Long-term trajectories of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: A critical overview

European Psychiatry

Volumn 30, Issue 8, 2015, Pages 1002-1010

  Shmukler, A B ^a   Gurovich, I Y ^a   Agius, M ^b,c,d   Zaytseva, Y ^a,e,f  

^a Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry   (Russian Federation)

^b CLARE COLLEGE   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^d EAST LONDON NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^e CHARLES UNIVERSITY   (Czech Republic)

^f UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

Cognitive deficits; Follow up; Schizophrenia; Trajectories

Indexed keywords

ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT;

ATTENTION; CLINICAL FEATURE; COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYMPTOM; FOLLOW UP; GROUPS BY AGE; HUMAN; INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); PRIORITY JOURNAL; PRODROMAL SYMPTOM; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SOCIAL COGNITION; SPATIAL MEMORY; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (TOPIC); VERBAL MEMORY; VISUAL MEMORY; WECHSLER ADULT INTELLIGENCE SCALE; WORKING MEMORY; ADULT; COGNITION DISORDERS; COMPLICATION; FEMALE; MALE; PSYCHOLOGY;

ADULT; COGNITION; COGNITION DISORDERS; FEMALE; HUMANS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY;

EID: 84955292580     PISSN: 09249338     EISSN: 17783585     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.08.005     Document Type: Short Survey

References (112)

