Meta-analysis of the COMT Val158Met polymorphism in major depressive disorder: The role of gender

World Journal of Biological Psychiatry

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 147-158

  Klein, Martina ^a   Schmoeger, Michaela ^a   Kasper, Siegfried ^a   Schosser, Alexandra ^a,b  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^b Zentrum Für Seelische Gesundheit Leopoldau   (Austria)

Author keywords

COMT; gender; major depressive disorder; Meta analysis; Val158Met

Indexed keywords

CATECHOL METHYLTRANSFERASE; COMT PROTEIN, HUMAN;

ALLELE; ARTICLE; CASE CONTROL STUDY; DNA POLYMORPHISM; GENDER; GENOTYPE; HUMAN; MAJOR DEPRESSION; META ANALYSIS; PATHOGENESIS; PHENOTYPE; SAMPLE SIZE; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; GENE FREQUENCY; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETICS; SEX DIFFERENCE; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM;

ALLELES; CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; GENE FREQUENCY; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE; SEX FACTORS;

EID: 84959337496     PISSN: 15622975     EISSN: 18141412     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2015.1083615     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. Aberg E, Fandino-Losada A, Sjoholm LK, Forsell Y, Lavebratt C. 2011. The functional Val158Met polymorphism in catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is associated with depression and motivation in men from a Swedish population-based study. J Affect Disord. 129: 158-166.
2. Anttila S, Huuhka K, Huuhka M, Illi A, Rontu R, Leinonen E, Lehtimaki T. 2008. Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) polymorphisms predict treatment response in electroconvulsive therapy. Pharmacogenomics J. 8: 113-116.
3. Antypa N, Drago A, Serretti A. 2013. The role of COMT gene variants in depression: bridging neuropsychological, behavioral and clinical phenotypes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 37: 1597-1610.
4. Aragam N, Wang KS, Pan Y. 2011. Genome-wide association analysis of gender differences in major depressive disorder in the Netherlands NESDA and NTR population-based samples. J Affect Disord. 133: 516-521.
5. Arias B, Serretti A, Lorenzi C, Gasto C, Catalan R, Fananas L. 2006. Analysis of COMT gene (Val 158 Met polymorphism) in the clinical response to SSRIs in depressive patients of European origin. J Affect Disord. 90: 251-256.
6. Baekken PM, Skorpen F, Stordal E, Zwart JA, Hagen K. 2008. Depression and anxiety in relation to catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met genotype in the general population: the Nord-Trondelag Health Study (HUNT). BMC Psychiatry. 8: 48
7. Barnett JH, Heron J, Ring SM, Golding J, Goldman D, Xu K, Jones PB. 2007. Gender-specific effects of the catechol-O-methyltransferase Val108/158Met polymorphism on cognitive function in children. Am J Psychiatry. 164: 142-149.
8. Baune BT, Hohoff C, Berger K, Neumann A, Mortensen S, Roehrs T, et al. 2008. Association of the COMT val158met variant with antidepressant treatment response in major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology. 33: 924-932.
9. Bertocci B, Miggiano V, Da Prada M, Dembic Z, Lahm HW, Malherbe P. 1991. Human catechol-O-methyltransferase: cloning and expression of the membrane-associated form. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 88: 1416-1420.
10. Boomsma DI, Willemsen G, Sullivan PF, Heutink P, Meijer P, Sondervan D, et al. 2008. Genome-wide association of major depression: description of samples for the GAIN Major Depressive Disorder Study: NTR and NESDA biobank projects. Eur J Hum Genet. 16: 335-342.
11. Bosker FJ, Hartman CA, Nolte IM, Prins BP, Terpstra P, Posthuma D, et al. 2011. Poor replication of candidate genes for major depressive disorder using genome-wide association data. Mol Psychiatry. 16: 516-532.
12. Boudikova B, Szumlanski C, Maidak B, Weinshilboum R. 1990. Human liver catechol-O-methyltransferase pharmacogenetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 48: 381-389.
