Aligned biomimetic scaffolds as a new tendency in tissue engineering

Current Stem Cell Research and Therapy

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 3-18

  Wang, Yajing ^a   Shang, Shuhuan ^a   Li, Chengzhang ^a  

^a WUHAN UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Aligned biomimetic scaffolds; Biomaterials; Electrospinning; Freeze drying; Microgroove; Tissue engineering

Indexed keywords

AMPHOPHILE; BIOMIMETIC MATERIAL; COLLAGEN; GELATIN; LACTIC ACID; POLYCAPROLACTONE; POLYGLYCOLIC ACID; POLYLACTIC ACID; POLYURETHAN; SILK FIBROIN; BIOMATERIAL;

BIOCOMPATIBILITY; BIOMIMETICS; BONE; CELL GROWTH; DEGRADATION; ELECTROSPINNING; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; GENE EXPRESSION; HEART; HUMAN; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK; NERVE; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR REPROGRAMMING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TENDON; TISSUE ENGINEERING; TISSUE SCAFFOLD; TOXICITY; YOUNG MODULUS; ANIMAL; PROCEDURES;

ANIMALS; BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS; BIOMIMETIC MATERIALS; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; HUMANS; TISSUE ENGINEERING; TISSUE SCAFFOLDS;

EID: 84959354785     PISSN: 1574888X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1574888X10666150220155921     Document Type: Review

References (142)

1. Sheets K, Wunsch S, Ng C, Nain AS. Shape-dependent cellmigration and focal adhesion organization on suspended and aligned nanofiber scaffolds. Acta Biomater 2013; 9: 7169-77.
2. Downing TL, Soto J, Morez C, et al. Biophysical regulation ofepigenetic state and cell reprogramming. Nat Mater 2013; 12: 1154-62.
3. Yin Z, Chen X, Chen JL, et al. The regulation of tendon stem celldifferentiation by the alignment of nanofibers. Biomaterials 2010; 31: 2163-75.
4. Shang SH, Yang F, Cheng XR, Walboomers XF, Jansen JA. TheEffect of Electrospun Fibre Alignment on the Behaviour of Rat Periodontal Ligament Cells. Eur Cell Mater 2010; 19: 180-92.
5. Kharaziha M, Nikkhah M, Shin SR, et al. PGS: Gelatinnanofibrous scaffolds with tunable mechanical and structural properties for engineering cardiac tissues. Biomaterials 2013; 34: 6355-66.
6. Burg KJ, Shalaby SW. Physicochemical changes in degradingpolylactide films. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 1997; 9: 15-29.
7. Li S. Hydrolytic degradation characteristics of aliphatic polyestersderived from lactic and glycolic acids. J Biomed Mater Res 1999; 48: 342-53.
8. Theiss F, Apelt D, Brand B, et al. Biocompatibility and resorptionof a brushite calcium phosphate cement. Biomaterials 2005; 26: 4383-94.
9. Buser D, Dula K, Hirt HP, Schenk RK. Lateral ridge augmentationusing autografts and barrier membranes: a clinical study with 40 partially edentulous patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1996; 54: 420-32; discussion 32-3.
10. von Arx T, Buser D. Horizontal ridge augmentation usingautogenous block grafts and the guided bone regeneration technique with collagen membranes: a clinical study with 42 patients. Clin Oral Implants Res 2006; 17: 359-66.
11. Wei X, Rasanen T, Messner K. Maturation-related compressiveproperties of rabbit knee articular cartilage and volume fraction of subchondral tissue. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 1998; 6: 400-9.
12. Orr TE, Villars PA, Mitchell SL, Hsu HP, Spector M. Compressiveproperties of cancellous bone defects in a rabbit model treated with particles of natural bone mineral and synthetic hydroxyapatite. Biomaterials 2001; 22: 1953-9.
13. Zhang X, Chen X, Yang T, et al. The effects of different crossing-linking conditions of genipin on type I collagen scaffolds: an in vitro evaluation. Cell Tissue Bank 2014;
14. Rich H, Odlyha M, Cheema U, Mudera V, Bozec L. Effects ofphotochemical riboflavin-mediated crosslinks on the physical properties of collagen constructs and fibrils. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2014; 25: 11-21.
15. Ye QS, Harmsen MC, van Luyn MJA, Bank RA. The relationshipbetween collagen scaffold cross-linking agents and neutrophils in the foreign body reaction. Biomaterials 2010; 31: 9192-201.
