A review of computational fluid dynamics for forced-air cooling process

Applied Energy

Volumn 168, Issue , 2016, Pages 314-331

  Zhao, Chun Jiang ^a   Han, Jia Wei ^a,b   Yang, Xin Ting ^a   Qian, Jian Ping ^a   Fan, Bei Lei ^a  

^a NATIONAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER FOR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE   (China)

^b BEIJING UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (China)

Author keywords

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD); Forced air precooling; Numerical analysis; Package; Porous medium

Indexed keywords

AIR; CHILLING; COOLING; DYNAMICS; ENERGY EFFICIENCY; FLUID DYNAMICS; HEAT TRANSFER; MASS TRANSFER; NUMERICAL ANALYSIS; PACKAGING; POROUS MATERIALS; THERMAL PROCESSING (FOODS);

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS MODELS; COOLING EFFICIENCY; COOLING PERFORMANCE; ENERGY EFFICIENT; FORCED AIR COOLING; FORCED-AIR PRECOOLING; PACKAGING DESIGNS; POROUS MEDIUM;

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS;

AIRFLOW; COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS; COOLING; ENERGY EFFICIENCY; FOOD STORAGE; HEAT TRANSFER; MASS TRANSFER; NUMERICAL MODEL; OPTIMIZATION; PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT; POROUS MEDIUM;

EID: 84961755733     PISSN: 03062619     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.01.101     Document Type: Review

References (145)