13. Calati R, Porcelli S, Giegling I, Hartmann AM, Moller HJ, De Ronchi D, et al. 2011. Catechol-o-methyltransferase gene modulation on suicidal behavior and personality traits: review, meta-analysis and association study. J Psychiatr Res. 45: 309-321.
14. Chen C, Chen C, Moyzis R, Dong Q, He Q, Zhu B, et al. 2011. Sex modulates the associations between the COMT gene and personality traits. Neuropsychopharmacology. 36: 1593-1598.
15. Chen J, Lipska BK, Halim N, Ma QD, Matsumoto M, Melhem S, et al. 2004. Functional analysis of genetic variation in catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT): effects on mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity in postmortem human brain. Am J Hum Genet. 75: 807-821.
16. Chiesa A, Lia L, Alberti S, Lee SJ, Han C, Patkar AA, et al. 2014. Lack of influence of rs4680 (COMT) and rs6276 (DRD2) on diagnosis and clinical outcomes in patients with major depression. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 18: 97-102.
17. Cohn CK, Axelrod J. 1971. The effect of estradiol on catechol-O-methyltransferase activity in rat liver. Life Sci I. 10: 1351-1354.
18. Comasco E, Sylven SM, Papadopoulos FC, Sundstrom-Poromaa I, Oreland L, Skalkidou A. 2011. Postpartum depression symptoms: a case-control study on monoaminergic functional polymorphisms and environmental stressors. Psychiatr Genet. 21: 19-28.
19. Conway CC, Hammen C, Brennan PA, Lind PA, Najman JM. 2010. Interaction of chronic stress with serotonin transporter and catechol-O-methyltransferase polymorphisms in predicting youth depression. Depress Anxiety. 27: 737-745.
20. Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. 2013. Identification of risk loci with shared effects on five major psychiatric disorders: a genome-wide analysis. Lancet. 381: 1371-1379.
21. Cusin C, Serretti A, Lattuada E, Lilli R, Lorenzi C, Smeraldi E. 2002. Association study of MAO-A, COMT, 5-HT2A, DRD2, and DRD4 polymorphisms with illness time course in mood disorders. Am J Med Genet. 114: 380-390.
22. Dao DT, Mahon PB, Cai X, Kovacsics CE, Blackwell RA, Arad M, et al. 2010. Mood disorder susceptibility gene CACNA1C modifies mood-related behaviors in mice and interacts with sex to influence behavior in mice and diagnosis in humans. Biol Psychiatry. 68: 801-810.
23. Demirkan A, Penninx BW, Hek K, Wray NR, Amin N, Aulchenko YS, et al. 2011. Genetic risk profiles for depression and anxiety in adult and elderly cohorts. Mol Psychiatry. 16: 773-783.
24. DerSimonian R, Laird N. 1986. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials. 7: 177-188.
25. Diflorio A, Jones I. 2010. Is sex important? Gender differences in bipolar disorder. Int Rev Psychiatry. 22: 437-452.
26. Domschke K, Baune BT, Havlik L, Stuhrmann A, Suslow T, Kugel H, et al. 2012. Catechol-O-methyltransferase gene variation: impact on amygdala response to aversive stimuli. Neuroimage. 60: 2222-2229.
27. Domschke K, Zavorotnyy M, Diemer J, Nitsche S, Hohoff C, Baune BT, et al. 2010. COMT val158met influence on electroconvulsive therapy response in major depression. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 153B: 286-290.
28. Doornbos B, Dijck-Brouwer DA, Kema IP, Tanke MA, van Goor SA, Muskiet FA, Korf J. 2009. The development of peripartum depressive symptoms is associated with gene polymorphisms of MAOA, 5-HTT and COMT. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 33: 1250-1254.
29. Ebmeier KP, Donaghey C, Steele JD. 2006. Recent developments and current controversies in depression. Lancet. 367: 153-167.
30. Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. 1997. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 315: 629-634.
31. Eley TC, Tahir E, Angleitner A, Harriss K, McClay J, Plomin R, et al. 2003. Association analysis of MAOA and COMT with neuroticism assessed by peers. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 120B: 90-96.
32. Enoch MA, Xu K, Ferro E, Harris CR, Goldman D. 2003. Genetic origins of anxiety in women: a role for a functional catechol-O-methyltransferase polymorphism. Psychiatr Genet. 13: 33-41.
33. Essau CA, Lewinsohn PM, Seeley JR, Sasagawa S. 2010. Gender differences in the developmental course of depression. J Affect Disord. 127: 185-190.
34. Floderus Y, Ross SB, Wetterberg L. 1981. Erythrocyte catechol-O-methyltransferase activity in a Swedish population. Clin Genet. 19: 389-392.
35. Frisch A, Postilnick D, Rockah R, Michaelovsky E, Postilnick S, Birman E, et al. 1999. Association of unipolar major depressive disorder with genes of the serotonergic and dopaminergic pathways. Mol Psychiatry. 4: 389-392.
36. Funke B, Malhotra AK, Finn CT, Plocik AM, Lake SL, Lencz T, et al. 2005. COMT genetic variation confers risk for psychotic and affective disorders: a case control study. Behav Brain Funct. 1: 19
37. Garriock HA, Delgado P, Kling MA, Carpenter LL, Burke M, Burke WJ, et al. 2006. Number of risk genotypes is a risk factor for major depressive disorder: a case control study. Behav Brain Funct. 2: 24.
38. Gogos JA, Morgan M, Luine V, Santha M, Ogawa S, Pfaff D, Karayiorgou M. 1998. Catechol-O-methyltransferase-deficient mice exhibit sexually dimorphic changes in catecholamine levels and behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95: 9991-9996.
39. Gottesman II, Gould TD. 2003. The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions. Am J Psychiatry. 160: 636-645.
40. Haeffel GJ, Eastman M, Grigorenko EL. 2012. Using a cognitive endophenotype to identify risk genes for depression. Neurosci Lett. 510: 10-13.
41. Harrison PJ, Tunbridge EM. 2008. Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT): a gene contributing to sex differences in brain function, and to sexual dimorphism in the predisposition to psychiatric disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology. 33: 3037-3045.
42. Hatzimanolis AVS, Mandelli L, Vaiopoulos C, Nearchou FA, Stefanis CN, Serretti A, Stefanis NC. 2013. Potential role of membrane-bound COMT gene polymorphisms in female depression vulnerability. Journal of Affective Disorders. 148: 316-322.
43. Henderson AS, Korten AE, Jorm AF, Jacomb PA, Christensen H, Rodgers B, et al. 2000. COMT and DRD3 polymorphisms, environmental exposures, and personality traits related to common mental disorders. Am J Med Genet. 96: 102-107.
44. Hettema JM, An SS, Bukszar J, van den Oord EJ, Neale MC, Kendler KS, Chen X. 2008. Catechol-O-methyltransferase contributes to genetic susceptibility shared among anxiety spectrum phenotypes. Biol Psychiatry. 64: 302-310.
45. Higgins JP, Thompson SG. 2002. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med. 21: 1539-1558.
46. Hong J, Shu-Leong H, Tao X, Lap-Ping Y. 1998. Distribution of catechol-O-methyltransferase expression in human central nervous system. Neuroreport. 9: 2861-2864.
47. Huang J, Perlis RH, Lee PH, Rush AJ, Fava M, Sachs GS, et al. 2010. Cross-disorder genomewide analysis of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression. Am J Psychiatry. 167: 1254-1263.
48. Huf W, Kalcher K, Pail G, Friedrich ME, Filzmoser P, Kasper S. 2011. Meta-analysis: fact or fiction? How to interpret meta-analyses. World J Biol Psychiatry. 12: 188-200.
