The Complex Relationship of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Acute Kidney Injury: Causation or Association?

BioMed Research International

Volumn 2016, Issue , 2016, Pages

  Kilburn, Daniel J ^a,b,c   Shekar, Kiran ^a,b   Fraser, John F ^a,b  

^a THE PRINCE CHARLES HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^c ROYAL BRISBANE AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALBUMIN; BILIRUBIN; CREATININE; HAPTOGLOBIN; HEPCIDIN; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN 8; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; POTASSIUM; SELECTIN; SYNDECAN 1; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; APOPTOSIS; ASSISTED CIRCULATION; BLOOD PRESSURE; CANNULATION; CENTRAL VENOUS PRESSURE; CONDUCTANCE; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; CREATININE CLEARANCE; ECHOGRAPHY; EXTRACORPOREAL OXYGENATION; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; HEART OUTPUT; HEMOLYSIS; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; KIDNEY BLOOD FLOW; MACROPHAGE; MICROCIRCULATION; MYOFIBROBLAST; NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY; NEUTROPHIL; OXYGEN TENSION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERFUSION; POTASSIUM BLOOD LEVEL; RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY; REPERFUSION INJURY; REVIEW; URINE VOLUME; ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY; ADVERSE EFFECTS; MORTALITY; PROCEDURES; RISK FACTOR;

ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY; EXTRACORPOREAL MEMBRANE OXYGENATION; HUMANS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84960976297     PISSN: 23146133     EISSN: 23146141     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2016/1094296     Document Type: Review

References (190)

1. K. Shekar, D. V. Mullany, B. Thomson, M. Ziegenfuss, D. G. Platts, and J. F. Fraser, "Extracorporeal life support devices and strategies for management of acute cardiorespiratory failure in adult patients: a comprehensive review," Critical Care, vol. 18, no. 3, article 219, 2014.
2. G. J. Peek, M. Mugford, R. Tiruvoipati et al. , "Efficacy and economic assessment of conventional ventilatory support versus extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe adult respiratory failure (CESAR): a multicentre randomised controlled trial," The Lancet, vol. 374, no. 9698, pp. 1351-1363, 2009.
3. S. Allen, D. Holena, M. McCunn, B. Kohl, and B. Sarani, "A review of the fundamental principles and evidence base in the use of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) in critically ill adult patients," Journal of Intensive Care Medicine, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 13-26, 2011.
4. N. Doll, B. Kiaii, M. Borger et al. , "Five-year results of 219 consecutive patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory postoperative cardiogenic shock," The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 151-157, 2004.
5. N. G. Smedira, N. Moazami, C. M. Golding et al. , "Clinical experience with 202 adults receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiac failure: survival at five years," The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, vol. 122, no. 1, pp. 92-102, 2001.
6. R. H. Bartlett and L. Gattinoni, "Current status of extracorporeal life support (ECMO) for cardiopulmonary failure," Minerva Anestesiologica, vol. 76, no. 7, pp. 534-540, 2010.
7. D. J. Askenazi, D. T. Selewski, M. L. Paden et al. , "Renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients receiving extracorporealmembrane oxygenation,"Clinical Journal of theAmerican Society of Nephrology, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 1328-1336, 2012.
8. J. F. Fraser, K. Shekar, S. Diab et al. , "ECMO-The clinician's view," ISBT Science Series, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 82-88, 2012.
9. H. J. Dalton, "Extracorporeal life support: moving at the speed of light," Respiratory Care, vol. 56, no. 9, pp. 1445-1453, 2011.
10. Y. L. Fung, S. Diab, K. Dunster et al. , "Extracorporeal lessons from sheep," ISBT Science Series, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 92-95, 2012.
11. C.-Y. Lin, F.-C. Tsai, Y.-C. Tian et al. , "Evaluation of outcome scoring systems for patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation," The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, vol. 84, no. 4, pp. 1256-1262, 2007.
12. A. Zangrillo, G. Landoni, G. Biondi-Zoccai et al. , "A metaanalysis of complications and mortality of extracorporealmembrane oxygenation," Critical Care and Resuscitation, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 172-178, 2013.
13. A. M. Gaffney, S. M. Wildhirt, M. J. Griffin, G. M. Annich, and M. W. Radomski, "Extracorporeal life support," British Medical Journal, vol. 341, Article IDc5317, 2010.
14. W. Muntean, "Coagulation and anticoagulation in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation," Artificial Organs, vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 979-983, 1999.
15. R. Cheng, R. Hachamovitch,M. Kittleson et al. , "Complications of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for treatment of cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest: a meta-analysis of 1,866 adult patients," The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, vol. 97, no. 2, pp. 610-616, 2014.
16. C.-C. Hsiao,C.-H. Chang, P.-C. Fan et al. , "Prognosis of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: the impact of urine output on mortality," The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, vol. 97, no. 6, pp. 1939-1944, 2014.
17. J. T. Kielstein, A. M. Heiden, G. Beutel et al. , "Renal function and survival in 200 patients undergoing ECMO therapy," Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 86-90, 2013.
18. Y.-C. Chen, F.-C. Tsai, C.-H. Chang et al. , "Prognosis of patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: the impact of acute kidney injury on mortality," The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 137-142, 2011.
19. C.-Y. Lin, Y.-C. Chen, F.-C. Tsai et al. , "RIFLE classification is predictive of short-term prognosis in critically ill patients with acute renal failure supported by extracorporealmembrane oxygenation," Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol. 21, no. 10, pp. 2867-2873, 2006.