1. Brosnan T., Sun D.W. Precooling techniques and applications for horticultural products - a review. Int J Food Eng 2001, 24:154-170.
2. Ambaw A., Delele M.A., Defraeye T., Ho Q.T., Opara L.U., Nicolaï B.M., et al. The use of CFD to characterize and design post-harvest storage facilities: post, present and future. Comput Electron Agric 2013, 93:184-194.
3. Dennis C. Effect of storage and distribution conditions on the quality of vegetables. Acta Hortic 1984, 163:85-104.
4. Kader A.A. Prevention of ripening in fruits by the use of controlled atmosphere. Food Technol 1980, 34:50-54.
5. Han J.W., Zhao C.J., Yang X.T., Qian J.P., Fan B.L. Computational modeling of airflow and heat transfer in a vented box during cooling: optimal package design. Appl Therm Eng 2015, 91:883-893.
6. Delele M.A., Ngcobo M.E.K., Getahun S.T., Chen L., Mellmann J., Opara U.L. Studying airflow and heat transfer characteristics of a horticultural produce packaging system using a 3-CFD model. Part I: Model development and validation. J Food Eng 2013, 86:536-545.
7. Delele M.A., Ngcobo M.E.K., Getahun S.T., Chen L., Mellmann J., Opara U.L. Studying airflow and heat transfer characteristics of a horticultural produce packaging system using a 3-CFD model. Part II: Effect of package design. J Food Eng 2013, 86:546-555.
8. Han J.W., Zhao C.J., Yang X.T., Qian J.P., Xing B. Computational fluid dynamics simulation to determine combined mode to conserve energy in refrigerated vehicles. J Food Process Eng 2015, 10.1111/jfpe.12211.
9. Castro L.R.D., Vigneault C., Cortez L.A.B. Cooling performance of horticultural produce in containers with peripheral openings. Postharvest Biol Technol 2005, 38:254-261.
10. Defraeye T., Cronjé P., Opara U.L., East A., Hertog M., Verboven P., et al. Towards integrated performance evaluation of future packaging for fresh produce in the cold chain. Trends Food Sci Technol 2015, 44:201-225.
11. Defraeye T., Lambrecht R., Tsige A.A., Delele M.A., Opara U.L., Cronjé P., et al. Forced-convective cooling of citrus fruit: package design. J Food Eng 2013, 118:8-18.
12. Dehghannya J., Ngadi M., Vigneault C. Mathematical modeling of airflow and heat transfer during forced convection cooling of produce considering various package vent areas. Food Contr 2011, 22:1393-1399.
13. Norton T., Sun D.W. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) - an effective and efficient design and analysis tool for the food industry: a review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2006, 17:600-620.
14. Crisosto C.H., Johnson R.S., Day K.R., Beede B., Andris H. Contaminants and injury induce inking on peaches and nectarines. Calif Agric 1999, 53:19-23.
15. Jung A., Fryer P.J. Optimising the quality of safe food: computational modelling of a continuous sterilisation process. Chem Eng Sci 1999, 54:717-730.
16. Tattiyakul J., Rao M.A., Datta A.K. Simulation of heat transfer to a canned corn starch dispersion subjected to axial rotation. Chem Eng Process 2001, 40:391-399.
17. Dehghannya J., Ngadi M., Vigneault C. Transport phenomena modelling during produce cooling for optimal package design: thermal sensitivity analysis. Biosyst Eng 2012, 111:315-324.
18. He S., Li Y.F. Theoretical simulation of vacuum cooling of spherical foods. Appl Therm Eng 2003, 23:1489-1501.
19. Pathare P.B., Opara U.L., Vigneault C., Delele M.A., Al-Said A.J. Design of packaging vents for cooling fresh horticultural produce. Food Bioprocess Technol 2012, 5:2031-2045.
20. Vigneault C., Castro L.R.D. Produce-simulator property evaluation for indirect airflow distribution measurement through horticultural crop package. J Food Agric Environ 2005, 3:67-72.
21. Defraeye T., Lambrecht R., Delele M.A., Tsige A.A., Opara U.L., Cronjé P., et al. Forced-convective cooling of citrus fruit: cooling conditions and energy consumption in relation to package design. J Food Eng 2014, 121:118-127.
22. Galić K., Ščetar M., Kurek M. The benefits of processing and packaging. Trends Food Sci Technol 2011, 22:127-137.
