A manufacturing perspective on graphene dispersions

Current Opinion in Colloid and Interface Science

Volumn 20, Issue 5-6, 2015, Pages 367-382

  Johnson, David W ^a   Dobson, Ben P ^a   Coleman, Karl S ^a  

^a DURHAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Application; Dispersion; Graphene; Graphene oxide; Manufacturing; Reduced graphene oxide; Solution; Solvent; Stability

Indexed keywords

APPLICATIONS; CHEMICAL MODIFICATION; CONVERGENCE OF NUMERICAL METHODS; DISPERSION (WAVES); DISPERSIONS; MANUFACTURE; SHEAR FLOW; SOLUTIONS; SOLVENTS;

COMMERCIALISATION; GRAPHENE DISPERSIONS; GRAPHENE OXIDES; GRAPHENE SHEETS; ORGANIC MEDIA; REDUCED GRAPHENE OXIDES; STRONG INTERACTION;

GRAPHENE;

CATION; GRAPHENE OXIDE; SOLVENT;

ADSORPTION KINETICS; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); COVALENT BOND; DISPERSION; ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION; ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY; FRICTION; HYDROGEN BOND; HYDROPHOBICITY; IONIC STRENGTH; LIGHT SCATTERING; LIQUID CRYSTAL; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; MOLECULAR STABILITY; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; OXIDATION; POLYMERIZATION; PROTON TRANSPORT; REVIEW; RING OPENING; SHEAR STRESS; SOLUBILITY; STATIC ELECTRICITY; SURFACE AREA; THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY; THERMOSTABILITY; ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROSCOPY; ZETA POTENTIAL;

EID: 84958673179     PISSN: 13590294     EISSN: 18790399     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2015.11.004     Document Type: Review

References (274)

1. Novoselov K.S., Geim A.K., Morozov S.V., Jiang D., Zhang Y., Dubonos S.V., Grigorieva I.V., Firsov A.A. Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 2004, 306:666-669.
2. Bolotin K.I., Sikes K.J., Jiang Z., Klima M., Fudenberg G., Hone J., Kim P., Stormer H.L. Ultrahigh electron mobility in suspended graphene. Solid State Commun 2008, 146:351-355.
3. Balandin A.A., Ghosh S., Bao W., Calizo I., Teweldebrhan D., Miao F., Lau C.N. Superior thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene. Nano Lett 2008, 8:902-907.
4. Bunch J.S., Verbridge S.S., Alden J.S., van der Zande A.M., Parpia J.M., Craighead H.G., McEuen P.L. Impermeable atomic membranes from graphene sheets. Nano Lett 2008, 8:2458-2462.
5. Du X., Skachko I., Barker A., Andrei E.Y. Approaching ballistic transport in suspended graphene. Nat Nanotechnol 2008, 3:491-495.
6. Castro Neto A.H., Guinea F., Peres N.M.R., Novoselov K.S., Geim A.K. The electronic properties of graphene. Rev Mod Phys 2009, 81:109-162.
7. Nair R.R., Blake P., Grigorenko A.N., Novoselov K.S., Booth T.J., Stauber T., Peres N.M.R., Geim A.K. Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of graphene. Science 2008, 320:1308.
8. Lee C., Wei X., Kysar J.W., Hone J. Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. Science 2008, 321:385-388.
9. Edwards R.S., Coleman K.S. Graphene synthesis: relationship to applications. Nanoscale 2013, 5:38-51.
10. Ayán-Varela M., Paredes J., Villar-Rodil S., Rozada R., Martínez-Alonso A., Tascón J. A quantitative analysis of the dispersion behavior of reduced graphene oxide in solvents. Carbon 2014, 75:390-400.
11. Everett D.H. Basic principles of colloid science 1988, The Royal Society of Chemistry, London.
12. Qin Z., Taylor M., Hwang M., Bertoldi K., Buehler M.J. Effect of wrinkles on the surface area of graphene: toward the design of nanoelectronics. Nano Lett 2014, 14:6520-6525.
13. Coleman J.N. Liquid exfoliation of defect-free graphene. Acc Chem Res 2013, 46:14-22.
14. Hong B.J., Compton O.C., An Z., Eryazici I., Nguyen S.T. Successful stabilization of graphene oxide in electrolyte solutions: enhancement of biofunctionalization and cellular uptake. ACS Nano 2012, 6:63-73.
15. Hernandez Y., Lotya M., Rickard D., Bergin S.D., Coleman J.N. Measurement of multicomponent solubility parameters for graphene facilitates solvent discovery. Langmuir 2010, 26:3208-3213.
16. Khan U., Porwal H., O'Neill A., Nawaz K., May P., Coleman J.N. Solvent-exfoliated graphene at extremely high concentration. Langmuir 2011, 27:9077-9082.
17. Kuila T., Bose S., Mishra A.K., Khanra P., Kim N.H., Lee J.H. Chemical functionalization of graphene and its applications. Prog Mater Sci 2012, 57:1061-1105.
18. Bianco A., Cheng H.M., Enoki T., Gogotsi Y., Hurt R.H., Koratkar N., Kyotani T., Monthioux M., Park C.R., Tascon J.M., Zhang J. All in the graphene family a recommended nomenclature for two-dimensional carbon materials. Carbon 2013, 65:1-6.
19. Hernandez Y., Nicolosi V., Lotya M., Blighe F.M., Sun Z., De S., McGovern I.T., Holland B., Byrne M., Gun'ko Y.K., Boland J.J., Niraj P., Duesberg G., Krishnamurthy S., Goodhue R., Hutchison J., Scardaci V., Ferrari A.C., Coleman J.N. High-yield production of graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite. Nat Nanotechnol 2008, 3:563-568.
20. Lotya M., Hernandez Y., King P.J., Smith R.J., Nicolosi V., Karlsson L.S., Blighe F.M., De S., Wang Z., McGovern I.T., Duesberg G.S., Coleman J.N. Liquid phase production of graphene by exfoliation of graphite in surfactant/water solutions. J Am Chem Soc 2009, 131:3611-3620.
21. Herron C.R., Coleman K.S., Edwards R.S., Mendis B.G. Simple and scalable route for the 'bottom-up' synthesis of few-layer graphene platelets and thin films. J Mater Chem 2011, 21:3378-3383.
22. Green A.A., Hersam M.C. Solution phase production of graphene with controlled thickness via density differentiation. Nano Lett 2009, 9:4031-4036.
23. Stankovich S., Piner R.D., Chen X., Wu N., Nguyen S.T., Ruoff R.S. Stable aqueous dispersions of graphitic nanoplatelets via the reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide in the presence of poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate). J Mater Chem 2006, 16:155-158.
24. Zhu Y., Murali S., Cai W., Li X., Suk J.W., Potts J.R., Ruoff R.S. Graphene and graphene oxide: synthesis, properties, and applications. Adv Mater 2010, 22:3906-3924.
25. Pei S., Cheng H.M. The reduction of graphene oxide. Carbon 2012, 50:3210-3228.
26. Shang Y., Zhang D., Liu Y., Guo C. Preliminary comparison of different reduction methods of graphene oxide. Bull Mater Sci 2015, 38:7-12.
27. Konios D., Stylianakis M.M., Stratakis E., Kymakis E. Dispersion behaviour of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014, 430:108-112.
28. Alaferdov A., Gholamipour-Shirazi A., Canesqui M., Danilov Y., Moshkalev S. Size-controlled synthesis of graphite nanoflakes and multi-layer graphene by liquid phase exfoliation of natural graphite. Carbon 2014, 69:525-535.