49. Huuhka K, Anttila S, Huuhka M, Hietala J, Huhtala H, Mononen N, et al. 2008. Dopamine 2 receptor C957T and catechol-o-methyltransferase Val158Met polymorphisms are associated with treatment response in electroconvulsive therapy. Neurosci Lett. 448: 79-83.
50. Illi A, Setala-Soikkeli E, Kampman O, Viikki M, Nuolivirta T, Poutanen O, et al. 2010. Catechol-O-methyltransferase val108/158met genotype, major depressive disorder and response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 176: 85-87.
51. Ising M, Lucae S, Binder EB, Bettecken T, Uhr M, Ripke S, et al. 2009. A genomewide association study points to multiple loci that predict antidepressant drug treatment outcome in depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 66: 966-975.
52. Jabbi M, Kema IP, van der Pompe G, te Meerman GJ, Ormel J, den Boer JA. 2007. Catechol-o-methyltransferase polymorphism and susceptibility to major depressive disorder modulates psychological stress response. Psychiatr Genet. 17: 183-193.
53. Jansson M, Gatz M, Berg S, Johansson B, Malmberg B, McClearn GE, et al. 2004. Gender differences in heritability of depressive symptoms in the elderly. Psychol Med. 34: 471-479.
54. Kaminsky Z, Wang SC, Petronis A. 2006. Complex disease, gender and epigenetics. Ann Med. 38: 530-544.
55. Karoum F, Chrapusta SJ, Egan MF. 1994. 3-Methoxytyramine is the major metabolite of released dopamine in the rat frontal cortex: reassessment of the effects of antipsychotics on the dynamics of dopamine release and metabolism in the frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and striatum by a simple two pool model. J Neurochem. 63: 972-979.
56. Kempton MJ, Haldane M, Jogia J, Christodoulou T, Powell J, Collier D, et al. 2009. The effects of gender and COMT Val158Met polymorphism on fearful facial affect recognition: a fMRI study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 12: 371-381.
57. Kendler KS, Gatz M, Gardner CO, Pedersen NL. 2006. A Swedish national twin study of lifetime major depression. Am J Psychiatry. 163: 109-114.
58. Kocabas NA, Faghel C, Barreto M, Kasper S, Linotte S, Mendlewicz J, et al. 2010. The impact of catechol-O-methyltransferase SNPs and haplotypes on treatment response phenotypes in major depressive disorder: a case-control association study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 25: 218-227.
59. Kunugi H, Vallada HP, Hoda F, Kirov G, Gill M, Aitchison KJ, et al. 1997. No evidence for an association of affective disorders with high-or low-activity allele of catechol-o-methyltransferase gene. Biol Psychiatry. 42: 282-285.
60. Lachman HM, Papolos DF, Saito T, Yu YM, Szumlanski CL, Weinshilboum RM. 1996. Human catechol-O-methyltransferase pharmacogenetics: description of a functional polymorphism and its potential application to neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacogenetics. 6: 243-250.
61. Lee HY, Kim YK. 2011. Gender effect of catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met polymorphism on suicidal behavior. Neuropsychobiology. 63: 177-182.
62. Lee PH, Perlis RH, Jung JY, Byrne EM, Rueckert E, Siburian R, Haddad S, Mayerfeld CE, Heath AC, Pergadia ML, et al. 2012. Multi-locus genome-wide association analysis supports the role of glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the etiology of major depressive disorder. Transl Psychiatry. 2: e184.
63. Lewis CM, Ng MY, Butler AW, Cohen-Woods S, Uher R, Pirlo K, et al. 2010. Genome-wide association study of major recurrent depression in the U.K. population. Am J Psychiatry. 167: 949-957.
64. Lopez-Leon S, Janssens AC, Gonzalez-Zuloeta Ladd AM, Del-Favero J, Claes SJ, Oostra BA, van Duijn CM. 2008. Meta-analyses of genetic studies on major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 13: 772-785.