1. Achim AM, LePage M. Episodic memory-related activation in schizophrenia: metaanalysis. Br J Psychiatry 2005;187:500-9.
2. Albus M, Hubmann W, Mohr F, et al. Neurocognitive functioning in patients with first-episode schizophrenia: results of a prospective 5-year follow-up study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2006;256:442-51.
3. Aleman A, Kahn RS, Selten JP. Sex differences in the risk of schizophrenia: evidence from meta-analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003;60:565-71.
4. Andreasen NC, Carpenter WT, Kane JM, Lasser RA, Marder SR, Weinberger DR. Remission in schizophrenia: proposed criteria and rationale for consensus. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162:441-9.
5. Anon. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5), 5th ed., Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
6. Antonova E, Sharma T, Morris R, Kumari V. The relationship between brain structure and neurocognition in schizophrenia: a selective review. Schizophr Res 2004;70:117-45.
7. Barch DM, Smith E. The cognitive neuroscience of working memory: relevance to CNTRICS and schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2008;64:11-7.
8. Bedwell JS, Keller B, Smith AK, Hamburger S, Kumra S, Rapoport JL. Why does postpsychotic IQ decline in childhood-onset schizophrenia? Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:1996-7.
9. Bertelsen M, Jeppesen P, Petersen L, et al. Course of illness in a sample of 265 patients with first-episode psychosis-five-year follow-up of the Danish OPUS trial. Schizophr Res 2009;107:173-8.
10. Bervoets C, Morrens M, Vansteelandt K, et al. Effect of aripiprazole on verbal memory and fluency in schizophrenic patients. Results from the ESCAPE study. CNS Drugs 2012;26:975-82.
11. Bilder RM, Reiter G, Bates J, et al. Cognitive development in schizophrenia: follow back from the first episode. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2006;28:270-82.
12. Bonner-Jackson A, Grossman LS, Harrow M, Rosen C. Neurocognition in schizophrenia: a 20-year multi-follow-up of the course of processing speed and stored knowledge. Compr Psychiatry 2010;51:471-9.
13. Bora E. Developmental lag and course of cognitive deficits from the premorbid to post onset period in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2014;171:369-70.
14. Bora E, Murray RM. Meta-analysis of cognitive deficits in ultra-high risk to psychosis and first-episode psychosis: do the cognitive deficits progress over, or after, the onset of psychosis? Schizophr Bull 2014;40:744-55.
15. Bowie CR, Leung WW, Reichenberg A, et al. Predicting schizophrenia patients' real world behavior with specific neuropsychological and functional capacity measures. Biol Psychiatry 2008;63:505-11.
16. Bozikas VP, Andreou C. Longitudinal studies of cognition in first episode psychosis: a systematic review of the literature. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2011;45:93-108.
17. Caspi A, Reichenberg A, Weiser M, et al. Cognitive performance in schizophrenia patients assessed before and following the first psychotic episode. Schizophr Res 2003;65:87-94.
18. Chan KK, Xu JQ, Liu KC, Hui CL, Wong GH, Chen EY. Executive function in first episode schizophrenia: a three-year prospective study of the Hayling Sentence Completion Test. Schizophr Res 2012;135:62-7.
19. Chang WC, Ming Hui CL, Yan Wong GH, et al. Symptomatic remission and cognitive impairment in first-episode schizophrenia: a prospective 3-year follow-up study. J Clin Psychiatry 2013;74:1046-53.
20. Ciompi L. The natural history of schizophrenia in the long-term. Br J Psychiatry 1980;136:413-20.
21. Craddock N, Owen MJ. The beginning of the end for the Kraepelinian dichotomy. Br J Psychiatry 2005;186:364-6.
22. Davidson M, Galderisi S, Weiser M, et al. Cognitive effects of antipsychotic drugs in first-episode schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder: a randomized, open-label clinical trial (EUFEST). Am J Psychiatry 2009;166:675-82.
23. Dickinson D. Zeroing in on early cognitive development in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2014;171:9-12.
24. Dickinson D, Ramsey MB, Gold JM. Overlooking the obvious: a meta-analytic comparison of digit symbol coding tasks and other cognitive measures in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007;64:532-42.
25. Dickinson D, Ragland JD, Gold JM, Gur RC. General and specific cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: Goliath defeats David. Biol Psychiatry 2008;64: 823-7.
26. Dickson H, Laurens KR, Cullen AE, Hodgins S. Meta-analyses of cognitive and motor function in youth aged 16 years and younger who subsequently develop schizophrenia. Psychol Med 2012;42:743-55.
27. Elvevog B, Goldberg TE. Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia is the core of the disorder. Crit Rev Neurobiol 2000;14:1-21.
28. Fioravanti M, Carlone O, Vitale B, et al. A meta-analysis of cognitive deficits in adults with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Neuropsychol Rev 2005;15:73-95.
29. Fish B, Marcus J, Hans SL, Auerbach JG, Perdue S. Infants at risk for schizophrenia: sequelae of a genetic neurointegrative defect: a review and replication analysis of pandysmaturation in the Jerusalem Infant Development Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:221-35.
30. Friedman JI, Harvey PD, McGurk SR, et al. Correlates of change in functional status of institutionalized geriatric schizophrenic patients: focus on medical comorbidity. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:1388-94.
31. Fuller R, Nopoulos P, Arndt S, O'Leary D, Ho B-C, Andreasen NC. Longitudinal assessment of premorbid cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia through examination of standardized scholastic test performance. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:1183-9.