29. Kim K., Park H.J., Woo B.C., Kim K.J., Kim G.T., Yun W.S. Electric property evolution of structurally defected multilayer graphene. Nano Lett 2008, 8:3092-3096.
30. Hao F., Fang D., Xu Z. Mechanical and thermal transport properties of graphene with defects. Appl Phys Lett 2011, 99:041901.
31. Ravula S., Baker S.N., Kamath G., Baker G.A. Ionic liquid-assisted exfoliation and dispersion: stripping graphene and its two-dimensional layered inorganic counterparts of their inhibitions. Nanoscale 2015, 7:4338-4353.
32. Texter J. Graphene dispersions. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2014, 19:163-174.
33. Shih C.J., Lin S., Strano M.S., Blankschtein D. Understanding the stabilization of liquid-phase-exfoliated graphene in polar solvents: molecular dynamics simulations and kinetic theory of colloid aggregation. J Am Chem Soc 2010, 132:14638-14648.
34. Arao Y., Kubouchi M. High-rate production of few-layer graphene by high-power probe sonication. Carbon 2015, 95:802-808.
35. O'Neill A., Khan U., Nirmalraj P.N., Boland J., Coleman J.N. Graphene dispersion and exfoliation in low boiling point solvents. J Phys Chem C 2011, 115:5422-5428.
36. Polyakova (Stolyarova) E.Y., Rim K.T., Eom D., Douglass K., Opila R.L., Heinz T.F., Teplyakov A.V., Flynn G.W. Scanning tunneling microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies of graphene films prepared by sonication-assisted dispersion. ACS Nano 2011, 5:6102-6108.
37. Skaltsas T., Ke X., Bittencourt C., Tagmatarchis N. Ultrasonication induces oxygenated species and defects onto exfoliated graphene. J Phys Chem C 2013, 117:23272-23278.
38. Liu L., Shen Z., Yi M., Zhang X., Ma S. A green, rapid and size-controlled production of high-quality graphene sheets by hydrodynamic forces. RSC Adv 2014, 4:36464-36470.
39. Paton K.R., Varrla E., Backes C., Smith R.J., Khan U., O'Neill A., Boland C., Lotya M., Istrate O.M., King P., Higgins T., Barwich S., May P., Puczkarski P., Ahmed I., Moebius M., Pettersson H., Long E., Coelho J., O'Brien S.E., McGuire E.K., Sanchez B.M., Duesberg G.S., McEvoy N., Pennycook T.J., Downing C., Crossley A., Nicolosi V., Coleman J.N. Scalable production of large quantities of defect-free few-layer graphene by shear exfoliation in liquids. Nat Mater 2014, 13:624-630.
40. Zhao W., Wu F., Wu H., Chen G. Preparation of colloidal dispersions of graphene sheets in organic solvents by using ball milling. J Nanomater 2010, 2010:528235.
41. Brodie B.C. On the atomic weight of graphite. Philos Trans R Soc London 1859, 149:249-259.
42. Staudenmaier L. Verfahren zur darstellung der graphitsure. Ber Dtsch Chem Ges 1898, 31:1481-1487.
43. Hummers W.S., Offeman R.E. Preparation of graphitic oxide. J Am Chem Soc 1958, 80:1339.
44. Gudarzi M.M., Moghadam M.H.M., Sharif F. Spontaneous exfoliation of graphite oxide in polar aprotic solvents as the route to produce graphene oxide organic solvents liquid crystals. Carbon 2013, 64:403-415.
45. He H., Riedl T., Lerf A., Klinowski J. Solid-state NMR studies of the structure of graphite oxide. J Phys Chem 1996, 100:19954-19958.
46. 1H MAS NMR studies of graphite oxide and its chemically modified derivatives. Solid State Ion 1997, 101-103:857-862.
47. Lerf A., He H., Forster M., Klinowski J. Structure of graphite oxide revisited. J Phys Chem B 1998, 102:4477-4482.
48. Dreyer D.R., Park S., Bielawski C.W., Ruoff R.S. The chemistry of graphene oxide. Chem Soc Rev 2010, 39:228-240.
49. Nasrollahzadeh M., Babaei F., Fakhri P., Jaleh B. Synthesis, characterization, structural, optical properties and catalytic activity of reduced graphene oxide/copper nanocomposites. RSC Adv 2015, 5:10782-10789.
50. Hontoria-Lucas C., López-Peinado A.J., López-González J.de D., Rojas-Cervantes M.L., Martín-Aranda R.M. Study of oxygen-containing groups in a series of graphite oxides: physical and chemical characterization. Carbon 1995, 33:1585-1592.
51. Paredes J.I., Villar-Rodil S., Martínez-Alonso A., Tascón J.M.D. Graphene oxide dispersions in organic solvents. Langmuir 2008, 24:10560-10564.
52. Ogino I., Yokoyama Y., Iwamura S., Mukai S.R. Exfoliation of graphite oxide in water without sonication: bridging length scales from nanosheets to macroscopic materials. Chem Mater 2014, 26:3334-3339.
53. Park S., Ruoff R.S. Chemical methods for the production of graphenes. Nat Nanotechnol 2009, 4:217-224.
54. Liao K.H., Lin Y.S., Macosko C.W., Haynes C.L. Cytotoxicity of graphene oxide and graphene in human erythrocytes and skin fibroblasts. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2011, 3:2607-2615.
55. Zheng Q., Shi L., Ma P.C., Xue Q., Li J., Tang Z., Yang J. Structure control of ultra-large graphene oxide sheets by the Langmuir-Blodgett method. RSC Adv 2013, 3:4680-4691.
56. Botas C., Pérez-Mas A.M., Álvarez P., Santamaría R., Granda M., Blanco C., Menéndez R. Optimization of the size and yield of graphene oxide sheets in the exfoliation step. Carbon 2013, 63:576-578.
57. Xu Z., Gao C. Aqueous liquid crystals of graphene oxide. ACS Nano 2011, 5:2908-2915.
58. Li P., Wong M., Zhang X., Yao H., Ishige R., Takahara A., Miyamoto M., Nishimura R., Sue H.J. Tunable lyotropic photonic liquid crystal based on graphene oxide. ACS Photonics 2014, 1:79-86.
59. Whitby R.L.D., Korobeinyk A., Gun'ko V.M., Busquets R., Cundy A.B., László K., Skubiszewska-Zieba J., Leboda R., Tombacz E., Toth I.Y., Kovacs K., Mikhalovsky S.V. pH-driven physicochemical conformational changes of single-layer graphene oxide. Chem Commun 2011, 47:9645-9647.
60. Wu L., Liu L., Gao B., Muoz-Carpena R., Zhang M., Chen H., Zhou Z., Wang H. Aggregation kinetics of graphene oxides in aqueous solutions: experiments, mechanisms, and modeling. Langmuir 2013, 29:15174-15181.
61. Ryu S., Lee B., Hong S., Jin S., Park S., Hong S.H., Lee H. Salting-out as a scalable, in-series purification method of graphene oxides from microsheets to quantum dots. Carbon 2013, 63:45-53.
62. Wang X., Bai H., Shi G. Size fractionation of graphene oxide sheets by pH-assisted selective sedimentation. J Am Chem Soc 2011, 133:6338-6342.
63. Shih C.J., Lin S., Sharma R., Strano M.S., Blankschtein D. Understanding the pH-dependent behavior of graphene oxide aqueous solutions: a comparative experimental and molecular dynamics simulation study. Langmuir 2012, 28:235-241.