65. Luciano M, Houlihan LM, Harris SE, Gow AJ, Hayward C, Starr JM, Deary IJ. 2010. Association of existing and new candidate genes for anxiety, depression and personality traits in older people. Behav Genet. 40: 518-532.
66. Malhotra AK, Kestler LJ, Mazzanti C, Bates JA, Goldberg T, Goldman D. 2002. A functional polymorphism in the COMT gene and performance on a test of prefrontal cognition. Am J Psychiatry. 159: 652-654.
67. Mandelli L, Serretti A, Marino E, Pirovano A, Calati R, Colombo C. 2007. Interaction between serotonin transporter gene, catechol-O-methyltransferase gene and stressful life events in mood disorders. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 10: 437-447.
68. Massat I, Kocabas NA, Crisafulli C, Chiesa A, Calati R, Linotte S, et al. 2011. COMT and age at onset in mood disorders: a replication and extension study. Neurosci Lett. 498: 218-221.
69. Massat I, Souery D, Del-Favero J, Nothen M, Blackwood D, Muir W, et al. 2005. Association between COMT (Val158Met) functional polymorphism and early onset in patients with major depressive disorder in a European multicenter genetic association study. Mol Psychiatry. 10: 598-605.
70. McLean CP, Asnaani A, Litz BT, Hofmann SG. 2011. Gender differences in anxiety disorders: prevalence, course of illness, comorbidity and burden of illness. J Psychiatr Res. 45: 1027-1035.
71. Muglia P, Tozzi F, Galwey NW, Francks C, Upmanyu R, Kong XQ, et al. 2010. Genome-wide association study of recurrent major depressive disorder in two European case-control cohorts. Mol Psychiatry. 15: 589-601.
72. Murray CJ, Lopez AD. 1996. Evidence-based health policy-lessons from the Global Burden of Disease Study. Science. 274: 740-743.
73. Nackley AG, Shabalina SA, Tchivileva IE, Satterfield K, Korchynskyi O, Makarov SS, et al. 2006. Human catechol-O-methyltransferase haplotypes modulate protein expression by altering mRNA secondary structure. Science. 314: 1930-1933.
74. Nyman ES, Sulkava S, Soronen P, Miettunen J, Loukola A, Leppa V, et al. 2011. Interaction of early environment, gender and genes of monoamine neurotransmission in the aetiology of depression in a large population-based Finnish birth cohort. BMJ Open. 1: e000087.
75. Ochoa S, Usall J, Cobo J, Labad X, Kulkarni J. 2012. Gender differences in schizophrenia and first-episode psychosis: a comprehensive literature review. Schizophr Res Treatment. 2012: 916198
76. Ohara K, Nagai M, Suzuki Y, Ohara K. 1998. Low activity allele of catechol-o-methyltransferase gene and Japanese unipolar depression. Neuroreport. 9: 1305-1308.
77. Ono H, Shirakawa O, Nushida H, Ueno Y, Maeda K. 2004. Association between catechol-O-methyltransferase functional polymorphism and male suicide completers. Neuropsychopharmacology. 29: 1374-1377.
78. Opmeer EM, Kortekaas R, Aleman A. 2010. Depression and the role of genes involved in dopamine metabolism and signalling. Prog Neurobiol. 92: 112-133.
79. Opmeer EM, Kortekaas R, van Tol MJ, van der Wee NJ, Woudstra S, van Buchem MA, et al. 2013. Influence of COMT val158met genotype on the depressed brain during emotional processing and working memory. PLoS One. 8: e73290
80. Palmatier MA, Kang AM, Kidd KK. 1999. Global variation in the frequencies of functionally different catechol-O-methyltransferase alleles. Biol Psychiatry. 46: 557-567.
81. Pan CC, McQuoid DR, Taylor WD, Payne ME, Ashley-Koch A, Steffens DC. 2009. Association analysis of the COMT/MTHFR genes and geriatric depression: an MRI study of the putamen. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 24: 847-855.