20. G. Mariscalco, M. Cottini, C. Dominici et al. , "The effect of timing of cardiac catheterization on acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery is influenced by the type of operation," International Journal of Cardiology, vol. 173, no. 1, pp. 46-54, 2014.
21. R. Bellomo, J. A. Kellum, and C. Ronco, "Acute kidney injury," The Lancet, vol. 380, no. 9843, pp. 756-766, 2012.
22. S. M. Bagshaw, C. George, R. Bellomo, and Committee ADM, "Changes in the incidence and outcome for early acute kidney injury in a cohort of Australian intensive care units," Critical Care, vol. 11, no. 3, article R68, 2007.
23. S. M. Bagshaw, C. George, I. Dinu, and R. Bellomo, "A multicentre evaluation of the RIFLE criteria for early acute kidney injury in critically ill patients," Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 1203-1210, 2008.
24. R. Bellomo, C. Ronco, J. A. Kellum, R. L. Mehta, and P. Palevsky, "Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative w. Acute renal failure- definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group," Critical Care, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. R204-R212, 2004.
25. S. M. Bagshaw, "Acute kidney injury: diagnosis and classification of AKI: AKIN or RIFLE" Nature Reviews Nephrology, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 71-73, 2010.
26. R. Bellomo, J. Kellum, and C. Ronco, "Acute renal failure: time for consensus," Intensive CareMedicine, vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 1685-1688, 2001.
27. G. M. Chertow, E. Burdick, M. Honour, J. V. Bonventre, and D. W. Bates, "Acute kidney injury, mortality, length of stay, and costs in hospitalized patients," Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 16, no. 11, pp. 3365-3370, 2005.
28. R. Bellomo, J. A. Kellum, and C. Ronco, "Defining and classifying acute renal failure: from advocacy to consensus and validation of the RIFLE criteria," Intensive Care Medicine, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 409-413, 2007.
29. M. Joannidis, B. Metnitz, P. Bauer et al. , "Acute kidney injury in critically ill patients classified by AKIN versus RIFLE using the SAPS 3 database," Intensive Care Medicine, vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 1692-1702, 2009.
30. National Guideline Clearinghouse, KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Rockville, Md, USA, 2013, http://www. guideline. gov/content. aspx?id=38024.
31. X. Yan, S. Jia, X. Meng et al. , "Acute kidney injury in adult postcardiotomy patients with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: evaluation of the RIFLE classification and the Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria," European Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 334-338, 2010.
32. M. Ostermann and R. W. S. Chang, "Acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit according to RIFLE," Critical Care Medicine, vol. 35, no. 8, pp. 1837-1852, 2007.
33. E. A. J. Hoste, G. Clermont, A. Kersten et al. , "RIFLE criteria for acute kidney injury are associated with hospital mortality in critically ill patients: a cohort analysis," Critical Care, vol. 10, no. 3, article R73, 2006.
34. A. Kuitunen, A. Vento, R. Suojaranta-Ylinen, and V. Pettilä, "Acute renal failure after cardiac surgery: evaluation of the RIFLE classification," The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, vol. 81,no. 2, pp. 542-546, 2006.
35. S. Uchino, R. Bellomo, D. Goldsmith, S. Bates, and C. Ronco, "An assessment of the RIFLE criteria for acute renal failure in hospitalized patients," Critical Care Medicine, vol. 34, no. 7, pp. 1913-1917, 2006.
36. M. Haase, R. Bellomo, G. Matalanis, P. Calzavacca, D. Dragun, and A. Haase-Fielitz, "A comparison of the RIFLE and Acute Kidney Injury Network classifications for cardiac surgeryassociated acute kidney injury: a prospective cohort study," Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, vol. 138, no. 6, pp. 1370-1376, 2009.
37. Z. Ricci, D. N. Cruz, and C. Ronco, "Classification and staging of acute kidney injury: beyond the RIFLE and AKIN criteria," Nature Reviews Nephrology, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 201-208, 2011.
38. Z. Ricci, D. Cruz, and C. Ronco, "The RIFLE criteria and mortality in acute kidney injury: a systematic review," Kidney International, vol. 73, no. 5, pp. 538-546, 2008.
39. J.-L. Vincent, Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2013, Springer,Dordrecht, TheNetherlands, 2013, http:// BOND. eblib. com. au/patron/FullRecord. aspx?p=1082878.
40. S. Uchino, R. Bellomo, S. M. Bagshaw, and D. Goldsmith, "Transient azotaemia is associated with a high risk of death in hospitalized patients," Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 1833-1839, 2010.
41. A. C. K. Chung and H. Y. Lan, "Chemokines in renal injury," Journal of theAmerican Society of Nephrology, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 802-809, 2011.
42. A. B. Kumar and M. Suneja, "Cardiopulmonary bypassassociated acute kidney injury," Anesthesiology, vol. 114, no. 4, pp. 964-970, 2011.
43. M. D. Okusa, "The inflammatory cascade in acute ischemic renal failure," Nephron, vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 133-138, 2002.
44. C. Ronco, M. Haapio, A. A. House, N. Anavekar, and R. Bellomo, "Cardiorenal syndrome," Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 52, no. 19, pp. 1527-1539, 2008.
45. B. B. Ratliff, M. M. Rabadi, R. Vasko, K. Yasuda, and M. S. Goligorsky, "Messengers without borders: mediators of systemic inflammatory response in AKI," Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 529-536, 2013.