64. Sun X., Luo D., Liu J., Evans D.G. Monodisperse chemically modified graphene obtained by density gradient ultracentrifugal rate separation. ACS Nano 2010, 4:3381-3389.
65. Whitby R.L.D. Chemical control of graphene architecture: tailoring shape and properties. ACS Nano 2014, 8:9733-9754.
66. Schniepp H.C., Li J.L., McAllister M.J., Sai H., Herrera-Alonso M., Adamson D.H., Prud'homme R.K., Car R., Saville D.A., Aksay I.A. Functionalized single graphene sheets derived from splitting graphite oxide. J Phys Chem B 2006, 110:8535-8539.
67. Mattevi C., Eda G., Agnoli S., Miller S., Mkhoyan K.A., Celik O., Mastrogiovanni D., Granozzi G., Garfunkel E., Chhowalla M. Evolution of electrical, chemical, and structural properties of transparent and conducting chemically derived graphene thin films. Adv Funct Mater 2009, 19:2577-2583.
68. Paredes J.I., Villar-Rodil S., Solís-Fernández P., Martínez-Alonso A., Tascón J.M.D. Atomic force and scanning tunneling microscopy imaging of graphene nanosheets derived from graphite oxide. Langmuir 2009, 25:5957-5968.
69. Jyothirmayee Aravind S.S., Ramaprabhu S. Surfactant free graphene nanosheets based nanofluids by in-situ reduction of alkaline graphite oxide suspensions. J Appl Phys 2011, 110:124326.
70. Villar-Rodil S., Paredes J.I., Martínez-Alonso A., Tascón J.M.D. Preparation of graphene dispersions and graphene-polymer composites in organic media. J Mater Chem 2009, 19:3591-3593.
71. Luo J., Jang H.D., Sun T., Xiao L., He Z., Katsoulidis A.P., Kanatzidis M.G., Gibson J.M., Huang J. Compression and aggregation-resistant particles of crumpled soft sheets. ACS Nano 2011, 5:8943-8949.
72. Luo J., Kim J., Huang J. Material processing of chemically modified graphene: some challenges and solutions. Acc Chem Res 2013, 46:2225-2234.
73. Novoselov K.S., Fal'ko V.I., Colombo L., Gellert P.R., Schwab M.G., Kim K. A roadmap for graphene. Nature 2012, 490:192-200.
74. Ferrari A.C., Bonaccorso F., Fal'ko V., Novoselov K.S., Roche S., Bøggild P., Borini S., Koppens F.H.L., Palermo V., Pugno N., Garrido J.A., Sordan R., Bianco A., Ballerini L., Prato M., Lidorikis E., Kivioja J., Marinelli C., Ryhänen T., Morpurgo A., Coleman J.N., Nicolosi V., Colombo L., Fert A., Garcia-Hernandez M., Bachtold A., Schneider G.F., Guinea F., Dekker C., Barbone M., Sun Z., Galiotis C., Grigorenko A.N., Konstantatos G., Kis A., Katsnelson M., Vandersypen L., Loiseau A., Morandi V., Neumaier D., Treossi E., Pellegrini V., Polini M., Tredicucci A., Williams G.M., Hee Hong B., Ahn J.H., Min Kim J., Zirath H., van Wees B.J., van der Zant H., Occhipinti L., Di Matteo A., Kinloch I.A., Seyller T., Quesnel E., Feng X., Teo K., Rupesinghe N., Hakonen P., Neil S.R.T., Tannock Q., Löfwander T., Kinaret J. Science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems. Nanoscale 2015, 7:4598-4810.
75. Maxwell J.C. Treatise on electricity and magnetism 1873, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
76. Wei Y., Huaqing X., Dan B. Enhanced thermal conductivities of nanofluids containing graphene oxide nanosheets. Nanotechnology 2010, 21:055705.
77. Yu W., Xie H., Chen W. Experimental investigation on thermal conductivity of nanofluids containing graphene oxide nanosheets. J Appl Phys 2010, 107:094317.
78. Mahanta NK Abramson A.R. Thermal conductivity of graphene and graphene oxide nanoplatelets. Thermal and Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems (ITherm), 2012 13th IEEE Intersociety Conference on, (2012 May 30-June 1) 2012, 1-6. Piscataway: IEEE, San Diego, USA. 10.1109/ITHERM.2012.6231405.
79. Zhang H., Fonseca A.F., Cho K. Tailoring thermal transport property of graphene through oxygen functionalization. J Phys Chem C 2014, 118:1436-1442.
80. Baby T.T., Ramaprabhu S. Investigation of thermal and electrical conductivity of graphene based nanofluids. J Appl Phys 2010, 108:124308.
81. Baby T.T., Ramaprabhu S. Enhanced convective heat transfer using graphene dispersed nanofluids. Nanoscale Res Lett 2011, 6:289.
82. Yu W., Xie H., Wang X., Wang X. Significant thermal conductivity enhancement for nanofluids containing graphene nanosheets. Phys Lett A 2011, 375:1323-1328.
83. Lin J., Wang L., Chen G. Modification of graphene platelets and their tribological properties as a lubricant additive. Tribol Lett 2011, 41:209-215.
84. Wei Z., Ming Z., Hongwei Z., Yu T., Kunlin W., Jinquan W., Fei J., Xiao L., Zhen L., Peng Z., Dehai W. Tribological properties of oleic acid-modified graphene as lubricant oil additives. J Phys D Appl Phys 2011, 44:205303.
85. Choudhary S., Mungse H.P., Khatri O.P. Dispersion of alkylated graphene in organic solvents and its potential for lubrication applications. J Mater Chem 2012, 22:21032-21039.
86. Eswaraiah V., Sankaranarayanan V., Ramaprabhu S. Graphene-based engine oil nanofluids for tribological applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2011, 3:4221-4227.
87. Song H.J., Li N. Frictional behavior of oxide graphene nanosheets as water-base lubricant additive. Appl Phys A Mater Sci Process 2011, 105:827-832.
88. Stankovich S., Piner R.D., Nguyen S.T., Ruoff R.S. Synthesis and exfoliation of isocyanate-treated graphene oxide nanoplatelets. Carbon 2006, 44:3342-3347.
89. Stankovich S., Dikin D.A., Dommett G.H.B., Kohlhaas K.M., Zimney E.J., Stach E.A., Piner R.D., Nguyen S.T., Ruoff R.S. Graphene-based composite materials. Nature 2006, 442:282-286.
90. Salavagione H.J., Martínez G., Gómez M.A. Synthesis of poly(vinyl alcohol)/reduced graphite oxide nanocomposites with improved thermal and electrical properties. J Mater Chem 2009, 19:5027-5032.
91. Kim H., Macosko C.W. Processing-property relationships of polycarbonate/graphene composites. Polymer 2009, 50:3797-3809.
92. Kim H., Miura Y., Macosko C.W. Graphene/polyurethane nanocomposites for improved gas barrier and electrical conductivity. Chem Mater 2010, 22:3441-3450.
93. Ramanathan T., Abdala A.A., Stankovich S., Dikin D.A., Herrera Alonso M., Piner R.D., Adamson D.H., Schniepp H.C., Chen X., Ruoff R.S., Nguyen S.T., Aksay I.A., Prud'Homme R.K., Brinson L.C. Functionalized graphene sheets for polymer nanocomposites. Nat Nanotechnol 2008, 3:327-331.
94. g of nanocomposites?. Macromolecules 2014, 47:8311-8319.
95. Wang X., Hu Y., Song L., Yang H., Xing W., Lu H. In situ polymerization of graphene nanosheets and polyurethane with enhanced mechanical and thermal properties. J Mater Chem 2011, 21:4222-4227.