16. Hoogenkamp HR, Koens MJW, Geutjes PJ, et al. SeamlessVascularized Large-Diameter Tubular Collagen Scaffolds Reinforced with Polymer Knittings for Esophageal Regenerative Medicine. Tissue Engineering Part C-Methods 2014; 20: 423-30.
17. Elsaesser AF, Bermueller C, Schwarz S, et al. In Vitro Cytotoxicityand In Vivo Effects of a Decellularized Xenogeneic Collagen Scaffold in Nasal Cartilage Repair. Tissue Engineering Part A 2014; 20: 1668-78.
18. Huang NF, Okogbaa J, Lee JC, et al. The modulation of endothelialcell morphology, function, and survival using anisotropic nanofibrillar collagen scaffolds. Biomaterials 2013; 34: 4038-47.
19. Timnak A, Gharebaghi FY, Shariati RP, et al. Fabrication of nano-structured electrospun collagen scaffold intended for nerve tissue engineering. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2011; 22: 1555-67.
20. Lai JY, Ma DH, Lai MH, et al. Characterization of cross-linkedporous gelatin carriers and their interaction with corneal endothelium: biopolymer concentration effect. PLoS One 2013; 8: e54058.
21. Lai JY, Li YT. Functional assessment of cross-linked porousgelatin hydrogels for bioengineered cell sheet carriers. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11: 1387-97.
22. Wang CC, Yang KC, Lin KH, et al. A biomimetic honeycomb-likescaffold prepared by flow-focusing technology for cartilage regeneration. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014;
23. Thakur G, Mitra A, Rousseau D, et al. Crosslinking of gelatin-based drug carriers by genipin induces changes in drug kinetic profiles in vitro. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2011; 22: 115-23.
24. Kim HW, Knowles JC, Kim HE. Hydroxyapatite and gelatincomposite foams processed via novel freeze-drying and crosslinking for use as temporary hard tissue scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A 2005; 72: 136-45.
25. Panzavolta S, Gioffre M, Focarete ML, et al. Electrospun gelatinnanofibers: optimization of genipin cross-linking to preserve fiber morphology after exposure to water. Acta Biomater 2011; 7: 1702-9.
26. Whu SW, Hung KC, Hsieh KH, et al. In vitro and in vivoevaluation of chitosan-gelatin scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2013; 33: 2855-63.
27. Yang Z, Xu LS, Yin F, et al. In vitro and in vivo characterization ofsilk fibroin/gelatin composite scaffolds for liver tissue engineering. J Dig Dis 2012; 13: 168-78.
28. Kai D, Prabhakaran MP, Stahl B, et al. Mechanical properties andin vitro behavior of nanofiber-hydrogel composites for tissue engineering applications. Nanotechnology 2012; 23: 95705.
29. Gui-Bo Y, You-Zhu Z, Shu-Dong W, et al. Study of theelectrospun PLA/silk fibroin-gelatin composite nanofibrous scaffold for tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 93: 158-63.
30. Hafezi F, Hosseinnejad F, Fooladi AA, et al. Transplantation ofnano-bioglass/gelatin scaffold in a non-autogenous setting for bone regeneration in a rabbit ulna. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2012; 23: 2783-92.
31. Zhao P, Deng C, Xu H, et al. Fabrication of photo-crosslinkedchitosan- gelatin scaffold in sodium alginate hydrogel for chondrocyte culture. Biomed Mater Eng 2014; 24: 633-41.
32. Tamai H, Igaki K, Kyo E, et al. Initial and 6-month results ofbiodegradable poly-l-lactic acid coronary stents in humans. Circulation 2000; 102: 399-404.
33. Venkatraman SS, Tan LP, Joso JF, Boey YC, Wang X.Biodegradable stents with elastic memory. Biomaterials 2006; 27: 1573-8.
34. Inoue M, Sasaki M, Katada Y, et al. Poly-(L-lactic acid) and citricacid-crosslinked gelatin composite matrices as a drug-eluting stent coating material with endothelialization, antithrombogenic, and drug release properties. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 101: 2049-57.
35. Pu J, Komvopoulos K. Mechanical properties of electrospunbilayer fibrous membranes as potential scaffolds for tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2014; 10: 2718-26.