32. Fusar-Poli P, Perez J, Broome M, et al. Neurofunctional correlates of vulnerability to psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Behav Rev 2007;31:465-84.
33. Gold S, Arndt S, Nopoulos P, O'Leary DS, Andreasen NC. Longitudinal study of cognitive function in first episode and recent-onset schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:1342-8.
34. Goldberg TE, Hyde TM, Kleinman JE, et al. Course of schizophrenia: neuropsychological evidence for a static encephalopathy. Schizophr Bull 1993;19: 797-804.
35. Green MF, Bearden CE, Cannon TD, Fiske AP, et al. Social cognition in schizophrenia, part 1: performance across phase of illness. Schizophr Bull 2012;38:854-64.
36. Gurovich IY, Shmukler AB, Zaytseva Y. Dynamics of neurocognitive functioning in patients in early stages of schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2012;112:7-14 [in Russian].
37. Harding C, Brooks G, Ashikiga T, Strauss J, Breier A. The Vermont longitudinal study of persons with severe mental illness. I. Methodology, study sample, and overall status 32 years later. Am J Psychiatry 1987;144:718-26.
38. Harding C, Brooks G, Ashikiga T, Strauss J, Breier A. The Vermont longitudinal study of persons with severe mental illness. II. Long-term outcomes of subjects who retrospectively met DSM-III criteria for schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1987;144:727-35.
39. Harrison G, Hopper K, Craig T, et al. Recovery from psychotic illness: a 15-and 25-year international follow-up study. Br J Psychiatry 2001;178:506-17.
40. Harrow M, Jobe TH. Does long-term treatment of schizophrenia with antipsychotic medications facilitate recovery? Schizophr Bull 2013;39:962-5.
41. Harrow M, Jobe TH, Faull RN. Do all schizophrenia patients need antipsychotic treatment continuously throughout their lifetime? A 20-year longitudinal study. Psychol Med 2012;42:214-25.
42. Harvey PD. Cognitive and functional impairments in elderly patients with schizophrenia: a review of the recent literature. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2001;9:59-68.
43. Harvey PD. Cognitive impairment in elderly patients with schizophrenia: age related changes. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001;16(Suppl. 1):S78-85.
44. Harvey PD, Parrella M, White L, Mohs RC, et al. Convergence of cognitive and adaptive decline in late-life schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1999;35: 77-84.
45. Harvey PD, Silverman JM, Mohs RC, et al. Cognitive decline in late-life schizophrenia: a longitudinal study of geriatric chronically hospitalized patients. Biol Psychiatry 1999;45:32-40.
46. Heaton RK, Gladsjo JA, Palmer BW, et al. Stability and course of neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001;58:24-32.
47. Heinrichs RW, Zakzanis KK. Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: a quantitative review of the evidence. Neuropsychology 1998;12:426-45.
48. Henry JD, Crawford JR. A meta-analytic review of verbal fluency deficits in schizophrenia relative to other neurocognitive deficits. Cognit Neuropsychiatry 2005;10:1-33.
49. Henry LP, Amminger GP, Harris MG, et al. The EPPIC follow-up study of first episode psychosis: longer-term clinical and functional outcome 7 years after index admission. J Clin Psychiatry 2010;71:716-28.
50. Hill SK, Bishop JR, Palumbo D, Sweeney JA. Effect of second-generation antipsychotics on cognition: current issues and future challenges. Expert Rev Neurother 2010;10:43-57.
51. Hoff AL, Sakuma M, Wieneke M, Horon R, Kushner M, DeLisi LE. Longitudinal neuropsychological follow-up study of patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:1336-41.
52. Hoff A, Svetina C, Maurizio A, et al. Familial cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2005;133:43-9.
53. Hoff AL, Svetina C, Shields G, Stewart J, DeLisi LE. Ten-year longitudinal study of neuropsychological functioning subsequent to a first episode of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2005;78:27-34.
54. Huber G. The heterogeneous course of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1997; 28:177-85.
55. Hughes C, Kumari V, Das M, et al. Cognitive functioning in siblings discordant for schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2005;111:185-92.
56. Hulshoff Pol HE, Kahn R. What happens after first episode? A review of progressive brain changes in chronically ill patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2008;34:354-66.
57. Irani F, Kalkstein S, Moberg EA, Moberg PJ. Neuropsychological performance in older patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Schizophr Bull 2011;37:1318-26.
58. Jones P, Rodgers B, Murray R, Marmot M. Child developmental risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort. Lancet 1994;344: 1398-402.
59. Kahn RS, Keefe RSE. Schizophrenia is a cognitive illness. Time for a change in focus. JAMA Psychiatry 2013;70:1107-12.
60. Keefe RS, Sweeney JA, Gu H, et al. Effects of olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone on neurocognitive function in early psychosis: a randomized, double-blind 52-week comparison. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164:1061-71.
61. Keshavan MS, Tandon R, Boutros N, Nasrallah HA. Schizophrenia, "just the facts". What we know in 2008. Part 3: pathophysiology. Schizophr Res 2008; 106:89-107.
62. Khandaker GM, Barnett JH, White IR, Jones PB. A quantitative meta-analysis of population-based studies of premorbid intelligence and schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2011;132:220-7.
63. Klingberg S, Wittorf A, Sickinger S, et al. Course of cognitive functioning during the stabilization phase of schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2008;42:259-67.