23. Castro L.R.D., Cortez L.A.B., Vigneault C. Effect of sorting, refrigeration and packaging on tomato shelf life. Int J Food Agric Environ 2006, 4:70-74.
24. Vigneault C., Thompson J., Wu S., Hui K.P.C., Leblanc D.L. Transportation of fresh horticultural produce. Postharvest Technol Hortic Crops 2009, 2:1-24.
25. Vigneault C., Thompson J., Wu S. Designing container for handling fresh horticultural produce. Postharvest Technol Hortic Crops 2009, 2:25-47.
26. Hui K.P.C., Vigneault C., Castro L.R.D., Raghavan G.S.V. Effect of different accessories on airflow pattern inside refrigerated semi-trailers transporting fresh produce. Appl Eng Agric 2008, 24:337-343.
27. Hui K.P.C., Vigneault C., Sotocinal S.A., Castro L.R.D., Raghavan G.S.V. Effects of loading and air bag bracing patterns on correlated relative air distribution inside refrigerated semi-trailers transporting fresh horticultural produce. Can Biosyst Eng 2008, 50:27-35.
28. Ferrua M.J., Singh R.P. Modeling the forced-air cooling process of fresh strawberry packages, Part I: Numerical model. Int J Refrig 2009, 32:335-348.
29. Ferrua M.J., Singh R.P. Modeling the forced-air cooling process of fresh strawberry packages. Part II: Experimental validation of the flow model. Int J Refrig 2009, 32:349-358.
30. Ferrua M.J., Singh R.P. Modeling the forced-air cooling process of fresh strawberry packages. Part III: Experimental validation of the energy model. Int J Refrig 2009, 32:359-368.
31. Opara U.L., Zou Q. Novel computational fluid dynamics simulation software for thermal design and evaluation of horticultural packaging. Int J Postharvest Technol Innov 2006, 1:155-169.
32. Opara U.L., Zou Q. Sensitivity analysis of a CFD modelling system for airflow and heat transfer of fresh food packaging: inlet air flow velocity and inside-package configurations. Int J Food Eng 2007, 3:1556-3758.
33. Chourasia M.K. Goswami TK.CFD simulation of effects of operating parameters and product on heat transfer and moisture loss in the stack of bagged potatoes. J Food Eng 2005, 80:947-960.
34. Chourasia M.K., Goswami T.K. Simulation of effect of stack dimensions and stacking arrangement on cool-down characteristics of potato in cold store by computational fluid dynamics. Biosyst Eng 2007, 96:503-515.
35. Dehghannya J., Ngadi M., Vigneault C. Simultaneous aerodynamic and thermal analysis during cooling of stacked spheres inside ventilated packages. Chem Eng Technol 2008, 31:1651-1659.
36. Delele M.A., Schenk A., Tijskens E., Ramon H., Nicolaï B.M., Verboven P. Optimization of the humidification of cold stores by pressurized water atomizers based on a multiscale CFD model. J Food Eng 2009, 91:228-239.
37. Delele M.A., Schenk A., Ramon H., Nicolaï B.M., Verboven P. Evaluation of a chicory root cold store humidification system using computational fluid dynamics. J Food Eng 2009, 94:110-121.
38. Chen J., Xu F., Tan D., Shen Z., Zhang L.B., Ai Q.L. A control method for agricultural greenhouses heating based on computational fluid dynamics and energy prediction model. Appl Energy 2015, 141:61-68.
39. Ge Y.T., Tassou S.A., Hadawey A. Simulation of multi-deck medium temperature display cabinets with the integration of CFD and cooling coil models. Appl Energy 2010, 87:3178-3188.
40. Delele M.A., Ngcobo M.E.K., Opara U.L., Meyer C.J. Investigating the effects of table grape package components and stacking on airflow, heat and mass transfer using 3-CFD modelling. Food Bioprocess Technol 2013, 6:2571-2585.
41. Tomás N., Sun D.W., Jim G., Richard F., Vincent D. Application of computational fluid dynamics(CFD) in the modelling and design of ventilation systems in the agricultural industry: a review. Bioresour Technol 2007, 98:2386-2414.
42. Dehghannya J., Ngadi M., Vigneault C. Mathematical modeling procedures for airflow, heat and mass transfer during forced convection cooling of produce: a review. Food Eng Rev 2010, 2:227-243.