36. Vaquette C, Cooper-White J. The use of an electrostatic lens toenhance the efficiency of the electrospinning process. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 347: 815-26.
37. Mathieu LM, Mueller TL, Bourban PE, et al. Architecture andproperties of anisotropic polymer composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2006; 27: 905-16.
38. Saito E, Liu Y, Migneco F, Hollister SJ. Strut size and surface areaeffects on long-term in vivo degradation in computer designed poly(L-lactic acid) three-dimensional porous scaffolds. Acta Biomater 2012; 8: 2568-77.
39. Lu L, Peter SJ, Lyman MD, et al. In vitro and in vivo degradationof porous poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) foams. Biomaterials 2000; 21: 1837-45.
40. Burdick JA, Frankel D, Dernell WS, Anseth KS. An initialinvestigation of photocurable three-dimensional lactic acid basedscaffolds in a critical-sized cranial defect. Biomaterials 2003; 24: 1613-20.
41. Chen VJ, Ma PX. The effect of surface area on the degradation rateof nano-fibrous poly(L-lactic acid) foams. Biomaterials 2006; 27: 3708-15.
42. Deplaine H, Lebourg M, Ripalda P, et al. Biomimetichydroxyapatite coating on pore walls improves osteointegration of poly(L-lactic acid) scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2013; 101: 173-86.
43. Solchaga LA, Temenoff JS, Gao J, et al. Repair of osteochondraldefects with hyaluronan- and polyester-based scaffolds. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2005; 13: 297-309.
44. Hsu SH, Tsai CL, Tang CM. Evaluation of cellular affinity andcompatibility to biodegradable polyesters and Type-II collagen- modified scaffolds using immortalized rat chondrocytes. Artif Organs 2002; 26: 647-58.
45. Lee BN, Kim da Y, Kang HJ, et al. In vivo biofunctionalitycomparison of different topographic PLLA scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100: 1751-60.
46. Liu Y, Hu J, Zhuang X, et al. Preparation and characterization ofbiodegradable and electroactive polymer blend materials based on mPEG/tetraaniline and PLLA. Macromol Biosci 2011; 11: 806-13.
47. Chen X, Li Y, Gu N. A novel basalt fiber-reinforced polylactic acidcomposite for hard tissue repair. Biomed Mater 2010; 5: 44104.
48. Delabarde C, Plummer CJ, Bourban PE, Manson JA.Biodegradable polylactide/hydroxyapatite nanocomposite foam scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2012; 23: 1371-85.
49. Solorio L, Olear AM, Hamilton JI, et al. Noninvasivecharacterization of the effect of varying PLGA molecular weight blends on in situ forming implant behavior using ultrasound imaging. Theranostics 2012; 2: 1064-77.
50. Nandagiri VK, Gentile P, Chiono V, et al. Incorporation of PLGAnanoparticles into porous chitosan-gelatin scaffolds: Influence on the physical properties and cell behavior. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2011; 4: 1318-27.
51. Barrett CE, Cameron RE. Nanoindentation analysis ofalphatricalcium phosphate-poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanocomposite degradation. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2014; 42: 587-94.
52. Pamula E, Kokoszka J, Cholewa-Kowalska K, et al. Degradation,bioactivity, and osteogenic potential of composites made of PLGA and two different sol-gel bioactive glasses. Ann Biomed Eng 2011; 39: 2114-29.
53. Sahoo S, Ouyang H, Goh JC, Tay TE, Toh SL. Characterization ofa novel polymeric scaffold for potential application in tendon/ligament tissue engineering. Tissue Eng 2006; 12: 91-9.
54. Xu M, Li Y, Suo H, et al. Fabricating a pearl/PLGA compositescaffold by the low-temperature deposition manufacturing technique for bone tissue engineering. Biofabrication 2010; 2: 25002.
55. Krebs MD, Sutter KA, Lin AS, Guldberg RE, Alsberg E. Injectablepoly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid scaffolds with in situ pore formation for tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2009; 5: 2847-59.
56. Li P, Feng X, Jia X, Fan Y. Influences of tensile load on in vitrodegradation of an electrospun poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) scaffold. Acta Biomater 2010; 6: 2991-6.
57. Rohman G, Pettit JJ, Isaure F, Cameron NR, Southgate J. Influenceof the physical properties of two-dimensional polyester substrates on the growth of normal human urothelial and urinary smooth muscle cells in vitro. Biomaterials 2007; 28: 2264-74.