46. M. Hirthler, J. Simoni, and M. Dickson, "Elevated levels of endotoxin, oxygen-derived free radicals, and cytokines during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation," Journal of Pediatric Surgery, vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 1199-1202, 1992.
47. C. Ince, "The central role of renal microcirculatory dysfunction in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury," Nephron Clinical Practice, vol. 127, no. 1-4, pp. 124-128, 2014.
48. C. Chelazzi, G. Villa, P. Mancinelli, A. De Gaudio, and C. Adembri, "Glycocalyx and sepsis-induced alterations in vascular permeability," Critical Care, vol. 19, no. 1, article 26, 2015.
49. A. Gluba, M. Banach, S. Hannam, D. P. Mikhailidis, A. Sakowicz, and J. Rysz, "The role of Toll-like receptors in renal diseases," Nature Reviews Nephrology, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 224-235, 2010.
50. S. Swaminathan, M. H. Rosner, and M. D. Okusa, "Emerging therapeutic targets of sepsis-associated acute kidney injury," Seminars in Nephrology, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 38-54, 2015.
51. G. R. Kinsey, L. Li, and M. D. Okusa, "Inflammation in acute kidney injury," Nephron Experimental Nephrology, vol. 109, no. 4, pp. e102-e107, 2008.
52. M. Ikeda, W. Prachasilchai, M. J. Burne-Taney, H. Rabb, and N. Yokota-Ikeda, "Ischemic acute tubular necrosis models and drug discovery: a focus on cellular inflammation," Drug Discovery Today, vol. 11, no. 7-8, pp. 364-370, 2006.
53. T. Johannes, E. G. Mik, K. Klingel, H.-J. Dieterich, K. E. Unertl, and C. Ince, "Low-dose dexamethasone-supplemented fluid resuscitation reverses endotoxin-induced acute renal failure and prevents corticalmicrovascular hypoxia," Shock, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 521-528, 2009.
54. C. Langenberg, R. Bellomo, C. May, L. Wan, M. Egi, and S. Morgera, "Renal blood flow in sepsis," Critical Care, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. R363-R374, 2005.
55. A. Bouglé and J. Duranteau, "Pathophysiology of sepsisinduced acute kidney injury: the role of global renal blood flow and renal vascular resistance," Contributions to Nephrology, vol. 174, pp. 89-97, 2011.
56. D. Di Giantomasso, H. Morimatsu, C. N. May, and R. Bellomo, "Intrarenal blood flow distribution in hyperdynamic septic shock: effect of norepinephrine," Critical Care Medicine, vol. 31, no. 10, pp. 2509-2513, 2003.
57. C. Langenberg, L. Wan, M. Egi, C. N. May, and R. Bellomo, "Renal blood flow in experimental septic acute renal failure," Kidney International, vol. 69, no. 11, pp. 1996-2002, 2006.
58. C.-L. Leong, W. P. Anderson, P. M. O'Connor, and R. G. Evans, "Evidence that renal arterial-venous oxygen shunting contributes to dynamic regulation of renal oxygenation," The American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, vol. 292, no. 6, pp. F1726-F1733, 2007.
59. D. Casellas and A. Mimran, "Shunting in renal microvasculature of the rat: a scanning electron microscopic study of corrosion casts," The Anatomical Record, vol. 201, no. 2, pp. 237-248, 1981.
60. R. G. Evans, B. S. Gardiner, D. W. Smith, and P. M. O'Connor, "Intrarenal oxygenation: unique challenges and the biophysical basis of homeostasis," American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, vol. 295, no. 5, pp. F1259-F1270, 2008.
61. A. Ljungqvist, "Ultrastructural demonstration of a connection between afferent and efferent juxtamedullary glomerular arterioles," Kidney International, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 239-244, 1975.
62. J. F. Heggie, "Isaacs-Ludwig arteriole," The Lancet, vol. 249, no. 6461, p. 926, 1947.
63. Y. Sakr, M. J. Dubois, D. De Backer, J. Creteur, and J. L. Vincent, "Persistent microcirculatory alterations are associated with organ failure and death in patients with septic shock," Critical Care Medicine, vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 1825-1831, 2004.
64. J. Cohen, "The immunopathogenesis of sepsis," Nature, vol. 420, no. 6917, pp. 885-891, 2002.
65. H. Koláirová, B. Ambruzová, L. Svihálková Sindlerová, A. Klinke, and L. Kubala, "Modulation of endothelial glycocalyx structure under inflammatory conditions," Mediators of Inflammation, vol. 2014,Article ID 694312, 17 pages, 2014.
66. A. H. Salmon and S. C. Satchell, "Endothelial glycocalyx dysfunction in disease: albuminuria and increased microvascular permeability," The Journal of Pathology, vol. 226, no. 4, pp. 562-574, 2012.
67. M. Legrand, E. G. Mik, T. Johannes, D. Payen, and C. Ince, "Renal hypoxia and dysoxia after reperfusion of the ischemic kidney," Molecular Medicine, vol. 14, no. 7-8, pp. 502-516, 2008.
68. M. Legrand, R. Bezemer, A. Kandil, C. Demirci, D. Payen, and C. Ince, "The role of renal hypoperfusion in development of renal microcirculatory dysfunction in endotoxemic rats," Intensive Care Medicine, vol. 37, no. 9, pp. 1534-1542, 2011.
69. K. Shekar and J. F. Fraser, "Can timelyECMOinitiationmitigate pre-ECMO risk factors for acute kidney injury" The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, vol. 98, no. 4, p. 1523, 2014.