43. Ferrua M.J., Singh R.P. Modelling airflow through vented packages containing horticultural products. Computational fluid dynamics in food processing 2007, CRC Press, Florida. D.-W. Sun (Ed.).
44. Ngcobo M.E.K., Delele M.A., Opara U.L., Zietsman C.J., Meyer C.J. Resistance to airflow and cooling patterns through multi-scale packaging of table grapes. Int J Refrig 2012, 35:445-452.
45. Xanthopoulos G., Koronaki E.D., Boudouvis A.G. Mass transport analysis in perforation-mediated modified atmosphere packaging of strawberries. J Food Eng 2012, 111:326-335.
46. Versteeg H., Malalsekeera W. An introduction to computational fluid dynamics: the finite volume method 1995, Longman, New York. 1st ed.
47. Fatnassi H., Boulard T., Poncet C., Chave M. Optimisation of greenhouse insect screening with computational fluid dynamics. Biosyst Eng 2006, 93:301-312.
48. Smale N.J., Moureh J., Cortella G. A review of numerical models of airflow in refrigerated food applications. Int J Refrig 2006, 29:911-930.
49. Xia B., Sun D.W. Application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in the food industry: a review. Comput Electron Agric 2002, 34:5-24.
50. Patankar S.V., Spalding D.B. A calculation procedure for heat, mass and momentum transfer in three-dimensional parabolic flows. Int J Heat Mass Transf 1972, 15:1787-1806.
51. Patankar S. Numerical heat transfer and fluid flow 1980, vol. 27. Hemisphere Publishing Corp.p, Washington (DC), pp. 125-126.
52. Van Doormal J.P., Raithby G.D. Enhancements of the SIMPLE method for predicting incompressible fluid flows. Numer Heat Transfer 1984, 7:147-163.
53. Issa R.I. Solution of the implicitly discretised fluid flow equations by operator-splitting. J Comput Phys 1986, 62:40-65.
54. Vigneault C., Goyette B. Design of plastic container opening to optimize forced-air precooling of fruits and vegetables. Appl Eng Agric 2002, 18:73-76.
55. Tutar M., Erdogdu F., Toka B. Computational modeling of airflow patterns and heat transfer prediction through stacked layers products in a vented box during cooling. Int J Refrig 2009, 32:295-306.
56. Allais I., Alvarez G., Flick D. Modelling cooling kinetics of a stack of spheres during mist chilling. J Food Eng 2006, 72:197-209.
57. Natalie C., Rabi M., Segerlind L.J. Predicting the cooling time for irregular shaped food products. J Food Process Eng 1996, 19:385-401.
58. Dincer I. An effective method for analyzing precooling process parameters. Int J Energy Res 1995, 19:95-102.
59. Fricke B.A. Precooling fruits & vegetables. Acad J 2006, 48:20-28.
60. Rennie T.J., Raghavan G.S.V., Gariépy Y., Vigneault C. Vacuum cooling of lettuce with various rates of pressure reduction. Trans ASAE: Am Soc Agric Eng 2001, 44:89-93.
61. Castro L.R.D., Cortez L.A.B., Vigneault C. Effect of container opening area on air distribution during precooling of horticultural produce. Trans ASAE 2004, 47:2033-2038.
62. Kumar R., Kumar A., Murthy U.N. Heat transfer during forced air precooling of perishable food products. Biosyst Eng 2008, 99:228-233.
63. Alvarez G., Flick D. Analysis of heterogeneous cooling of agricultural products inside bins Part I: Aerodynamic study. J Food Eng 1999, 39:227-237.
64. Alvarez G., Flick D. Analysis of heterogeneous cooling of agricultural products inside bins Part II: Thermal study. J Food Eng 1999, 39:239-245.
65. Castro L.R.D., Vigneault C., Cortez L.A.B. Container opening design for horticultural produce cooling efficiency. Food Agric Environ 2004, 2:135-140.
66. Castro L.R.D., Vigneault C., Cortez L.A.B. Effect of container openings and airflow rate on energy required for forced-air cooling of horticultural produce. Can Biosyst Eng 2005, 47:3.1-3.9.
67. Thompson J.F., Mejia D.C., Singh R.P. Energy use of commercial forced-air coolers for fruit. Appl Eng Agric 2010, 26:919-924.
68. Smale N.J., Tanner D.J., Amos N.D., Cleland D.J. Airflow properties of packaged horticultural produce - a practical study. Acta Hortic 2003, 599:443-450.
69. Han J., Park J.M. Finite element analysis of vent/hand hole designs for corrugated fibreboard boxes. Pack Technol Sci 2007, 20:39-47.