58. Lu L, Garcia CA, Mikos AG. In vitro degradation of thin poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) films. J Biomed Mater Res 1999; 46: 236-44.
59. Full SM, Delman C, Gluck JM, et al. Effect of fiber orientation ofcollagen-based electrospun meshes on human fibroblasts for ligament tissue engineering applications. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2014;
60. Bini TB, Gao S, Wang S, Ramakrishna S. Development of fibrousbiodegradable polymer conduits for guided nerve regeneration. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2005; 16: 367-75.
61. Cieslik M, Mertas A, Morawska-Chochol A, et al. The evaluationof the possibilities of using PLGA co-polymer and its composites with carbon fibers or hydroxyapatite in the bone tissue regeneration process - in vitro and in vivo examinations. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10: 3224-34.
62. Ahmadi R, Mordan N, Forbes A, Day RM. Enhanced attachment,growth and migration of smooth muscle cells on microcarriers produced using thermally induced phase separation. Acta Biomater 2011; 7: 1542-9.
63. Pattison MA, Wurster S, Webster TJ, Haberstroh KM. Three-dimensional, nano-structured PLGA scaffolds for bladder tissue replacement applications. Biomaterials 2005; 26: 2491-500.
64. Garcia Cruz DM, Coutinho DF, Costa Martinez E, et al. Blendingpolysaccharides with biodegradable polymers. II. Structure and biological response of chitosan/polycaprolactone blends. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2008; 87: 544-54.
65. Neves SC, Moreira Teixeira LS, Moroni L, et al.Chitosan/poly(epsilon-caprolactone) blend scaffolds for cartilage repair. Biomaterials 2011; 32: 1068-79.
66. Wang Y, Wang G, Chen L, et al. Electrospun nanofiber mesheswith tailored architectures and patterns as potential tissue- engineering scaffolds. Biofabrication 2009; 1: 15001.
67. Soliman S, Pagliari S, Rinaldi A, et al. Multiscale three-dimensional scaffolds for soft tissue engineering via multimodal electrospinning. Acta Biomater 2010; 6: 1227-37.
68. Hutmacher DW. Scaffolds in tissue engineering bone and cartilage. Biomaterials 2000; 21: 2529-43.
69. Lee SH, Shin H. Matrices and scaffolds for delivery of bioactivemolecules in bone and cartilage tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2007; 59: 339-59.
70. Sung HJ, Meredith C, Johnson C, Galis ZS. The effect of scaffolddegradation rate on three-dimensional cell growth and angiogenesis. Biomaterials 2004; 25: 5735-42.
71. Seyednejad H, Gawlitta D, Kuiper RV, et al. In vivobiocompatibility and biodegradation of 3D-printed porous scaffolds based on a hydroxyl-functionalized poly(epsilon-caprolactone). Biomaterials 2012; 33: 4309-18.
72. Kharaziha M, Fathi MH, Edris H. Development of novel alignednanofibrous composite membranes for guided bone regeneration. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2013; 24: 9-20.
73. Jeong CG, Zhang H, Hollister SJ. Three-dimensionalpolycaprolactone scaffold-conjugated bone morphogenetic protein-2 promotes cartilage regeneration from primary chondrocytes in vitro and in vivo without accelerated endochondral ossification. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100: 2088-96.
74. Sharma S, Mohanty S, Gupta D, et al. Cellular response of limbalepithelial cells on electrospun poly-epsilon-caprolactone nanofibrous scaffolds for ocular surface bioengineering: a preliminary in vitro study. Mol Vis 2011; 17: 2898-910.
75. Lu L, Zhang Q, Wootton D, et al. Biocompatibility andbiodegradation studies of PCL/beta-TCP bone tissue scaffold fabricated by structural porogen method. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2012; 23: 2217-26.
76. Vatankhah E, Semnani D, Prabhakaran MP, et al. Artificial neuralnetwork for modeling the elastic modulus of electrospun polycaprolactone/gelatin scaffolds. Acta Biomater 2014; 10: 709-21.
77. Chong EJ, Phan TT, Lim IJ, et al. Evaluation of electrospunPCL/gelatin nanofibrous scaffold for wound healing and layered dermal reconstitution. Acta Biomater 2007; 3: 321-30.
78. Yeo A, Sju E, Rai B, Teoh SH. Customizing the degradation andload-bearing profile of 3D polycaprolactone-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds under enzymatic and hydrolytic conditions. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2008; 87: 562-9.