70. W. Wang, S. Jittikanont, S. A. Falk et al. , "Interaction among nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, and antioxidants during endotoxemia-related acute renal failure," The American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, vol. 284, no. 3, pp. F532-F537, 2003.
71. T. Yoshioka and I. Ichikawa, "Glomerular dysfunction induced by polymorphonuclear leukocyte-derived reactive oxygen species," The American Journal of Physiology, vol. 257, no. 1, part 2, pp. F53-F59, 1989.
72. N. D. Vaziri, M. Dicus, N. D. Ho, L. Boroujerdi-Rad, and R. K. Sindhu, "Oxidative stress and dysregulation of superoxide dismutase and NADPH oxidase in renal insufficiency," Kidney International, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 179-185, 2003.
73. H. Gomez, C. Ince, D. De Backer et al. , "A unified theory of sepsis-induced acute kidney injury: inflammation, microcirculatory dysfunction, bioenergetics, and the tubular cell adaptation to injury," Shock, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 3-11, 2014.
74. N. K. Patil,N. Parajuli, L. A. MacMillan-Crow, andP. R. Mayeux, "Inactivation of renal mitochondrial respiratory complexes and manganese superoxide dismutase during sepsis: mitochondriatargeted antioxidant mitigates injury," American Journal of Physiology Renal Physiology, vol. 306, no. 7,pp. F734-F743, 2014.
75. K. S. Echtay, T. C. Esteves, J. L. Pakay et al. , "A signalling role for 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in regulation of mitochondrial uncoupling," The EMBO Journal, vol. 22, no. 16, pp. 4103-4110, 2003.
76. J. P. Moore, A. Dyson, M. Singer, J. Fraser, and J. G. Hardman, "Microcirculatory dysfunction and resuscitation: why, when, and how," British Journal of Anaesthesia, vol. 115, no. 3, pp. 366-375, 2015.
77. M. Legrand, E. G. Mik, G. M. Balestra et al. , "Fluid resuscitation does not improve renal oxygenation during hemorrhagic shock in rats," Anesthesiology, vol. 112, no. 1, pp. 119-127, 2010.
78. D. R. Salgado, X. He, F. Su et al. , "Sublingual microcirculatory effects of enalaprilat in an ovinemodel of septic shock," Shock, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 542-549, 2011.
79. L. Wan, C. Langenberg, R. Bellomo, and C. N. May, "Angiotensin II in experimental hyperdynamic sepsis," Critical Care, vol. 13, no. 6, article R190, 2009.
80. K. Ishikawa, P. Calzavacca, R. Bellomo, M. Bailey, and C. N. May, "Effect of selective inhibition of renal inducible nitric oxide synthase on renal blood flow and function in experimental hyperdynamic sepsis," Critical Care Medicine, vol. 40, no. 8, pp. 2368-2375, 2012.
81. C. Ince, "The rationale for microcirculatory guided fluid therapy," CurrentOpinion in Critical Care, vol. 20,no. 3, pp. 301-308, 2014.
82. M. Haase, R. Bellomo, and A. Haase-Fielitz, "Novel biomarkers, oxidative stress, and the role of labile iron toxicity in cardiopulmonary bypass-associated acute kidney injury," Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 55, no. 19, pp. 2024-2033, 2010.
83. L. Vercaemst, "Hemolysis in cardiac surgery patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass: a review in search of a treatment algorithm," The Journal of Extra-Corporeal Technology, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 257-267, 2008.
84. Z. Ricci, C. Pezzella, S. Romagnoli et al. , "High levels of free haemoglobin in neonates and infants undergoing surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass," Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 183-187, 2014.
85. J.-J. Lahet, C. Courderot-Masuyer, F. Lenfant et al. , "The influence of extracorporeal circulation on the susceptibility of erythrocytes to oxidative stress," Free Radical Research, vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 683-689, 2004.
86. D. C. C. Williams, J. L. L. Turi, C. P. P. Hornik et al. , "Circuit oxygenator contributes to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-induced hemolysis," ASAIO Journal, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 190-195, 2015.
87. C. I. McDonald, J. F. Fraser, J. S. Coombes, and Y. L. Fung, "Oxidative stress during extracorporeal circulation," European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 937-943, 2014.
88. M. J. Simmonds, N. Atac, O. K. Baskurt, H. J. Meiselman, and O. Yalcin, "Erythrocyte deformability responses to intermittent and continuous subhemolytic shear stress," Biorheology, vol. 51, no. 2-3, pp. 171-185, 2014.
89. H. Yamaguchi, T. Shimizu, H. Akutsu et al. , "Hemolysis and red cell deformability during cardiopulmonary bypass-The effect of prostaglandin E1 for prevention of hemolysis," Nihon Kyobu Geka Gakkai, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 625-629, 1990.
90. U. M. Fischer,W. K. Weissenberger, R. D. Warters, H. J. Geissler, S. J. Allen, and U. Mehlhorn, "Impact of cardiopulmonary bypass management on postcardiac surgery renal function," Perfusion, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 401-406, 2002.
91. J. Boldt, T. Brenner, A. Lehmann, S. W. Suttner, B. Kumle, and F. Isgro, "Is kidney function altered by the duration of cardiopulmonary bypass" The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, vol. 75, no. 3, pp. 906-912, 2003.
92. S. Lou, G. MacLaren, D. Best, C. Delzoppo, and W. Butt, "Hemolysis in pediatric patients receiving centrifugal-pump extracorporealmembrane oxygenation: prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes," Critical Care Medicine, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 1213-1220, 2014.