96. Gonçalves G., Marques P.A.A.P., Barros-Timmons A., Bdkin I., Singh M.K., Emami N., Grácio J. Graphene oxide modified with PMMA via ATRP as a reinforcement filler. J Mater Chem 2010, 20:9927-9934.
97. Wang Y., Shi Z., Yin J. Kevlar oligomer functionalized graphene for polymer composites. Polymer 2011, 52:3661-3670.
98. Kalaitzidou K., Fukushima H., Drzal L.T. A new compounding method for exfoliated graphitepolypropylene nanocomposites with enhanced flexural properties and lower percolation threshold. Compos Sci Technol 2007, 67:2045-2051.
99. Araby S., Zaman I., Meng Q., Kawashima N., Michelmore A., Kuan H.C., Majewski P., Ma J., Zhang L. Melt compounding with graphene to develop functional, high-performance elastomers. Nanotechnology 2013, 24:165601.
100. Ryu S.H., Shanmugharaj A. Influence of hexamethylene diamine functionalized graphene oxide on the melt crystallization and properties of polypropylene nanocomposites. Mater Chem Phys 2014, 146:478-486.
101. Shen B., Zhai W., Tao M., Lu D., Zheng W. Enhanced interfacial interaction between polycarbonate and thermally reduced graphene induced by melt blending. Compos Sci Technol 2013, 86:109-116.
102. Vallés C., Abdelkader A.M., Young R.J., Kinloch I.A. Few layer graphene-polypropylene nanocomposites: the role of flake diameter. Faraday Discuss 2014, 173:379-390.
103. Hu W., Peng C., Luo W., Lv M., Li X., Li D., Huang Q., Fan C. Graphene-based antibacterial paper. ACS Nano 2010, 4:4317-4323.
104. Wei Z., Wang D., Kim S., Kim S.Y., Hu Y., Yakes M.K., Laracuente A.R., Dai Z., Marder S.R., Berger C., King W.P., de Heer W.A., Sheehan P.E., Riedo E. Nanoscale tunable reduction of graphene oxide for graphene electronics. Science 2010, 328:1373-1376.
105. Eda G., Fanchini G., Chhowalla M. Large-area ultrathin films of reduced graphene oxide as a transparent and flexible electronic material. Nat Nanotechnol 2008, 3:270-274.
106. Yin Z., Sun S., Salim T., Wu S., Huang X., He Q., Lam Y.M., Zhang H. Organic photovoltaic devices using highly flexible reduced graphene oxide films as transparent electrodes. ACS Nano 2010, 4:5263-5268.
107. Hwang H., Joo P., Kang M.S., Ahn G., Han J.T., Kim B.S., Cho J.H. Highly tunable charge transport in layer-by-layer assembled graphene transistors. ACS Nano 2012, 6:2432-2440.
108. Bae S.Y., Jeon I.Y., Yang J., Park N., Shin H.S., Park S., Ruoff R.S., Dai L., Baek J.B. Large-area graphene films by simple solution casting of edge-selectively functionalized graphite. ACS Nano 2011, 5:4974-4980.
109. Pu N.W., Wang C.A., Liu Y.M., Sung Y., Wang D.S., Ger M.D. Dispersion of graphene in aqueous solutions with different types of surfactants and the production of graphene films by spray or drop coating. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2012, 43:140-146.
110. Fernández-Merino M.J., Paredes J.I., Villar-Rodil S., Guardia L., Solís-Fernández P., Salinas-Torres D., Cazorla-Amorós D., Morallón E., Martínez-Alonso A., Tascón J.M.D. Investigating the influence of surfactants on the stabilization of aqueous reduced graphene oxide dispersions and the characteristics of their composite films. Carbon 2012, 50:3184-3194.
111. Xi Q., Chen X., Evans D.G., Yang W. Gold nanoparticle-embedded porous graphene thin films fabricated via layer-by-layer self-assembly and subsequent thermal annealing for electrochemical sensing. Langmuir 2012, 28:9885-9892.
112. Zhao J., Pei S., Ren W., Gao L., Cheng H.M. Efficient preparation of large-area graphene oxide sheets for transparent conductive films. ACS Nano 2010, 4:5245-5252.
113. Zhu J., Chen M., He Q., Shao L., Wei S., Guo Z. An overview of the engineered graphene nanostructures and nanocomposites. RSC Adv 2013, 3:22790-22824.
114. Xu Y., Bai H., Lu G., Li C., Shi G. Flexible graphene films via the filtration of water-soluble noncovalent functionalized graphene sheets. J Am Chem Soc 2008, 130:5856-5857.
115. Sun P., Zhu M., Wang K., Zhong M., Wei J., Wu D., Xu Z., Zhu H. Selective ion penetration of graphene oxide membranes. ACS Nano 2013, 7:428-437.
116. Wang M., Oh J., Ghosh T., Hong S., Nam G., Hwang T., Nam J.D. An interleaved porous laminate composed of reduced graphene oxide sheets and carbon black spacers by in situ electrophoretic deposition. RSC Adv 2014, 4:3284-3292.
117. Zou J., Kim F. Diffusion driven layer-by-layer assembly of graphene oxide nanosheets into porous three-dimensional macrostructures. Nat Commun 2014, 5:5254.
118. Chen J.J., Meng J., Zhou Y.B., Wu H.C., Bie Y.Q., Liao Z.M., Yu D.P. Layer-by-layer assembly of vertically conducting graphene devices. Nat Commun 2013, 4:1921.
119. 2 nanorod/carbon nanostructures with ultrahigh lithium ion storage properties. Energy Environ Sci 2013, 6:2900-2906.
120. Ji Q., Honma I., Paek S.M., Akada M., Hill J.P., Vinu A., Ariga K. Layer-by-layer films of graphene and ionic liquids for highly selective gas sensing. Angew Chem Int Ed 2010, 49:9737-9739.
121. Yu D., Dai L. Self-assembled graphene/carbon nanotube hybrid films for supercapacitors. J Phys Chem Lett 2010, 1:467-470.
122. Lee J.K., Smith K.B., Hayner C.M., Kung H.H. Silicon nanoparticles-graphene paper composites for Li ion battery anodes. Chem Commun 2010, 46:2025-2027.
123. Goh M.S., Pumera M. Graphene-based electrochemical sensor for detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in seawater: the comparison of single-, few-, and multilayer graphene nanoribbons and graphite microparticles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011, 399:127-131.
124. Zhao G., Li J., Ren X., Chen C., Wang X. Few-layered graphene oxide nanosheets as superior sorbents for heavy metal ion pollution management. Environ Sci Technol 2011, 45:10454-10462.
125. Li C., Shi G. Functional gels based on chemically modified graphenes. Adv Mater 2014, 26:3992-4012.
126. Zhang L., Shi G. Preparation of highly conductive graphene hydrogels for fabricating supercapacitors with high rate capability. J Phys Chem C 2011, 115:17206-17212.
127. Bi H., Xie X., Yin K., Zhou Y., Wan S., He L., Xu F., Banhart F., Sun L., Ruoff R.S. Spongy graphene as a highly efficient and recyclable sorbent for oils and organic solvents. Adv Funct Mater 2012, 22:4421-4425.
128. Xu Y., Wu Q., Sun Y., Bai H., Shi G. Three-dimensional self-assembly of graphene oxide and DNA into multifunctional hydrogels. ACS Nano 2010, 4:7358-7362.
129. 2S adsorption/oxidation on unmodified activated carbons: importance of prehumidification. Carbon 2001, 39:2303-2311.