79. Cottam E, Hukins DW, Lee K, Hewitt C, Jenkins MJ. Effect ofsterilisation by gamma irradiation on the ability of polycaprolactone (PCL) to act as a scaffold material. Med Eng Phys 2009; 31: 221-6.
80. Ohyabu Y, Yunoki S, Hatayama H, Teranishi Y. Fabrication ofhigh-density collagen fibril matrix gels by renaturation of triple- helix collagen from gelatin. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 62: 296-303.
81. Ang KC, Leong KF, Chua CK, Chandrasekaran M. Compressiveproperties and degradability of poly(epsilon-caprolatone)/hydroxyapatite composites under accelerated hydrolytic degradation. J Biomed Mater Res A 2007; 80: 655-60.
82. Gupta D, Venugopal J, Prabhakaran MP, et al. Aligned and randomnanofibrous substrate for the in vitro culture of Schwann cells for neural tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2009; 5: 2560-9.
83. Kim BR, Nguyen LT, Min YK, Lee BT. In vitro and in vivo studiesof BMP-2 loaded PCL-Gelatin-BCP electrospun scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part A 2014;
84. Monteiro N, Ribeiro D, Martins A, et al. Instructive NanofibrousScaffold Comprising Runt-Related Transcription Factor 2 Gene Delivery for Bone Tissue Engineering. ACS Nano 2014;
85. Lee J, Yun HS. Effect of hydroxyapatite-containing microspheresembedded into three-dimensional magnesium phosphate scaffolds on the controlled release of lysozyme and in vitro biodegradation. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9: 4177-89.
86. Mercado-Pagan AE, Kang Y, Ker DF, et al. Synthesis andcharacterization of novel elastomeric poly(D,L-lactide urethane) maleate composites for bone tissue engineering. Eur Polym J 2013; 49: 3337-49.
87. Tonsomboon K, Oyen ML. Composite electrospun gelatin fiber-alginate gel scaffolds for mechanically robust tissue engineered cornea. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2013; 21: 185-94.
88. Yan J, Qiang L, Gao Y, et al. Effect of fiber alignment inelectrospun scaffolds on keratocytes and corneal epithelial cells behavior. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011;
89. Alfredo Uquillas J, Kishore V, Akkus O. Genipin crosslinkingelevates the strength of electrochemically aligned collagen to the level of tendons. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2012; 15: 176-89.
90. Bognitzki M, Czado W, Frese T, et al. Nanostructured fibers viaelectrospinning. Advanced Materials 2001; 13: 70.
91. Megelski S, Stephens JS, Chase DB, Rabolt JF. Micro- andnanostructured surface morphology on electrospun polymer fibers. Macromolecules 2002; 35: 8456-66.
92. Shenoy SL, Bates WD, Frisch HL, Wnek GE. Role of chainentanglements on fiber formation during electrospinning of polymer solutions: good solvent, non-specific polymer-polymer interaction limit. Polymer 2005; 46: 3372-84.
93. Yanzhong Zhang Z-MH, Xiaojing Xu, Chwee Teck Lim, SeeramRamakrishna. Preparation of Core Shell Structured PCL-r-Gelatin Bi-Component Nanofibers by Coaxial Electrospinning. Chemistry of Materials 2004; 16: 3406-9.
94. Townsend-Nicholson A, Jayasinghe SN. Cell electrospinning: aunique biotechnique for encapsulating living organisms for generating active biological microthreads/scaffolds. Biomacromolecules 2006; 7: 3364-9.
95. Garrigues NW, Little D, O'Conor CJ, Guilak F. Use of aninsulating mask for controlling anisotropy in multilayer electrospun scaffolds for tissue engineering. J Mater Chem 2010; 20: 8962-8.
96. Nijst CLE, Bruggeman JP, Karp JM, et al. Synthesis andcharacterization of photocurable elastomers from poly(glycerol-co- sebacate). Biomacromolecules 2007; 8: 3067-73.
97. Yi F, Lavan DA. Poly(glycerol sebacate) nanofiber scaffolds bycore/shell electrospinning. Macromol Biosci 2008; 8: 803-6.
98. Muzzarelli RA. Biomedical exploitation of chitin and chitosan viamechano-chemical disassembly, electrospinning, dissolution in imidazolium ionic liquids, and supercritical drying. Mar Drugs 2011; 9: 1510-33.