70. Datta A.K. Porous media approaches to studying simultaneous heat and mass transfer in food processes. I: Problem formulations. J Food Eng 2007, 80:80-95.
71. Gaskell D.R. An introduction to transport phenomena in materials engineering 1992, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York.
72. Verboven P., Hoang M.L., Baelmans M., Nicolaï B.M. Airflow through beds of apples and chicory roots. Biosyst Eng 2004, 88:117-125.
73. Miguel A.F. Airflow through porous screen: from theory to practical considerations. Energy Build 1998, 28:63-69.
74. Lage J.L., Antohe B.V., Nield D.A. Two types of nonlinear pressure-drop versus flow-rate relation observed for saturated porous media. J Fluids Eng 1997, 199:700-706.
75. Tobiś J. Turbulent resistance of complex bed structures. Chem Eng Commun 2001, 184:71-88.
76. Pakrash M., Turan O.F., Li Y.G., Mahoney J., Thorpe G.R. Impinging round jet studies in a cylindrical enclosure with and without a porous layer: Part I - Flow visualisations and simulations. Chem Eng Sci 2001, 56:3855-3878.
77. van der Sman R.G.M. Prediction of airflow through a vented box by the Darcy-Forchheimer equation. J Food Eng 2002, 55:49-57.
78. Ergum S. Fluid flow through packed column. Chem Eng Prog 1952, 89:89-94.
79. Shahbazi F. Resistance of bulk chickpea seeds to airflow. J Agric Sci Technol 2011, 13:665-676.
80. Alvarez G., Bournet P.E., Flick D. Two-dimensional simulation of turbulent flow and transfer through stacked spheres. Int J Heat Mass Transf 2003, 46:2459-2469.
81. Verboven P., Flick D., Nicolaï B.M., Alvarez G. Modelling transport phenomena in refrigerated food bulks, packages and stacks: basics and advances. Int J Refrig 2006, 29:985-997.
82. Tasnim S.H., Mahmud S., Fraser R.A., Pop I. Brinkman-Forchheimer modeling for porous media thermoacoustic system. Int J Heat Mass Transf 2011, 54:3811-3821.
83. Vafai K., Tien C.L. Boundary and inertial effects of convective mass transfer in porous media. Int J Heat Mass Transf 1980, 25:1183-1190.
84. Vafai K., Kim S.J. On the limitations of the Brinkman-Forchheimer-extended Darcy equation. Int J Heat Fluid Flow 1995, 16:11-15.
85. Wu Y., Salama A., Sun S.Y. Parallel simulation of wormhole propagation with the Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer framework. Comput Geotech 2015, 69:564-577.
86. Nield D.A. Alternative model for wall effect in laminar flow of a fluid through a packed column. AIChE J 1983, 29:688-689.
87. Rose H.E. An investigation into the laws of flow of fluids through beds of granular materials. Proc Inst Mech Eng 1945, 153:141-148.
88. Reichelt D.I.W. ZurBerechnung des Druckverlustes einphasig durchströmter Kugel- und Zylinderschüttungen. ChemieIngenieurTechnik 1972, 44:1068-1071.
89. Eisfeld B., Schnitzlein K. The influence of confining walls on the pressure drop in packed beds. Chem Eng Sci 2001, 56:4321-4329.
90. Kaviany M. Principles of heat transfer in porous media. Mechanical engineering series 1995, Springer-Verlag, NewYork.
91. Zou Q., Opara L.U., Mckibbin R. A CFD modeling system for airflow and heat transfer in ventilated packaging for fresh foods: I. Initial analysis and development of mathematical models. J Food Eng 2006, 77:1037-1047.
92. Wakao N., Kaguei S. Heat and mass transfer in packed beds 1982, Routledge, New York.
93. Nahor H.B., Hoang M.L., Verboven P., Baelmans M., Nicolaï B.M. CFD model of the airflow, heat and mass transfer in cool store. Int J Refrig 2005, 28:368-380.
94. Hoang M.L., Verboven P., Baelmans M., Nicolaï B.M. A continuum model for airflow, heat and mass transfer in bulk of chicory roots. Trans ASAE 2003, 46:1603-1611.
95. Hoang M.L., Verboven P., Baelmans M., Nicolaï B.M. Sensitivity of temperature and weight loss in the bulk of chicory roots with respect to process and product parameters. J Food Eng 2004, 62:233-243.
96. Tanner D.J., Cleland A.C., Opara L.U., Robertson T.R. A generalised mathematical modelling methodology for design of horticultural food packages exposed to refrigerated conditions. Part 1: Formulation. Int J Refrig 2002, 25:33-42.