130. Bai H., Li C., Wang X., Shi G. A pH-sensitive graphene oxide composite hydrogel. Chem Commun 2010, 46:2376-2378.
131. Bai H., Li C., Wang X., Shi G. On the gelation of graphene oxide. J Phys Chem C 2011, 115:5545-5551.
132. Gun J., Kulkarni S.A., Xiu W., Batabyal S.K., Sladkevich S., Prikhodchenko P.V., Gutkin V., Lev O. Graphene oxide organogel electrolyte for quasi solid dye sensitized solar cells. Electrochem Commun 2012, 19:108-110.
133. Xu Y., Sheng K., Li C., Shi G. Self-assembled graphene hydrogel via a one-step hydrothermal process. ACS Nano 2010, 4:4324-4330.
134. Sun Y., Wu Q., Shi G. Supercapacitors based on self-assembled graphene organogel. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011, 13:17249-17254.
135. Dua V., Surwade S., Ammu S., Agnihotra S., Jain S., Roberts K., Park S., Ruoff R., Manohar S. All-organic vapor sensor using inkjet-printed reduced graphene oxide. Angew Chem Int Ed 2010, 49:2154-2157.
136. Torrisi F., Hasan T., Wu W., Sun Z., Lombardo A., Kulmala T.S., Hsieh G.W., Jung S., Bonaccorso F., Paul P.J., Chu D., Ferrari A.C. Inkjet-printed graphene electronics. ACS Nano 2012, 6:2992-3006.
137. Shin K.Y., Hong J.Y., Jang J. Micropatterning of graphene sheets by inkjet printing and its wideband dipole-antenna application. Adv Mater 2011, 23:2113-2118.
138. Le L.T., Ervin M.H., Qiu H., Fuchs B.E., Lee W.Y. Graphene supercapacitor electrodes fabricated by inkjet printing and thermal reduction of graphene oxide. Electrochem Commun 2011, 13:355-358.
139. de Gans B.J., Duineveld P.C., Schubert U.S. Inkjet printing of polymers: state of the art and future developments. Adv Mater 2004, 16:203-213.
140. Jang D., Kim D., Moon J. Influence of fluid physical properties on ink-jet printability. Langmuir 2009, 25:2629-2635.
141. Li J., Ye F., Vaziri S., Muhammed M., Lemme M.C., Östling M. Efficient inkjet printing of graphene. Adv Mater 2013, 25:3985-3992.
142. Secor E.B., Prabhumirashi P.L., Puntambekar K., Geier M.L., Hersam M.C. Inkjet printing of high conductivity, flexible graphene patterns. J Phys Chem Lett 2013, 4:1347-1351.
143. Wang S., Sun H., Ang H.M., Tadé M.O. Adsorptive remediation of environmental pollutants using novel graphene-based nanomaterials. Chem Eng J 2013, 226:336-347.
144. Kemp K.C., Seema H., Saleh M., Le N.H., Mahesh K., Chandra V., Kim K.S. Environmental applications using graphene composites: water remediation and gas adsorption. Nanoscale 2013, 5:3149-3171.
145. 2+ removal. J Colloid Interface Sci 2010, 351:122-127.
146. 2 on exfoliated graphite oxide for heavy metal removal. J Ind Eng Chem 2012, 18:1178-1185.
147. Zhao G., Ren X., Gao X., Tan X., Li J., Chen C., Huang Y., Wang X. Removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions on few-layered graphene oxide nanosheets. Dalton Trans 2011, 40:10945-10952.
148. Madadrang C.J., Kim H.Y., Gao G., Wang N., Zhu J., Feng H., Gorring M., Kasner M.L., Hou S. Adsorption behavior of EDTA-graphene oxide for Pb(II) removal. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2012, 4:1186-1193.
149. Huang Z.H., Zheng X., Lv W., Wang M., Yang Q.H., Kang F. Adsorption of lead(II) ions from aqueous solution on low-temperature exfoliated graphene nanosheets. Langmuir 2011, 27:7558-7562.
150. Gao W., Majumder M., Alemany L.B., Narayanan T.N., Ibarra M.A., Pradhan B.K., Ajayan P.M. Engineered graphite oxide materials for application in water purification. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2011, 3:1821-1826.
151. 2+ by a polypyrrole-reduced graphene oxide composite. Chem Commun 2011, 47:3942-3944.
152. 2 composite as adsorbent for the removal of nickel ions from wastewater. Chem Eng J 2011, 175:1-7.
153. Mishra A.K., Ramaprabhu S. Functionalized graphene sheets for arsenic removal and desalination of sea water. Desalination 2011, 282:39-45.
154. Chandra V., Park J., Chun Y., Lee J.W., Hwang I.C., Kim K.S. Water-dispersible magnetite-reduced graphene oxide composites for arsenic removal. ACS Nano 2010, 4:3979-3986.
155. Wu X.L., Wang L., Chen C.L., Xu A.W., Wang X.K. Water-dispersible magnetite-graphene-LDH composites for efficient arsenate removal. J Mater Chem 2011, 21:17353-17359.
156. Jabeen H., Chandra V., Jung S., Lee J.W., Kim K.S., Kim S.B. Enhanced Cr(VI) removal using iron nanoparticle decorated graphene. Nanoscale 2011, 3:3583-3585.
157. Yang S.T., Chen S., Chang Y., Cao A., Liu Y., Wang H. Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution by graphene oxide. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011, 359:24-29.
158. Zhang W., Zhou C., Zhou W., Lei A., Zhang Q., Wan Q., Zou B. Fast and considerable adsorption of methylene blue dye onto graphene oxide. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2011, 87:86-90.
159. Bradder P., Ling S.K., Wang S., Liu S. Dye adsorption on layered graphite oxide. J Chem Eng Data 2011, 56:138-141.
160. Georgakilas V., Otyepka M., Bourlinos A.B., Chandra V., Kim N., Kemp K.C., Hobza P., Zboril R., Kim K.S. Functionalization of graphene: covalent and non-covalent approaches, derivatives and applications. Chem Rev 2012, 112:6156-6214.
161. Tasis D., Tagmatarchis N., Bianco A., Prato M. Chemistry of carbon nanotubes. Chem Rev 2006, 106:1105-1136.
162. Zhao Y.L., Stoddart J.F. Noncovalent functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Acc Chem Res 2009, 42:1161-1171.
163. Grimme S. Do special noncovalent ππ stacking interactions really exist?. Angew Chem Int Ed 2008, 47:3430-3434.
164. Su Y.H., Wu Y.K., Tu S.L., Chang S.J. Electrostatic studies of π-π interaction for benzene stacking on a graphene layer. Appl Phys Lett 2011, 99:163102.
165. Björk J., Hanke F., Palma C.A., Samori P., Cecchini M., Persson M. Adsorption of aromatic and anti-aromatic systems on graphene through stacking. J Phys Chem Lett 2010, 1:3407-3412.
166. Wang W., Zhang Y., Wang Y.B. Noncovalent π-π interaction between graphene and aromatic molecule: structure, energy, and nature. J Chem Phys 2014, 140:094302.
167. Kocman M., Pykal M., Jurečka P. Electric quadrupole moment of graphene and its effect on intermolecular interactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014, 16:3144-3152.
168. Zu S.Z., Zhou D., Han B.H. Supramolecular surface modification and dispersion of graphene in water and organic solvents. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2013, 13:946-953.
169. Parviz D., Das S., Ahmed H.S.T., Irin F., Bhattacharia S., Green M.J. Dispersions of non-covalently functionalized graphene with minimal stabilizer. ACS Nano 2012, 6:8857-8867.