99. O'Brien FJ, Harley BA, Yannas IV, Gibson L. Influence of freezingrate on pore structure in freeze-dried collagen-GAG scaffolds. Biomaterials 2004; 25: 1077-86.
100. O'Brien FJ, Harley BA, Yannas IV, Gibson LJ. The effect of poresize on cell adhesion in collagen-GAG scaffolds. Biomaterials 2005; 26: 433-41.
101. Caliari SR, Harley BA. Composite growth factor supplementationstrategies to enhance tenocyte bioactivity in aligned collagen-GAG scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 19: 1100-12.
102. Zhu B, Lu Q, Yin J, Hu J, Wang Z. Alignment of osteoblast-likecells and cell-produced collagen matrix induced by nanogrooves. Tissue Eng 2005; 11: 825-34.
103. Hosseini V, Ahadian S, Ostrovidov S, et al. Engineered contractileskeletal muscle tissue on a microgrooved methacrylated gelatin substrate. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 18: 2453-65.
104. Zhu J, Li J, Wang B, et al. The regulation of phenotype of culturedtenocytes by microgrooved surface structure. Biomaterials 2010; 31: 6952-8.
105. Lucker PB, Javaherian S, Soleas JP, et al. A microgroove patternedmultiwell cell culture plate for high-throughput studies of cell alignment. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014;
106. Crouch AS, Miller D, Luebke KJ, Hu W. Correlation of anisotropiccell behaviors with topographic aspect ratio. Biomaterials 2009; 30: 1560-7.
107. Cai L, Zhang L, Dong J, Wang S. Photocured biodegradablepolymer substrates of varying stiffness and microgroove dimensions for promoting nerve cell guidance and differentiation. Langmuir 2012; 28: 12557-68.
108. Wang K, Cai L, Zhang L, Dong J, Wang S. Biodegradable photo-crosslinked polymer substrates with concentric microgrooves for regulating MC3T3-E1 cell behavior. Adv Healthc Mater 2012; 1: 292-301.
109. Thomas CH, Collier JH, Sfeir CS, Healy KE. Engineering geneexpression and protein synthesis by modulation of nuclear shape. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99: 1972-7.
110. Badrossamay MR, McIlwee HA, Goss JA, Parker KK. Nanofiberassembly by rotary jet-spinning. Nano Lett 2010; 10: 2257-61.
111. Badrossamay MR, Balachandran K, Capulli AK, et al. Engineeringhybrid polymer-protein super-aligned nanofibers via rotary jet spinning. Biomaterials 2014; 35: 3188-97.
112. Sharma S, Panitch A, Neu CP. Incorporation of an aggrecan mimicprevents proteolytic degradation of anisotropic cartilage analogs. Acta Biomater 2013; 9: 4618-25.
113. Zhong W, Zhang W, Wang S, Qin J. Regulation offibrochondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells in an integrated microfluidic platform embedded with biomimetic nanofibrous scaffolds. PLoS One 2013; 8: e61283.
114. McClendon MT, Stupp SI. Tubular hydrogels of circumferentiallyaligned nanofibers to encapsulate and orient vascular cells. Biomaterials 2012; 33: 5713-22.
115. Kharaziha M, Shin SR, Nikkhah M, et al. Tough and flexible CNT-polymeric hybrid scaffolds for engineering cardiac constructs. Biomaterials 2014; 35: 7346-54.
116. Masoumi N, Larson BL, Annabi N, et al. Electrospun PGS: PCLMicrofibers Align Human Valvular Interstitial Cells and Provide Tunable Scaffold Anisotropy. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3: 929-39.
117. Masoumi N, Annabi N, Assmann A, et al. Tri-layered elastomericscaffolds for engineering heart valve leaflets. Biomaterials 2014; 35: 7774-85.
118. Sohier J, Carubelli I, Sarathchandra P, et al. The potential ofanisotropic matrices as substrate for heart valve engineering. Biomaterials 2014; 35: 1833-44.
119. Newcomb CJ, Bitton R, Velichko YS, Snead ML, Stupp SI. Therole of nanoscale architecture in supramolecular templating of biomimetic hydroxyapatite mineralization. Small 2012; 8: 2195-202, 4.
120. Oliveira AL, Sun L, Kim HJ, et al. Aligned silk-based 3-Darchitectures for contact guidance in tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2012; 8: 1530-42.