93. U. Aksu, C. Demirci, and C. Ince, "The pathogenesis of acute kidney injury and the toxic triangle of oxygen, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide," Contributions to Nephrology, vol. 174, pp. 119-128, 2011.
94. I. C. Vermeulen Windsant, S. J. Hanssen, W. A. Buurman, and M. J. Jacobs, "Cardiovascular surgery and organ damage: time to reconsider the role of hemolysis," The Journal ofThoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, vol. 142, no. 1, pp. 1-11, 2011.
95. F. T. Billings IV, S. K. Ball, L. J. Roberts II, and M. Pretorius, "Postoperative acute kidney injury is associated with hemoglobinemia and an enhanced oxidative stress response," Free Radical Biology & Medicine, vol. 50, no. 11, pp. 1480-1487, 2011.
96. R. A. Zager and L. M. Gamelin, "Pathogenetic mechanisms in experimental hemoglobinuric acute renal failure," The American Journal of Physiology, vol. 256, no. 3, part 2, pp. F446-F455, 1989.
97. H. R. Omar, M. Mirsaeidi, S. Socias et al. , "Plasma free hemoglobin is an independent predictor of mortality among patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support," PLoS ONE, vol. 10, no. 4, Article IDe0124034, 2015.
98. J. M. C. Gutteridge, "Iron promoters of the Fenton reaction and lipid peroxidation can be released from haemoglobin by peroxides," FEBS Letters, vol. 201, no. 2, pp. 291-295, 1986.
99. B. Halliwell and J. M. C. Gutteridge, "Role of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human disease: an overview," Methods in Enzymology, vol. 186, pp. 1-85, 1990.
100. D. K. Das, R. M. Engelman, X. Liu et al. , "Oxygen-derived free radicals and hemolysis during open heart surgery," Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, vol. 111, no. 1-2, pp. 77-86, 1992.
101. M. Haase, A. Haase-Fielitz, S. M. Bagshaw, C. Ronco, and R. Bellomo, "Cardiopulmonary bypass-associated acute kidney injury: a pigment nephropathy" Contributions to Nephrology, vol. 156, pp. 340-353, 2007.
102. R. P. Rother, L. Bell, P. Hillmen, andM. T. Gladwin, "The clinical sequelae of intravascular hemolysis and extracellular plasma hemoglobin: a novel mechanism of human disease," The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 293, no. 13, pp. 1653-1662, 2005.
103. C. I. McDonald, Y. L. Fung, K. Shekar et al. , "The impact of acute lung injury, ECMO and transfusion on oxidative stress and plasma selenium levels in an ovinemodel," Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, vol. 30, pp. 4-10, 2015.
104. R. A. Hayes, K. Shekar, and J. F. Fraser, "Is hyperoxaemia helping or hurting patients during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation? Review of a complex problem," Perfusion, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 184-193, 2013.
105. S. Pesic, M. Milinkovic, M. Vuletic et al. , "Assessment of oxidative status in patients with acute kidney injury: a pilot study," The Chinese Journal of Physiology, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 124-133, 2015.
106. A. Singh, R. D. Ramnath, R. R. Foster et al. , "Reactive oxygen species modulate the barrier function of the human glomerular endothelial glycocalyx," PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 2, Article ID e55852, 2013.
107. M. T. Gladwin, J. H. Crawford, and R. P. Patel, "The biochemistry of nitric oxide, nitrite, and hemoglobin: role in blood flow regulation," Free Radical Biology & Medicine, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 707-717, 2004.
108. K. Tanaka, Y. Kanamori, T. Sato et al. , "Administration of haptoglobin during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery," ASAIO Transactions, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. M482-M483, 1991.
109. T. U. Ohshiro, K. Mukai, and G. Kosaki, "Prevention of hemoglobinuria by administration of haptoglobin," Research in Experimental Medicine, vol. 177, no. 1, pp. 1-12, 1980.
110. H. Nagara, M. Atobe, H. Hiratsuka, and J. Wada, "Administration of haptoglobin in open heart surgery: prevention of hemoglobinuria (author's transl)," Nihon Kyobu Geka Gakkai, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 257-262, 1979.
111. T. Yoshioka, T. Sugimoto, T. Ukai, and T. Oshiro, "Haptoglobin therapy for possible prevention of renal failure following thermal injury: a clinical study,"The Journal of Trauma, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 281-287, 1985.
112. M. S. Paller, "Hemoglobin-andmyoglobin-induced acute renal failure in rats: role of iron in nephrotoxicity," The American Journal of Physiology, vol. 255, no. 3, part 2, pp. F539-F544, 1988.
113. S. V. Shah and P. D. Walker, "Evidence suggesting a role for hydroxyl radical in glycerol-induced acute renal failure," The American Journal of Physiology, vol. 255, no. 3, part 2, pp. F438-F443, 1988.
114. J. L. Koyner, R. Sher Ali, and P. T. Murray, "Antioxidants. Do they have a place in the prevention or therapy of acute kidney injury" Nephron Experimental Nephrology, vol. 109, no. 4, pp. e109-e117, 2008.
115. K. Ware, Z. Qamri, A. Ozcan et al. , "N-acetylcysteine ameliorates acute kidney injury but not glomerular hemorrhage in an animal model of warfarin-related nephropathy," American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, vol. 304, no. 12, pp. F1421-F1427, 2013.
116. U. Sadat, A. Usman, J. H. Gillard, and J. R. Boyle, "Does ascorbic acid protect against contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing coronary angiography: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials," Journal of theAmericanCollege ofCardiology, vol. 62,no. 23,pp. 2167-2175, 2013.