170. Zhang M., Gao B., Li Y., Zhang X., Hardin I.R. Graphene-coated pyrogenic carbon as an anode material for lithium battery. Chem Eng J 2013, 229:399-403.
171. Gao T., Ye Q., Pei X., Xia Y., Zhou F. Grafting polymer brushes on graphene oxide for controlling surface charge states and templated synthesis of metal nanoparticles. J Appl Polym Sci 2013, 127:3074-3083.
172. Lee D.W., Kim T., Lee M. An amphiphilic pyrene sheet for selective functionalization of graphene. Chem Commun 2011, 47:8259-8261.
173. Liu J., Tao L., Yang W., Li D., Boyer C., Wuhrer R., Braet F., Davis T.P. Synthesis, characterization, and multilayer assembly of pH sensitive graphene-polymer nanocomposites. Langmuir 2010, 26:10068-10075.
174. Ihiawakrim D., Ersen O., Melin F., Hellwig P., Janowska I., Begin D., Baaziz W., Begin-Colin S., Cuong P.H., Baati R. A single-stage functionalization and exfoliation method for the production of graphene in water: stepwise construction of 2D-nanostructured composites with iron oxide nanoparticles. Nanoscale 2013, 5:9073-9080.
175. Lu C.H., Li J., Zhang X.L., Zheng A.X., Yang H.H., Chen X., Chen G.N. General approach for monitoring peptide-protein interactions based on graphene-peptide complex. Anal Chem 2011, 83:7276-7282.
176. Patil A.J., Vickery J.L., Scott T.B., Mann S. Aqueous stabilization and self-assembly of graphene sheets into layered bio-nanocomposites using DNA. Adv Mater 2009, 21:3159-3164.
177. Wan L., Wang B., Wang S., Wang X., Guo Z., Xiong H., Dong B., Zhao L., Lu H., Xu Z., Zhang X., Li T., Zhou W. Water-soluble polyaniline/graphene prepared by in situ polymerization in graphene dispersions and use as counter-electrode materials for dye-sensitized solar cells. React Funct Polym 2014, 79:47-53.
178. Bai H., Xu Y., Zhao L., Li C., Shi G. Non-covalent functionalization of graphene sheets by sulfonated polyaniline. Chem Commun 2009, 1667-1669.
179. Jo K., Lee T., Choi H.J., Park J.H., Lee D.J., Lee D.W., Kim B.S. Stable aqueous dispersion of reduced graphene nanosheets via non-covalent functionalization with conducting polymers and application in transparent electrodes. Langmuir 2011, 27:2014-2018.
180. Wang J., Chen Z., Chen B. Adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by graphene and graphene oxide nanosheets. Environ Sci Technol 2014, 48:4817-4825.
181. Lazar P., Otyepková E., Banáš P., Fargašová A., Šafářová K., Lapčík L., Pechoušek J., Zbořil R., Otyepka M. The nature of high surface energy sites in graphene and graphite. Carbon 2014, 73:448-453.
182. Wang H., Bi S.G., Ye Y.S., Xue Y., Xie X.L., Mai Y.W. An effective non-covalent grafting approach to functionalize individually dispersed reduced graphene oxide sheets with high grafting density, solubility and electrical conductivity. Nanoscale 2015, 7:3548-3557.
183. Schlierf A., Yang H., Gebremedhn E., Treossi E., Ortolani L., Chen L., Minoia A., Morandi V., Samori P., Casiraghi C., Beljonne D., Palermo V. Nanoscale insight into the exfoliation mechanism of graphene with organic dyes: effect of charge, dipole and molecular structure. Nanoscale 2013, 5:4205-4216.
184. Wang H., Chen Z., Xin L., Cui J., Zhao S., Yan Y. Synthesis of pyrene-capped polystyrene by free radical polymerization and its application in direct exfoliation of graphite into graphene nanosheets. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 2015, 53:2175-2185.
185. 2 and pyrene-polymers. RSC Adv 2012, 2:10632-10638.
186. Ling D., Yang X., Pulford C.T.R., The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, Akron O.H. Tire with component comprised of rubber composition containing silica and graphene platelet reinforcement November 30, 2012, US 9090756 B2.
187. Liu J., Yang W., Tao L., Li D., Boyer C., Davis T.P. Thermosensitive graphene nanocomposites formed using pyrene-terminal polymers made by RAFT polymerization. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 2010, 48:425-433.
188. Popescu M.T., Tasis D., Tsitsilianis C. Ionizable star copolymer-assisted graphene phase transfer between immiscible liquids: organic solvent/water/ionic liquid. ACS Macro Lett 2014, 3:981-984.
189. Rajesh C., Majumder C., Mizuseki H., Kawazoe Y. A theoretical study on the interaction of aromatic amino acids with graphene and single walled carbon nanotube. J Chem Phys 2009, 130:124911.
190. Hughes Z.E., Walsh T.R. What makes a good graphene-binding peptide? Adsorption of amino acids and peptides at aqueous graphene interfaces. J Mater Chem B 2015, 3:3211-3221.
191. Sriprachuabwong C., Karuwan C., Wisitsorrat A., Phokharatkul D., Lomas T., Sritongkham P., Tuantranont A. Inkjet-printed graphene-PEDOT: PSS modified screen printed carbon electrode for biochemical sensing. J Mater Chem 2012, 22:5478-5485.
192. Ayán-Varela M., Paredes J.I., Guardia L., Villar-Rodil S., Munuera J.M., Díaz-Gonzlez M., Fernández-Sánchez C., Martínez-Alonso A., Tascón J.M.D. Achieving extremely concentrated aqueous dispersions of graphene flakes and catalytically efficient graphene-metal nanoparticle hybrids with flavin mononucleotide as a high-performance stabilizer. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015, 7:10293-10307.
193. Akca S., Foroughi A., Frochtzwajg D., Postma H.W.C. Competing interactions in DNA assembly on graphene. PLoS One 2011, 6.
194. Park J.S., Na H.K., Min D.H., Kim D.E. Desorption of single-stranded nucleic acids from graphene oxide by disruption of hydrogen bonding. Analyst 2013, 138:1745-1749.
195. Dougherty D.A. Cation-π interactions in chemistry and biology: a new view of benzene, Phe, Tyr, and Trp. Science 1996, 271:163-168.
196. Kim D., Hu S., Tarakeshwar P., Kim K.S., Lisy J.M. Cation-π interactions: a theoretical investigation of the interaction of metallic and organic cations with alkenes, arenes, and heteroarenes. J Phys Chem A 2003, 107:1228-1238.
197. Kim K.S., Lee J.Y., Lee S.J., Ha T.K., Kim D.H. On binding forces between aromatic ring and quaternary ammonium compounds. J Am Chem Soc 1994, 116:7399-7400.
198. Lee J.Y., Lee S.J., Choi H.S., Cho S.J., Kim K.S., Ha T.K. Ab-initio study of the complexation of benzene with ammonium cations. Chem Phys Lett 1995, 232:67-71.
199. Jeong S.Y., Kim S.H., Han J.T., Jeong H.J., Jeong S.Y., Lee G.W. Highly concentrated and conductive reduced graphene oxide nanosheets by monovalent cation-π interaction: toward printed electronics. Adv Funct Mater 2012, 22:3307-3314.
200. + interactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011, 13:11841-11845.
201. Yang Y.K., He C.E., Peng R.G., Baji A., Du X.S., Huang Y.L., Xie X.L., Mai Y.W. Non-covalently modified graphene sheets by imidazolium ionic liquids for multifunctional polymer nanocomposites. J Mater Chem 2012, 22:5666-5675.