97. Tanner D.J., Cleland A.C., Opara L.U., Robertson T.R. A generalised mathematical modelling methodology for design of horticultural food packages exposed to refrigerated conditions. Part 2: Heat transfer modelling and testing. Int J Refrig 2002, 25:43-53.
98. Zou Q., Opara L.U., Mckibbin R. A CFD modeling system for airflow and heat transfer in ventilated packaging for fresh foods: II. Computational solution, software development, and model testing. J Food Eng 2006, 77:1048-1058.
99. Nijemeisland M., Dixon A.G. CFD study of fluid flow and wall heat transfer in a fixed bed of spheres. AIChE J 2004, 50:906-921.
100. Delele M.A., Tihskens E., Atalay Y.T., Ho Q.T., Ramon H., Nicolaï B.M., et al. Combined discrete element and CFD modeling of airflow through random stacking of horticultural products in vented boxes. J Food Eng 2008, 89:33-41.
101. Nijemeisland M., Dixon A.G. Comparison of CFD simulations to experiment for convective heat transfer in a gas-solid fixed bed. Chem Eng J 2001, 82:231-246.
102. Logtenberg S.A., Nijemeisland M., Dixon A.G. Computational fluid dynamics simulations of fluid flow and heat transfer at the wall-particle contact points in a fixed bed reactor. Chem Eng Sci 1999, 54:2433-2439.
103. Rennie T.J., Tavoularis S. Perforation-mediated modified atmosphere packaging: Part I. Development of a mathematical model. Postharvest Biol Technol 2009, 51:1-9.
104. Becker B.R., Misra A., Fricke B.A. Bulk refrigeration of fruits and vegetables. Part I: Theoretical considerations of heat and mass transfer. HVAC&R Res 1996, 2:122-134.
105. ASHRAE. Psychometrics. In: 1997 ASHRAE handbook: fundamentals. Atlanta (GA): American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Inc; 1997 [chapter 6].
106. Thompson A.K. Postharvest technology of fruit and vegetables 1996, England Blackwell Science, Oxford.
107. Wills B., Mcglasson B., Graham D., Joyce D. Post-harvest: an introduction to the physiology & handling of fruits, vegetables & ornamentals 1998, UNSW Press Ltd, Sydney. 4th ed.
108. Smith R.E., Bennett A.H. Mass-average temperature of fruits and vegetables during transient cooling. Trans ASAE 1965, 8:249-253.
109. Thompson J.F., Mitchell F.G., Rumsey R.T., Kasmire R.F., Crisosto C.H. Commercial cooling of fruit, vegetables and flowers 2008, University of California, California.
110. Dincer I. Air flow precooling of individual grapes. J Food Eng 1995, 26:243-249.
111. ASHRAE. ASHRAE handbook e refrigeration: systems and applications. SI ed. Atlanta; 2010.
112. Kondjyan A. A review on surface heat and mass transfer coefficients during air chilling and storage of food products. Int J Refrig 2006, 29:863-875.
113. Thompson J.F., Chen Y.L. Comparative energy use of vacuum, hydro, and forced air coolers for fruits and vegetables. ASHRAE Trans 1988, 94:1427-1432.
114. Vigneault C., Goyette B. Effect of tapered wall container on forced-air circulation system. Can Biosyst Eng 2003, 45:23-25.
115. Vigneault C., Goyette B., Markarian N., Hui C., Côté S., Charles M.T., et al. Plastic container opening area for optimum hydrocooling. Can Biosyst Eng 2004, 46:41-44.
116. Goyette B. Pressure drop during forced-air ventilation of various horticultural produce in containers with different opening configurations. Trans ASAE 2004, 47:807-814.
117. Chau K.V., Gaffney J.J., Baird C.D., Church G.A. Resistance to airflow of oranges in bulk and in cartoons. Trans ASAE 1985, 8:2083-2088.
118. Martínez-Romero D., Castillo S., Valero D. Forced-air cooling applied before fruit handling to prevent mechanical damage of plums. Postharvest Biol Technol 2003, 28:135-142.
119. Pathare P.B., Opara U.L. Structural design of corrugated boxes for horticultural produce: a review. Biosyst Eng 2014, 125:128-140.
120. Jinkarn T., Boonchu P., Bao-Ban S. Effect of carrying slots on the compressive strength of corrugated board panels. Kasetsart J Nat Sci 2006, 40:154-161.