82. Piccinelli M, Wilkinson G. 2000. Gender differences in depression. Critical review. Br J Psychiatry. 177: 486-492.
83. Pooley EC, Fineberg N, Harrison PJ. 2007. The met(158) allele of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder in men: case-control study and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry. 12: 556-561.
84. Potter GG, Taylor WD, McQuoid DR, Steffens DC, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Krishnan KR. 2009. The COMT Val158Met polymorphism and cognition in depressed and nondepressed older adults. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 24: 1127-1133.
85. Rebbeck TRSH, Sammel MD, Lin H, Tran TV, Gracia CR, Freeman EW. 2010. Effect of hormone metabolism genotypes on steroid hormone levels and menopausal symptoms in a prospective population-based cohort of women experiencing the menopausal transition. Menopause. 17: 1026-1034.
86. Rietschel M, Mattheisen M, Frank J, Treutlein J, Degenhardt F, Breuer R, et al. 2010. Genome-wide association-, replication-, and neuroimaging study implicates HOMER1 in the etiology of major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 68: 578-585.
87. Russ MJ, Lachman HM, Kashdan T, Saito T, Bajmakovic-Kacila S. 2000. Analysis of catechol-O-methyltransferase and 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter polymorphisms in patients at risk for suicide. Psychiatry Res. 93: 73-78.
88. Schildkraut JJ. 1995. The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: a review of supporting evidence. 1965. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 7: 524-533. Discussion 523-4.
89. Schol-Gelok SJA, Tiemeier H, Liu F, Lopez-Leon S, Zorkoltseva IV, Axenovich TI, et al. 2010. A genome-wide screen for depression in two independent Dutch populations. Biol Psychiatry. 68: 187-196.
90. Schosser A, Butler AW, Uher R, Ng MY, Cohen-Woods S, Craddock N, et al. 2013. Genome-wide association study of co-occurring anxiety in major depression. World J Biol Psychiatry. 14: 611-621.
91. Seok JHCS, Lim HK, Lee SH, Kim J, Ham BJ. 2013. Effect of the COMT val158met polymorphism on white matter connectivity in patients with major depressive disorder. Neurosci Lett. 545: 35-39.
92. Serretti A, Rotondo A, Lorenzi C, Smeraldi E, Cassano GB. 2006. Catechol-O-methyltransferase gene variants in mood disorders in the Italian population. Psychiatr Genet. 16: 181-182.
93. Sheikh HI, Kryski KR, Smith HJ, Dougherty LR, Klein DN, Bufferd SJ, et al. 2013. Catechol-O-methyltransferase gene val158met polymorphism and depressive symptoms during early childhood. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 162B: 245-252.
94. Shi J, Potash JB, Knowles JA, Weissman MM, Coryell W, Scheftner WA, et al. 2011. Genome-wide association study of recurrent early-onset major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 16: 193-201.
95. Shyn SI, Shi J, Kraft JB, Potash JB, Knowles JA, Weissman MM, et al. 2011. Novel loci for major depression identified by genome-wide association study of Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression and meta-analysis of three studies. Mol Psychiatry. 16: 202-215.
96. Song GG, Kim JH, Lee YH. 2013. Genome-wide pathway analysis in major depressive disorder. J Mol Neurosci. 51: 428-436.
97. Soronen P, Mantere O, Melartin T, Suominen K, Vuorilehto M, Rytsala H, et al. 2011. P2RX7 gene is associated consistently with mood disorders and predicts clinical outcome in three clinical cohorts. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 156B: 435-447.
98. Stein MB, Fallin MD, Schork NJ, Gelernter J. 2005. COMT polymorphisms and anxiety-related personality traits. Neuropsychopharmacology. 30: 2092-2102.
99. Sullivan PF, de Geus EJ, Willemsen G, James MR, Smit JH, Zandbelt T, et al. 2009. Genome-wide association for major depressive disorder: a possible role for the presynaptic protein piccolo. Mol Psychiatry. 14: 359-375.