121. Lei B, Shin KH, Koh YH, Kim HE. Porous gelatin-siloxane hybridscaffolds with biomimetic structure and properties for bone tissue regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2014
122. Martins A, Chung S, Pedro AJ, et al. Hierarchical starch-basedfibrous scaffold for bone tissue engineering applications. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2009; 3: 37-42.
123. Soleimani M, Nadri S, Shabani I. Neurogenic differentiation ofhuman conjunctiva mesenchymal stem cells on a nanofibrous scaffold. Int J Dev Biol 2010; 54: 1295-300.
124. Yang F, Murugan R, Ramakrishna S, et al. Fabrication of nano-structured porous PLLA scaffold intended for nerve tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2004; 25: 1891-900.
125. Alvarez Z, Castano O, Castells AA, et al. Neurogenesis andvascularization of the damaged brain using a lactate-releasing biomimetic scaffold. Biomaterials 2014; 35: 4769-81.
126. Baud O, Fayol L, Gressens P, et al. Perinatal and early postnatalchanges in the expression of monocarboxylate transporters MCT1 and MCT2 in the rat forebrain. J Comp Neurol 2003; 465: 445-54.
127. Polet F, Feron O. Endothelial cell metabolism and tumourangiogenesis: glucose and glutamine as essential fuels and lactate as the driving force. J Intern Med 2013; 273: 156-65.
128. Speder P, Liu J, Brand AH. Nutrient control of neural stem cells. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2011; 23: 724-9.
129. Tsai TL, Nelson BC, Anderson PA, Zdeblick TA, Li WJ. Intervertebral Disc and Stem Cells Co-cultured in Biomimetic Extracellular Matrix Stimulated by Cyclic Compression in Perfusion Bioreactor. Spine J 2014;
130. Curtis A, Wilkinson C. New depths in cell behaviour: reactions ofcells to nanotopography. Biochem Soc Symp 1999; 65: 15-26.
131. Whatley BR, Kuo J, Shuai C, Damon BJ, Wen X. Fabrication of abiomimetic elastic intervertebral disk scaffold using additive manufacturing. Biofabrication 2011; 3: 15004.
132. Kim KO, Lee Y, Hwang JW, et al. Wound healing properties of a3-D scaffold comprising soluble silkworm gland hydrolysate and human collagen. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 116: 318-26.
133. Rodrigues SC, Salgado CL, Sahu A, et al. Preparation andcharacterization of collagen-nanohydroxyapatite biocomposite scaffolds by cryogelation method for bone tissue engineering applications. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 101: 1080-94.
134. Xu C, Lu W, Bian S, et al. Porous collagen scaffold reinforced withsurfaced activated PLLA nanoparticles. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012: 695137.
135. Su K, Edwards SL, Tan KS, et al. Induction of endometrialmesenchymal stem cells into tissue-forming cells suitable for fascial repair. Acta Biomater 2014; 10: 5012-20.
136. Zong X, Bien H, Chung CY, et al. Electrospun fine-texturedscaffolds for heart tissue constructs. Biomaterials 2005; 26: 5330-8.
137. Kang SW, Cho ER, Jeon O, Kim BS. The effect of microspheredegradation rate on the efficacy of polymeric microspheres as bulking agents: an 18-month follow-up study. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2007; 80: 253-9.
138. Jaklenec A, Hinckfuss A, Bilgen B, et al. Sequential release ofbioactive IGF-I and TGF-beta 1 from PLGA microsphere-based scaffolds. Biomaterials 2008; 29: 1518-25.
139. Matsumoto A, Matsukawa Y, Horikiri Y, Suzuki T. Rupture anddrug release characteristics of multi-reservoir type microspheres with poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) and poly(dl-lactide). Int J Pharm 2006; 327: 110-6.
140. Park JS, Woo DG, Sun BK, et al. In vitro and in vivo test ofPEG/PCL-based hydrogel scaffold for cell delivery application. J Control Release 2007; 124: 51-9.
141. Hong S, Kim G. Electrospun micro/nanofibrous conduits composedof poly(epsilon-caprolactone) and small intestine submucosa powder for nerve tissue regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2010; 94: 421-8.
142. Croisier F, Duwez AS, Jerome C, et al. Mechanical testing ofelectrospun PCL fibers. Acta Biomater 2012; 8: 218-24.