymonifka J., Belcher A., Weiner R.B., Baggish A.L., Sluss P., et al. Serial measurement of galectin-3 in patients with chronic heart failure: results from the ProBNP Outpatient Tailored Chronic Heart Failure Therapy (PROTECT) study. Eur. J. Heart Fail. Oct. 2013, 15(10):1157-1163.
125. Djousse L., Matsumoto C., Petrone A., Weir N.L., Tsai M.Y., Gaziano J.M. Plasma galectin 3 and heart failure risk in the Physicians' Health Study. Eur. J. Heart Fail. Mar. 2014, 16(3):350-354.
126. Ho J.E., Liu C., Lyass A., Courchesne P., Pencina M.J., Vasan R.S., et al. Galectin-3, a marker of cardiac fibrosis, predicts incident heart failure in the community. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Oct. 2 2012, 60(14):1249-1256.
127. Gullestad L., Ueland T., Kjekshus J., Nymo S.H., Hulthe J., Muntendam P., et al. The predictive value of galectin-3 for mortality and cardiovascular events in the Controlled Rosuvastatin Multinational Trial in Heart Failure (CORONA). Am. Heart J. Dec. 2012, 164(6):878-883.
128. van der Velde A.R., Gullestad L., Ueland T., Aukrust P., Guo Y., Adourian A., et al. Prognostic value of changes in galectin-3 levels over time in patients with heart failure: data from CORONA and COACH. Circ. Heart Fail. Mar. 2013, 6(2):219-226.
129. Januzzi J.L., Camargo C.A., Anwaruddin S., Baggish A.L., Chen A.A., Krauser D.G., et al. The N-terminal Pro-BNP investigation of dyspnea in the emergency department (PRIDE) study. Am. J. Cardiol. Apr. 15 2005, 95(8):948-954.
130. Meijers W.C., Januzzi J.L., deFilippi C., Adourian A.S., Shah S.J., van Veldhuisen D.J., et al. Elevated plasma galectin-3 is associated with near-term rehospitalization in heart failure: a pooled analysis of 3 clinical trials. Am. Heart J. Jun. 2014, 167(6):853-860.
131. Carrasco-Sanchez F.J., Aramburu-Bodas O., Salamanca-Bautista P., Morales-Rull J.L., Galisteo-Almeda L., Paez-Rubio M.I., et al. Predictive value of serum galectin-3 levels in patients with acute heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Int. J. Cardiol. Nov. 5 2013, 169(3):177-182.
132. Bayes-Genis A., De Antonio A.M., Vila J., Penafiel J., Galan A., Barallat J., et al. Head-to-head comparison of 2 myocardial fibrosis biomarkers for long-term heart failure risk stratification: ST2 versus galectin-3. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Jan. 21 2014, 63(2):158-166.
133. Lopez-Andres N., Rossignol P., Iraqi W., Fay R., Nuee J., Ghio S., et al. Association of galectin-3 and fibrosis markers with long-term cardiovascular outcomes in patients with heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, and dyssynchrony: insights from the CARE-HF (Cardiac Resynchronization in Heart Failure) trial. Eur. J. Heart Fail. Jan. 2012, 14(1):74-81.
134. Seropian I.M., Cerliani J.P., Toldo S., Van Tassell B.W., Ilarregui J.M., Gonzalez G.E., et al. Galectin-1 controls cardiac inflammation and ventricular remodeling during acute myocardial infarction. Am. J. Pathol. Jan. 2013, 182(1):29-40.
135. Sonmez O., Ertem F.U., Vatankulu M.A., Erdogan E., Tasal A., Kucukbuzcu S., et al. Novel fibro-inflammation markers in assessing left atrial remodeling in non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Med. Sci. Monit. 2014, 20:463-470.
136. Gurses K.M., Yalcin M.U., Kocyigit D., Canpinar H., Evranos B., Yorgun H., et al. Effects of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation on Serum Galectin-3 Levels. Am. J. Cardiol. Dec. 2014, 18.
137. Szadkowska I., Wlazel R.N., Migala M., Szadkowski K., Zielinska M., Paradowski M., et al. The association between galectin-3 and clinical parameters in patients with first acute myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary angioplasty. Cardiol. J. 2013, 20(6):577-582.