202. Ghatee M.H., Moosavi F. Physisorption of hydrophobic and hydrophilic 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids on the graphenes. J Phys Chem C 2011, 115:5626-5636.
203. Gao H., Zhang S., Lu F., Jia H., Zheng L. Aqueous dispersion of graphene sheets stabilized by ionic liquid-based polyether. Colloid Polym Sci 2012, 290:1785-1791.
204. Lonkar S.P., Bobenrieth A., De Winter J., Gerbaux P., Raquez J.M., Dubois P. A supramolecular approach toward organo-dispersible graphene and its straightforward polymer nanocomposites. J Mater Chem 2012, 22:18124-18126.
205. Hsieh A.G., Punckt C., Korkut S., Aksay I.A. Adsorption of sodium dodecyl sulfate on functionalized graphene measured by conductometric titration. J Phys Chem B 2013, 117:7950-7958.
206. Hsieh A.G., Korkut S., Punckt C., Aksay I.A. Dispersion stability of functionalized graphene in aqueous sodium dodecyl sulfate solutions. Langmuir 2013, 29:14831-14838.
207. Guardia L., Fernández-Merino M.J., Paredes J.I., Solís-Fernández P., Villar-Rodil S., Martínez-Alonso A., Tascón J.M.D. High-throughput production of pristine graphene in an aqueous dispersion assisted by non-ionic surfactants. Carbon 2011, 49:1653-1662.
208. Li S., Guo J., Patel R.A., Dadlani A.L., Leblanc R.M. Interaction between graphene oxide and pluronic f127 at the air-water interface. Langmuir 2013, 29:5742-5748.
209. Yan Y., Piao L., Kim S.H., Li W., Zhou H. Effect of pluronic block copolymers on aqueous dispersions of graphene oxide. RSC Adv 2015, 5:40199-40204.
210. Wang H., Xia B., Yan Y., Li N., Wang J.Y., Wang X. Water-soluble polymer exfoliated graphene: as catalyst support and sensor. J Phys Chem B 2013, 117:5606-5613.
211. Cesareo G., Parrini M.R., Rizzi L.G., Directa Plus S.P.A, Italy Concentrated water dispersion of graphene and method for the preparation thereof. WO/2014/135455 Feb 28 2014.
212. Wajid A.S., Das S., Irin F., Ahmed H.T., Shelburne J.L., Parviz D., Fullerton R.J., Jankowski A.F., Hedden R.C., Green M.J. Polymer-stabilized graphene dispersions at high concentrations in organic solvents for composite production. Carbon 2012, 50:526-534.
213. Bourlinos A.B., Georgakilas V., Zboril R., Steriotis T.A., Stubos A.K., Trapalis C. Aqueous-phase exfoliation of graphite in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone for the production of water-soluble graphenes. Solid State Commun 2009, 149:2172-2176.
214. Yoon S., In I. Role of poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) as stabilizer for dispersion of graphene via hydrophobic interaction. J Mater Sci 2011, 46:1316-1321.
215. Ou E., Xie Y., Peng C., Song Y., Peng H., Xiong Y., Xu W. High concentration and stable few-layer graphene dispersions prepared by the exfoliation of graphite in different organic solvents. RSC Adv 2013, 3:9490-9499.
216. Shan C., Wang L., Han D., Li F., Zhang Q., Zhang X., Niu L. Polyethyleneimine-functionalized graphene and its layer-by-layer assembly with prussian blue. Thin Solid Films 2013, 534:572-576.
217. Wang G., Shen X., Wang B., Yao J., Park J. Synthesis and characterisation of hydrophilic and organophilic graphene nanosheets. Carbon 2009, 47:1359-1364.
218. Pinto A.M., Martins J., Moreira J.A., Mendes A.M., Magalhães F.D. Dispersion of graphene nanoplatelets in poly(vinyl acetate) latex and effect on adhesive bond strength. Polym Int 2013, 62:928-935.
219. Ager D., Vasantha V.A., Crombez R., Texter J. Aqueous graphene dispersions-optical properties and stimuli-responsive phase transfer. ACS Nano 2014, 8:11191-11205.
220. Kou L., Gao C. Making silica nanoparticle-covered graphene oxide nanohybrids as general building blocks for large-area superhydrophilic coatings. Nanoscale 2011, 3:519-528.
221. Achari A., Datta K.K.R., De M., Dravid V.P., Eswaramoorthy M. Amphiphilic aminoclay-RGO hybrids: a simple strategy to disperse a high concentration of RGO in water. Nanoscale 2013, 5:5316-5320.
222. Wang S., Li H., Zhang L., Li B., Cao X., Zhang G., Zhang S., Wu L. Phase transfer and dispersion of reduced graphene oxide nanosheets using cluster suprasurfactants. Chem Commun 2014, 50:9700-9703.
223. de Miguel-Turullois I., Herradón-García B., Mann-Morales E.A., Morales-Bergas E. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Spain. Exfoliation of graphite with deep eutectic solvents Aug 12, 2014.
224. Siddique J.A., Attia N.F., Geckeler K.E. Polymer nanoparticles as a tool for the exfoliation of graphene sheets. Mater Lett 2015, 158:186-189.
225. Xu M., Zhang W., Yang Z., Yu F., Ma Y., Hu N., He D., Liang Q., Su Y., Zhang Y. One-pot liquid-phase exfoliation from graphite to graphene with carbon quantum dots. Nanoscale 2015, 7:10527-10534.
226. Criado A., Melchionna M., Marchesan S., Prato M. The covalent functionalization of graphene on substrates. Angew Chem Int Ed 2015, 54:10734-10750.
227. Park J., Yan M. Covalent functionalization of graphene with reactive intermediates. Acc Chem Res 2013, 46:181-189.
228. Chua C.K., Pumera M. Covalent chemistry on graphene. Chem Soc Rev 2013, 42:3222-3233.
229. Jang J., Pham V.H., Hur S.H., Chung J.S. Dispersibility of reduced alkylamine-functionalized graphene oxides in organic solvents. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014, 424:62-66.
230. Karthick R., Brindha M., Selvaraj M., Ramu S. Stable colloidal dispersion of functionalized reduced graphene oxide in aqueous medium for transparent conductive film. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013, 406:69-74.
231. Lomeda J.R., Doyle C.D., Kosynkin D.V., Hwang W.F., Tour J.M. Diazonium functionalization of surfactant-wrapped chemically converted graphene sheets. J Am Chem Soc 2008, 130:16201-16206.
232. Dubin S., Gilje S., Wang K., Tung V.C., Cha K., Hall A.S., Farrar J., Varshneya R., Yang Y., Kaner R.B. A one-step, solvothermal reduction method for producing reduced graphene oxide dispersions in organic solvents. ACS Nano 2010, 4:3845-3852.
233. Roy S., Soin N., Bajpai R., Misra D.S., McLaughlin J.A., Roy S.S. Graphene oxide for electrochemical sensing applications. J Mater Chem 2011, 21:14725-14731.
234. Liu Z., Robinson J.T., Sun X., Dai H. PEGylated nanographene oxide for delivery of water-insoluble cancer drugs. J Am Chem Soc 2008, 130:10876-10877.
235. Chen B., Liu M., Zhang L., Huang J., Yao J., Zhang Z. Polyethylenimine-functionalized graphene oxide as an efficient gene delivery vector. J Mater Chem 2011, 21:7736-7741.
236. Cano M., Khan U., Sainsbury T., O'Neill A., Wang Z., McGovern I.T., Maser W.K., Benito A.M., Coleman J.N. Improving the mechanical properties of graphene oxide based materials by covalent attachment of polymer chains. Carbon 2013, 52:363-371.