121. Zhang Y.L., Chen J., Wu Y. Analysis on hazard factors of the use of corrugated carton in packaging low-temperature yogurt during logistics. Proc Environ Sci 2011, 10:968-973.
122. Kellicutt K. Structural notes for corrugated containers. Note no 13: compressive strength of boxes - Part III. Pack Eng 1960, 5:94-96.
123. Koning J.W., Stern R.K. Long-term creep in corrugated fiberboard containers. Tappi J 1977, 60:128-131.
124. Kueh C., Navaranjan N., Duke M. The effect of in-plane boundary conditions on the post-buckling behaviour of rectangular corrugated paperboard panels. Comput Struct 2012, 104-105:55-62.
125. Aslund P., Hägglund R., Carlsson L., Isaksson P. Modeling of global and local buckling of corrugated board panels loaded in edgewise compression. J Sandwich Struct Mater 2012, 16:272-292.
126. Haj-Ali R., Choi J., Wei B.S., Popil R., Schaepe M. Refined nonlinear finite element models for corrugated fiberboards. Compos Struct 2009, 87:321-333.
127. Biancolini M.E., Brutti C. Numerical and experimental investigation of the strength of corrugated board packages. Pack Technol Sci 2003, 16:47-60.
128. Frank B.B. Corrugated box compression - a literature survey. Pack Technol Sci 2014, 27:105-128.
129. Mourik S.V., Vries D., Ploegaert J.P.M., Zwart H., Keesman K.J. Physical parameter estimation in spatial heat transport models with an application to food storage. Biosyst Eng 2012, 112:14-21.
130. Gowda B.S., Narasimham G.S.V.L., Murthy M.V.K. Forced-air precooling of spherical foods in bulks: a parametric study. Int J Heat Fluid Flow 1997, 18:613-624.
131. Vitrac O., Trystram G. A method for time and spatially resolved measurement of convective heat transfer coefficient (h) in complex flows. Chem Eng Sci 2005, 60:1219-1236.
132. Defraeye T. Advanced computational modeling for drying processes - a review. Appl Energy 2014, 131:323-344.
133. FAO. FAO statistical yearbook . Rome, Italy; 2013. http://www.fao.org.
134. FAO. "Energy-smart" food for people and climate - issue paper . Rome, Italy; 2011. http://www.fao.org.
135. Zilio C. Moving toward sustainability in refrigeration applications for refrigerated warehouses. HVAC&R Res 2014, 20:1-2.
136. Xu B., Li P., Chan C. Application of phase change materials for thermal energy storage in concentrated solar thermal power plants: a review to recent developments. Appl Energy 2015, 160:286-307.
137. 2 emission performance for China's thermal power industry? A bootstrapped directional distance function approach. Appl Energy 2016, 162:1152-1563.
138. Hower J.C., Senior C.L., Suuberg E.M., Hurt R.H., Wilcox J.L., Olson E.S. Mercury capture by native fly ash carbons in coal-fired power plants. Prog Energy Combust Sci 2010, 36:510-529.
139. Defraeye T., Cronje P., Verboven P., Opara U.L., Nicolaï B.M. Exploring ambient loading of citrus fruit into reefer containers for cooling during marine transport using computational fluid dynamics. Postharvest Biol Technol 2015, 108:91-101.
140. O'Sullivan J., Ferrua M., Love R., Verboven P., Nicolaï B.M., East A. Airflow measurement techniques for the improvement of forced-air cooling, refrigeration and drying operations. J Food Eng 2014, 143:90-101.
141. Vigneault C., Goyette B., Castro L.R.D. Maximum slat width for cooling efficiency of horticultural produce in wooden crates. Postharvest Biol Technol 2006, 40:308-313.
142. Ferrua M.J., Singh R.P. A nonintrusive flow measurement technique to validate the simulated laminar fluid flow in a packed container with vented walls. Int J Refrig 2008, 31:242-255.
143. Ferrua M.J., Singh R.P. Design guidelines for the forced-air cooling process of strawberries. Int J Refrig 2009, 32:1932-1943.
144. Rennie T.J., Tavoularis S. Perforation-mediated modified atmosphere packaging. Part II. Implementation and numerical solution of a mathematical model. Postharvest Biol Technol 2009, 51:10-20.
145. Ferrua M.J., Singh R.P. Improved airflow method and packaging system for forced-air cooling of strawberries. Int J Refrig 2011, 34:1162-1173.