117. D. Schwartz, M. Mendonca, I. Schwartz et al. , "Inhibition of constitutive nitric oxide synthase (NOS) by nitric oxide generated by inducible NOS after lipopolysaccharide administration provokes renal dysfunction in rats," The Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 100, no. 2, pp. 439-448, 1997.
118. M. Legrand, E. Almac, E. G. Mik et al. , "L-NIL prevents renal microvascular hypoxia and increase of renal oxygen consumption after ischemia-reperfusion in rats," American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, vol. 296, no. 5, pp. F1109-F1117, 2009.
119. M. Legrand, A. Kandil, D. Payen, and C. Ince, "Effects of sepiapterin infusion on renal oxygenation and early acute renal injury after suprarenal aortic clamping in rats," Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 192-198, 2011.
120. T. Johannes, C. Ince, K. Klingel, K. E. Unertl, and E. G. Mik, "Iloprost preserves renal oxygenation and restores kidney function in endotoxemia-related acute renal failure in the rat," Critical Care Medicine, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 1423-1432, 2009.
121. R. C. Reed and J. C. Rutledge, "Laboratory and clinical predictors of thrombosis and hemorrhage in 29 pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation nonsurvivors," Pediatric and Developmental Pathology, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 385-392, 2010.
122. A. C. Frati-Munari, "Medical significance of endothelial glycocalyx," Archivos de Cardiologia deMexico, vol. 83,no. 4, pp. 303-312, 2013.
123. W.-W. Chang, F.-C. Tsai, T.-Y. Tsai et al. , "Predictors of mortality in patients successfully weaned fromextracorporealmembrane oxygenation," PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 8,Article ID e42687, 2012.
124. Z. Ricci and C. Ronco, "Pulmonary/renal interaction," Current Opinion in Critical Care, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 13-18, 2010.
125. J. P. C. vandenAkker,M. Egal, and J. A. B. Groeneveld, "Invasive mechanical ventilation as a risk factor for acute kidney injury in the critically ill: a systematic review and meta-analysis," Critical Care, vol. 17, no. 3, article R98, 2013.
126. L. P. Jacob, J.-J. A. Chazalet, D. M. Payen et al. , "Renal hemodynamic and functional effect of PEEP ventilation in human renal transplantations," American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol. 152, no. 1, pp. 103-107, 1995.
127. J. R. Prowle, M. P. Molan, E. Hornsey, and R. Bellomo, "Measurement of renal blood flow by phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging during septic acute kidney injury: a pilot investigation," Critical Care Medicine, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 1768-1776, 2012.
128. M. Schmidt, M. Bailey, J. Kelly et al. , "Impact of fluid balance on outcome of adult patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation," Intensive Care Medicine, vol. 40, no. 9, pp. 1256-1266, 2014.
129. A. J. M. Zwiers, K. Cransberg, J. van Rosmalen, E. D. Wildschut, D. Tibboel, and S. N. de Wildt, "Loop diuretics are an independent risk factor for acute kidney injury in children on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with pre-emptive continuous hemofiltration," Intensive CareMedicine, vol. 40,no. 4, pp. 627-628, 2014.
130. S. Salis, V. V. Mazzanti, G. Merli et al. , "Cardiopulmonary bypass duration is an independent predictor of morbidity and mortality after cardiac surgery," Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 814-822, 2008.
131. M. D. Okusa, B. L. Jaber, P. Doran et al. , "Physiological biomarkers of acute kidney injury: a conceptual approach to improving outcomes," Contributions to Nephrology, vol. 182, pp. 65-81, 2013.
132. R. J. Haywood-Watson, J. B. Holcomb, E. A. Gonzalez et al. , "Modulation of syndecan-1 shedding after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation," PLoS ONE, vol. 6, no. 8, Article ID e23530, 2011.
133. C. Langenberg, L. Wan, M. Egi, C. N. May, and R. Bellomo, "Renal blood flow and function during recovery from experimental septic acute kidney injury," Intensive CareMedicine, vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 1614-1618, 2007.
134. S. Faubel, N. U. Patel, M. E. Lockhart, and M. A. Cadnapaphornchai, "Renal relevant radiology: use of ultrasonography in patients with AKI," Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 382-394, 2014.
135. G. Bossard, P. Bourgoin, J. J. Corbeau, J. Huntzinger, and L. Beydon, "Early detection of postoperative acute kidney injury by Doppler renal resistive index in cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass," British Journal of Anaesthesia, vol. 107, no. 6, pp. 891-898, 2011.
136. D. Schnell and M. Darmon, "Renal Doppler to assess renal perfusion in the critically ill: a reappraisal," Intensive Care Medicine, vol. 38, no. 11, pp. 1751-1760, 2012.
137. W. C. O'Neill, "Renal relevant radiology: use of ultrasound in kidney disease and nephrology procedures," Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 373-381, 2014.
138. A. Schneider, L. Johnson, M. Goodwin, A. Schelleman, and R. Bellomo, "Bench-to-bedside review: contrast enhanced ultrasonography-a promising technique to assess renal perfusion in the ICU," Critical Care, vol. 15, no. 3, article 157, 2011.
139. S. B. Feinstein, B. Coll, D. Staub et al. , "Contrast enhanced ultrasound imaging," Journal of Nuclear Cardiology, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 106-115, 2010.
140. B. A. Kaufmann, K. Wei, and J. R. Lindner, "Contrast echocardiography," Current Problems in Cardiology, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 51-96, 2007.