237. Veca L.M., Lu F., Meziani M.J., Cao L., Zhang P., Qi G., Qu L., Shrestha M., Sun Y.P. Polymer functionalization and solubilization of carbon nanosheets. Chem Commun 2009, 2565-2567.
238. Mohanty N., Berry V. Graphene-based single-bacterium resolution biodevice and DNA transistor: interfacing graphene derivatives with nanoscale and microscale biocomponents. Nano Lett 2008, 8:4469-4476.
239. Yan J.L., Chen G.J., Cao J., Yang W., Xie B.H., Yang M.B. Functionalized graphene oxide with ethylenediamine and 1,6-hexanediamine. New Carbon Mater 2012, 27:370-376.
240. Xu C., Wang X., Wang J., Hu H., Wan L. Synthesis and photoelectrical properties of β-cyclodextrin functionalized graphene materials with high bio-recognition capability. Chem Phys Lett 2010, 498:162-167.
241. Pham T.A., Choi B.C., Jeong Y.T. Facile covalent immobilization of cadmium sulfide quantum dots on graphene oxide nanosheets: preparation, characterization, and optical properties. Nanotechnology 2010, 21:465603.
242. Xu Y., Liu Z., Zhang X., Wang Y., Tian J., Huang Y., Ma Y., Zhang X., Chen Y. A graphene hybrid material covalently functionalized with porphyrin: synthesis and optical limiting property. Adv Mater 2009, 21:1275-1279.
243. 60 hybrid material. Carbon 2009, 47:334-337.
244. Thomas H.R., Marsden A.J., Walker M., Wilson N.R., Rourke J.P. Sulfur-functionalized graphene oxide by epoxide ring-opening. Angew Chem Int Ed 2014, 53:7613-7618.
245. Deng Y., Li Y., Dai J., Lang M., Huang X. Functionalization of graphene oxide towards thermo-sensitive nanocomposites via moderate in situ SET-LRP. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 2011, 49:4747-4755.
246. Collins W.R., Schmois E., Swager T.M. Graphene oxide as an electrophile for carbon nucleophiles. Chem Commun 2011, 47:8790-8792.
247. Hou S., Su S., Kasner M.L., Shah P., Patel K., Madarang C.J. Formation of highly stable dispersions of silane-functionalized reduced graphene oxide. Chem Phys Lett 2010, 501:68-74.
248. Wan Y.J., Gong L.X., Tang L.C., Wu L.B., Jiang J.X. Mechanical properties of epoxy composites filled with silane-functionalized graphene oxide. Composites Part A 2014, 64:79-89.
249. Li G.L., Liu G., Li M., Wan D., Neoh K.G., Kang E.T. Organo- and water-dispersible graphene oxide polymer nanosheets for organic electronic memory and gold nanocomposites. J Phys Chem C 2010, 114:12742-12748.
250. Lee S.H., Dreyer D.R., An J., Velamakanni A., Piner R.D., Park S., Zhu Y., Kim S.O., Bielawski C.W., Ruoff R.S. Polymer brushes via controlled, surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) from graphene oxide. Macromol Rapid Commun 2010, 31:281-288.
251. Shen J., Hu Y., Li C., Qin C., Ye M. Synthesis of amphiphilic graphene nanoplatelets. Small 2009, 5:82-85.
252. Hsiao M.C., Liao S.H., Yen M.Y., Liu P.I., Pu N.W., Wang C.A., Ma C.C.M. Preparation of covalently functionalized graphene using residual oxygen-containing functional groups. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2010, 2:3092-3099.
253. Feng Y., Liu H., Luo W., Liu E., Zhao N., Yoshino K., Feng W. Covalent functionalization of graphene by azobenzene with molecular hydrogen bonds for long-term solar thermal storage. Sci Rep 2013, 3:3260.
254. Zhu Y., Higginbotham A.L., Tour J.M. Covalent functionalization of surfactant-wrapped graphene nanoribbons. Chem Mater 2009, 21:5284-5291.
255. Wei G., Yan M., Dong R., Wang D., Zhou X., Chen J., Hao J. Covalent modification of reduced graphene oxide by means of diazonium chemistry and use as a drug-delivery system. Chem Eur J 2012, 18:14708-14716.
256. Irin F., Hansen M.J., Bari R., Parviz D., Metzler S.D., Bhattacharia S.K., Green M.J. Adsorption and removal of graphene dispersants. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015, 446:282-289.
257. Guidelines for the characterization of dispersion stability. ISO/TR 13097 2013, Published 2013.
258. Huang X., Yin Z., Wu S., Qi X., He Q., Zhang Q., Yan Q., Boey F., Zhang H. Graphene-based materials: synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications. Small 2011, 7:1876-1902.
259. Liu W.W., Chai S.P., Mohamed A.R., Hashim U. Synthesis and characterization of graphene and carbon nanotubes: a review on the past and recent developments. J Ind Eng Chem 2014, 20:1171-1185.
260. Dezhi C., Lidong L., Lin G. An environment-friendly preparation of reduced graphene oxide nanosheets via amino acid. Nanotechnology 2011, 22:325601.
261. Khan U., O'Neill A., Lotya M., De S., Coleman J.N. High-concentration solvent exfoliation of graphene. Small 2010, 6:864-871.
262. Lotya M., King P.J., Khan U., De S., Coleman J.N. High-concentration, surfactant-stabilized graphene dispersions. ACS Nano 2010, 4:3155-3162.
263. Su R., Lin S.F., Chen D.Q., Chen G.H. Study on the absorption coefficient of reduced graphene oxide dispersion. J Phys Chem C 2014, 118:12520-12525.
264. Nuvoli D., Valentini L., Alzari V., Scognamillo S., Bon S.B., Piccinini M., Illescas J., Mariani A. High concentration few-layer graphene sheets obtained by liquid phase exfoliation of graphite in ionic liquid. J Mater Chem 2011, 21:3428-3431.
265. Zhang W., He W., Jing X. Preparation of a stable graphene dispersion with high concentration by ultrasound. J Phys Chem B 2010, 114:10368-10373.
266. Xu R. Light scattering: a review of particle characterization applications. Particuology 2015, 18:11-21.
267. Catheline A., Ortolani L., Morandi V., Melle-Franco M., Drummond C., Zakri C., Pénicaud A. Solutions of fully exfoliated individual graphene flakes in low boiling point solvents. Soft Matter 2012, 8:7882-7887.
268. Lotya M., Rakovich A., Donegan J.F., Coleman J.N. Measuring the lateral size of liquid-exfoliated nanosheets with dynamic light scattering. Nanotechnology 2013, 24:265703.
269. Liu W.W., Wang J.N., Wang X.X. Charging of unfunctionalized graphene in organic solvents. Nanoscale 2012, 4:425-428.
270. Konkena B., Vasudevan S. Understanding aqueous dispersibility of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide through pka measurements. J Phys Chem Lett 2012, 3:867-872.
271. Hunter R. Zeta potential in colloid science: principles and applications 1981, Academic Press, Waltham.
272. Schramm L. Emulsions, foams, and suspensions: fundamentals and applications 2005, Wiley, Hoboken.
273. Doane T.L., Chuang C.H., Hill R.J., Burda C. Nanoparticle ζ-potentials. Acc Chem Res 2012, 45:317-326.
274. Li D., Müller M.B., Gilje S., Kaner R.B., Wallace G.G. Processable aqueous dispersions of graphene nanosheets. Nat Nanotechnol 2008, 3:101-105.