100. Sullivan PF, Neale MC, Kendler KS. 2000. Genetic epidemiology of major depression: review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 157: 1552-1562.
101. Swart M, Bruggeman R, Laroi F, Alizadeh BZ, Kema I, Kortekaas R, et al. 2011. COMT Val158Met polymorphism, verbalizing of emotion and activation of affective brain systems. Neuroimage. 55: 338-344.
102. Tak LM, Meijer A, Manoharan A, de Jonge P, Rosmalen JG. 2010. More than the sum of its parts: meta-analysis and its potential to discover sources of heterogeneity in psychosomatic medicine. Psychosom Med. 72: 253-265.
103. Tenhunen J, Salminen M, Lundstrom K, Kiviluoto T, Savolainen R, Ulmanen I. 1994. Genomic organization of the human catechol O-methyltransferase gene and its expression from two distinct promoters. Eur J Biochem. 223: 1049-1059.
104. Terracciano A, Tanaka T, Sutin AR, Sanna S, Deiana B, Lai S, et al. 2010. Genome-wide association scan of trait depression. Biol Psychiatry. 68: 811-817.
105. Ursini G, Bollati V, Fazio L, Porcelli A, Iacovelli L, Catalani A, et al. 2011. Stress-related methylation of the catechol-O-methyltransferase Val 158 allele predicts human prefrontal cognition and activity. J Neurosci. 31: 6692-6698.
106. Utge S, Soronen P, Partonen T, Loukola A, Kronholm E, Pirkola S, et al. 2010. A population-based association study of candidate genes for depression and sleep disturbance. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 153B: 468-476.
107. van Veen T, Goeman JJ, Monajemi R, Wardenaar KJ, Hartman CA, Snieder H, et al. 2012. Different gene sets contribute to different symptom dimensions of depression and anxiety. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 159B: 519-528.
108. Wang X, Wang Z, Wu Y, Yuan Y, Hou Z, Hou G. 2013. Association analysis of the catechol-O-methyltransferase/methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genes and cognition in late-onset depression. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 68: 344-352.
109. Weiss EM, Stadelmann E, Kohler CG, Brensinger CM, Nolan KA, Oberacher H, et al. 2007. Differential effect of catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met genotype on emotional recognition abilities in healthy men and women. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 13: 881-887.
110. Wichers M, Aguilera M, Kenis G, Krabbendam L, Myin-Germeys I, Jacobs N, et al. 2008. The catechol-O-methyl transferase Val158Met polymorphism and experience of reward in the flow of daily life. Neuropsychopharmacology. 33: 3030-3036.
111. Williams LM, Gatt JM, Grieve SM, Dobson-Stone C, Paul RH, Gordon E, Schofield PR. 2010. COMT Val(108/158)Met polymorphism effects on emotional brain function and negativity bias. Neuroimage. 53: 918-925.
112. Winterer GWD. 2004. Genes, dopamine and cortical signal-to-noise ratio in schizophrenia. Trends Neurosci. 27: 683-690.
113. Wong MLDC, Andreev V, Arcos-Burgos M, Licinio J. 2012. Prediction of susceptibility to major depression by a model of interactions of multiple functional genetic variants and environmental factors. Mol Psychiatry. 17: 624-633.
114. Wray NR, James MR, Dumenil T, Handoko HY, Lind PA, Montgomery GW, Martin NG. 2008. Association study of candidate variants of COMT with neuroticism, anxiety and depression. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 147B: 1314-1318.
115. Wray NR, Pergadia ML, Blackwood DH, Penninx BW, Gordon SD, Nyholt DR, et al. 2012. Genome-wide association study of major depressive disorder: new results, meta-analysis, and lessons learned. Mol Psychiatry. 17: 36-48.
116. Xie T, Ho SL, Ramsden D. 1999. Characterization and implications of estrogenic down-regulation of human catechol-O-methyltransferase gene transcription. Mol Pharmacol. 56: 31-38.