141. J. R. Lindner, J. Song, A. R. Jayaweera, J. Sklenar, and S. Kaul, "Microvascular rheology of definity microbubbles after intra-arterial and intravenous administration," Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 396-403, 2002.
142. D. De Backer, G. Ospina-Tascon, D. Sagado, R. Favory, J. Creteur, and J.-L. Vincent, "Monitoring the microcirculation in the critically ill patient: current methods and future approaches," Intensive Care Medicine, vol. 36, no. 11, pp. 1813-1825, 2010.
143. K. Kalantarinia, "Novel imaging techniques in acute kidney injury," Current Drug Targets, vol. 10, no. 12, pp. 1184-1189, 2009.
144. A. Harrois and J. Duranteau, "Contrast-enhanced ultrasound: a new vision of microcirculation in the intensive care unit," Critical Care, vol. 17, no. 4, article 449, 2013.
145. D. G. Platts, S. Diab, K. R. Dunster et al. , "Feasibility of perflutren microsphere contrast transthoracic echocardiography in the visualization of ventricular endocardium during venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a validated ovine model," Echocardiography, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 548-556, 2015.
146. M. J. Dane, B. M. van den Berg, D. H. Lee et al. , "A microscopic view on the renal endothelial glycocalyx," The American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, vol. 308, no. 9, pp. F956-F966, 2015.
147. T. Johannes, E. G. Mik, and C. Ince, "Nonresuscitated endotoxemia induces microcirculatory hypoxic areas in the renal cortex in the rat," Shock, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 97-103, 2009.
148. A. Abdelkader, J. Ho, C. P. C. Ow et al. , "Renal oxygenation in acute renal ischemia-reperfusion injury," American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, vol. 306, no. 9, pp. F1026-F1038, 2014.
149. American Society of Nephrology, "American Society of Nephrology renal research report," Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 16, no. 7, pp. 1886-1903, 1886.
150. C. R. Parikh and A. X. Garg, "Testing new biomarkers for acute kidney injury: association, prediction, and intervention," American Journal of Kidney Diseases, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 987-989, 2009.
151. M. Legrand and M. Darmon, "Biomarkers for AKI improve clinical practice: yes," Intensive Care Medicine, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 615-617, 2015.
152. M. Ostermann and M. Joannidis, "Biomarkers for AKI improve clinical practice: no," Intensive Care Medicine, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 618-622, 2015.
153. A. Haase-Fielitz, M. Haase, and P. Devarajan, "Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a biomarker of acute kidney injury: a critical evaluation of current status," Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 335-351, 2014.
154. M. Haase, R. Bellomo, P. Devarajan et al. , "Accuracy of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in diagnosis and prognosis in acute kidney injury: a systematic review andmetaanalysis," American Journal of Kidney Diseases, vol. 54,no. 6, pp. 1012-1024, 2009.
155. D. N. Cruz, M. de Cal, F. Garzotto et al. , "Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin is an early biomarker for acute kidney injury in an adult ICU population," Intensive Care Medicine, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 444-451, 2010.
156. H. R. de Geus, J. G. Woo, Y. Wang et al. , "Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin measured on admission to the intensive care unit accurately discriminates between sustained and transient acute kidney injury in adult critically ill patients," Nephron Extra, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 9-23, 2011.
157. Z. H. Endre, J. W. Pickering, R. J. Walker et al. , "Improved performance of urinary biomarkers of acute kidney injury in the critically ill by stratification for injury duration and baseline renal function," Kidney International, vol. 79, no. 10, pp. 1119-1130, 2011.
158. N. I. Shapiro, S. Trzeciak, J. E. Hollander et al. , "The diagnostic accuracy of plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in the prediction of acute kidney injury in emergency department patients with suspected sepsis," Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 52-59. e1, 2010.
159. H. R. H. de Geus, J. Bakker, E. M. E. H. Lesaffre, and J. L. M. L. le Noble, "Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin at ICU admission predicts for acute kidney injury in adult patients," American Journal of Respiratory and Critical CareMedicine, vol. 183, no. 7, pp. 907-914, 2011.
160. T. L. Nickolas, K. M. Schmidt-Ott, P. Canetta et al. , "Diagnostic and prognostic stratification in the emergency department using urinary biomarkers of nephron damage: a multicenter prospective cohort study," Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 246-255, 2012.
161. M. Haase, P. Devarajan, A. Haase-Fielitz et al. , "The outcome of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin-positive subclinical acute kidney injury: a multicenter pooled analysis of prospective studies," Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 57, no. 17, pp. 1752-1761, 2011.
162. D. Shemin and L. D. Dworkin, "Neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin (NGAL) as a biomarker for early acute kidney injury," Critical Care Clinics, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 379-389, 2011.
163. C. L. Dent, Q. Ma, S. Dastrala et al. , "Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin predicts acute kidney injury, morbidity and mortality after pediatric cardiac surgery: a prospective uncontrolled cohort study," Critical Care, vol. 11, no. 6, article R127, 2007.
164. J. L. Koyner, A. X. Garg, S. G. Coca et al. , "Biomarkers predict progression of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery," Journal of the American Society ofNephrology, vol. 23,no. 5, pp. 905-914, 2012.
165. N. Srisawat, R. Murugan, M. Lee et al. , "Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin predicts recovery from acute kidney injury following community-acquired pneumonia," Kidney International, vol. 80, no. 5, pp. 545-552, 2011.
166. N. Srisawat, X. Wen, M. Lee et al. , "Urinary biomarkers and renal recovery in critically ill patients with renal support," Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 6, no. 8, pp. 1815-1823, 2011.
167. A. S. Maisel, C. Mueller, R. Fitzgerald et al. , "Prognostic utility of plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in patients with acute heart failure: the NGAL EvaLuation Along with BtypeNaTriuretic Peptide in acutely decompensated heart failure (GALLANT) trial," European Journal of Heart Failure, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 846-851, 2011.
168. V. R. Dharnidharka, C. Kwon, and G. Stevens, "SerumcystatinC is superior to serum creatinine as a marker of kidney function: a meta-analysis," American Journal of Kidney Diseases, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 221-226, 2002.
169. J. Mishra, C. Dent, R. Tarabishi et al. , "Neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin (NGAL) as a biomarker for acute renal injury after cardiac surgery," The Lancet, vol. 365, no. 9466, pp. 1231-1238, 2005.
170. M. Haase, R. Bellomo, P. Devarajan et al. , "Novel biomarkers early predict the severity of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery in adults," The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 124-130, 2009.
171. A. Ristikankare, R. Pöyhiä, A. Kuitunen et al. , "SerumcystatinC in elderly cardiac surgery patients," Annals ofThoracic Surgery, vol. 89, no. 3, pp. 689-694, 2010.
172. M. C. Perianayagam, V. F. Seabra, H. Tighiouart, O. Liangos, and B. L. Jaber, "Serum cystatin C for prediction of dialysis requirement or death in acute kidney injury: a comparative study," American Journal of Kidney Diseases, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 1025-1033, 2009.
173. Y. Tu, H. Wang, R. Sun et al. , "Urinary netrin-1 and KIM-1 as early biomarkers for septic acute kidney injury," Renal Failure, vol. 36, no. 10, pp. 1559-1563, 2014.
174. C. R. Parikh,H. Thiessen-Philbrook, A. X. Garg et al. , "Performance of kidney injury molecule-1 and liver fatty acid-binding protein and combined biomarkers of aki after cardiac surgery," Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 1079-1088, 2013.
175. S. K. Parr, A. J. Clark, A. Bian et al. , "Urinary L-FABP predicts poor outcomes in critically ill patients with early acute kidney injury," Kidney International, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 640-648, 2015.
176. J. M. Arthur, E. G. Hill, J. L. Alge et al. , "Evaluation of 32 urine biomarkers to predict the progression of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery," Kidney International, vol. 85, no. 2, pp. 431-438, 2014.
177. K. Kashani, A. Al-Khafaji, T. Ardiles et al. , "Discovery and validation of cell cycle arrest biomarkers in human acute kidney injury," Critical Care, vol. 17, no. 1, article R25, 2013.
178. E. A. Hoste, P. A. McCullough, K. Kashani et al. , "Derivation and validation of cutoffs for clinical use of cell cycle arrest biomarkers," Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, vol. 29, no. 11, pp. 2054-2061, 2014.
179. A. Bihorac, L. S. Chawla, A. D. Shaw et al. , "Validation of cellcycle arrest biomarkers for acute kidney injury using clinical adjudication," American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol. 189, no. 8, pp. 932-939, 2014.
180. M. Haase, J. A. Kellum, and C. Ronco, "Subclinical AKI- an emerging syndrome with important consequences," Nature Reviews Nephrology, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 735-739, 2012.
181. S. M. Bagshaw, "Subclinical acute kidney injury: a novel biomarker-defined syndrome," Critical Care and Resuscitation, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 201-203, 2011.
182. C. Ronco, J. A. Kellum, and M. Haase, "Subclinical AKI is still AKI," Critical Care, vol. 16, no. 3, article 313, 2012.
183. S. M. Bagshaw,M. Zappitelli, andL. S. Chawla, "Novel biomarkers of AKI: the challenges of progress 'amid the noise and the haste'," Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 235-238, 2013.
184. K. Shekar, Y. L. Fung, S. Diab et al. , "Development of simulated and ovine models of extracorporeal life support to improve understanding of circuit-host interactions," Critical Care and Resuscitation, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 105-111, 2012.
185. G. W. MacHiedo, S. B. Zaets, T. L. Berezina et al. , "Traumahemorrhagic shock-induced red blood cell damage leads to decreased microcirculatory blood flow," Critical Care Medicine, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 1000-1010, 2009.
186. A. L. Linton, J. F. Walker, R. M. Lindsay, andW. J. Sibbald, "Acute renal failure and tubular damage due to sepsis in an animal model," Proceedings of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association-European Renal Association, vol. 21, pp. 837-842, 1985.
187. S. Chemonges, K. Shekar, J.-P. Tung et al. , "Optimal management of the critically ill: anaesthesia, monitoring, data capture, and point-of-care technological practices in ovine models of critical care," BioMed Research International, vol. 2014, Article ID468309, 17 pages, 2014.
188. J.-P. Tung, J. F. Fraser, M. Nataatmadja et al. , "Age of blood and recipient factors determine the severity of transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI)," Critical Care, vol. 16, no. 1, article R19, 2012.
189. J. P. Tung, Y. L. Fung, M. Nataatmadja et al. , "A novel in vivo ovine model of transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI)," Vox Sanguinis, vol. 100, no. 2, pp. 219-230, 2011.
190. M. Passmore, M. Nataatmadja, and J. F. Fraser, "Selection of reference genes for normalisation of real-time RT-PCR in brainstem death injury inOvis aries," BMCMolecular Biology, vol. 10, article 72, 2009.