64. Kremen WS, Seidman LJ, Faraone SV, Tsuang MT. IQ decline in cross-sectional studies of schizophrenia: methodology and interpretation. Psychiatry Res 2008;158:181-94.
65. Lambert M, Naber D, Schacht A, et al. Rates and predictors of remission and recovery during 3 years in 392 never treated patients with schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2008;118:220-9.
66. Laws KR. A meta-analytic review of the Wisconsin Card Sort studies in schizophrenia: general intellectual deficit in disguise? Cognit Neuropsychiatry 1999;4:1-30.
67. Lee J, Park S. Working memory impairments in schizophrenia: a metaanalysis. J Abnorm Psychol 2005;114:599-611.
68. Leeson VC, Sharma P, Harrison M, et al. IQ trajectory, cognitive reserve, and clinical outcome following a first episode of psychosis: a 3-year longitudinal study. Schizophr Bull 2011;37:768-77.
69. Lencz T, Smith CW, McLaughlin D, et al. Generalized and specific neuroco-gnitive deficits in prodromal schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2006;59: 863-71.
70. Lieberman J, Jody D, Geisler S, et al. Time course and biologic correlates of treatment response in first-episode schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:369-76.
71. Lin A, Wood SJ, Nelson B, et al. Neurocognitive predictors of functional outcome two to 13 years after identification as ultra-high risk for psychosis. Schizophr Res 2011;132:1-7.
72. Meier MH, Caspi A, Reichenberg A, et al. Neuropsychological decline in schizophrenia from the premorbid to the post-onset period: evidence from a population representative longitudinal study. Am J Psychiatry 2014;171: 91-101.
73. Menezes NM, Arenovich T, Zipursky RB. A systematic review of longitudinal outcome studies of first-episode psychosis. Psychol Med 2006;36:1349-62.
74. Mesholam-Gately RI, Giuliano AJ, Goff KP. Neurocognition in first-episode schizophrenia: a meta-analytic review. Neuropsychology 2009;23:315-36.
75. Nemoto T, Niimura H, Ryu Y, et al. Long-term course of cognitive function in chronically hospitalized patients with schizophrenia transitioning to community-based living. Schizophr Res 2014;155:90-5.
76. Niendam TA, Bearden CE, Rosso IM, et al. A prospective study of childhood neurocognitive functioning in schizophrenic patients and their siblings. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:2060-2.
77. Øie M, Sundet K. Neurocognition and functional outcome in early-onset schizophrenia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a 13-year follow-up. Neuropsychology 2011;25:25-35.
78. Orzack MH, Kornetsky C. Attention dysfunction in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1966;14:323-6.
79. Palmer B, Heaton RK, Kuck J, Braff D. Is it possible to be schizophrenic yet neuropsychologically normal? Neuropsychology 1997;11:437-46.
80. Pandina G, Bilder R, Turkoz I, Alphs L. Identification of clinically meaningful relationships among cognition, functionality, and symptoms in subjects with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Schizophr Res 2013;143:312-8.
81. Penn DL, Sanna LJ, Roberts DL. Social cognition in schizophrenia: an overview. Schizophr Bull 2008;34:408-11.
82. Rajji TK, Mulsant BH. Nature and course of cognitive function in late-life schizophrenia: a systematic review. Schizophr Res 2008;102:122-40.
83. Ranganath C, Minzenberg MJ, Ragland DJ. The cognitive neuroscience of memory function and dysfunction in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 64:18-25.
84. Reichenberg A, Harvey PD. Neuropsychological impairments in schizophrenia: integration of performance-based and brain imaging findings. Psychol Bull 2007;133:833-58.
85. Reichenberg A, Weiser M, Rapp MA, et al. Elaboration on premorbid intellectual performance in schizophrenia: premorbid intellectual decline and risk for schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62:1297-304.
86. Reichenberg A, Caspi A, Harrington H, et al. Static and dynamic cognitive deficits in childhood preceding adult schizophrenia: a 30-year study. Am J Psychiatry 2010;167:160-9.
87. Robinson D, Woerner MG, Alvir JM, et al. Predictors of relapse following response from a first episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999;56:241-7.
88. Rund BR. A review of longitudinal studies of cognitive functions in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1998;24:425-35.
89. Russell AJ, Munro JC, Jones PB, Hemsley DR, Murray RM. Schizophrenia and the myth of intellectual decline. Am J Psychiatry 1997;154:635-9.
90. Seidman LJ, Buka SL, Goldstein JM, Tsuang MT. Intellectual decline in schizophrenia: evidence from a prospective birth cohort 28-year follow-up study. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2006;28:225-42.
91. Sitskoorn MM, Aleman A, Ebisch SJ, et al. Cognitive deficits in relatives of patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2004;71:285-95.
92. Snitz BE, Macdonald III AW, Carter CS. Cognitive deficits in unaffected firstdegree relatives of schizophrenia patients: a meta-analytic review of putative phenotypes. Schizophr Bull 2006;32:179-94.
93. Sprong M, Schothorst P, Vos E, et al. Theory of mind in schizophrenia: metaanalysis. Br J Psychiatry 2007;191:5-13.
94. Stirling J, White C, Lewis S, et al. Neurocognitive function and outcome in first episode schizophrenia: a 10-year follow-up of an epidemiological cohort. Schizophr Res 2003;65:75-86.
95. Szöke A, Schurhoff F, Mathieu F, et al. Tests of executive function in firstdegree relatives of schizophrenic patients: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2005;35:771-82.
96. Szöke A, Trandafir A, Dupont ME, et al. Longitudinal studies of cognition in schizophrenia: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2008;192:248-57.
97. Torgalsbøen A-K, Mohnb C, Rund BR. Neurocognitive predictors of remission of symptoms and social and role functioning in the early course of firstepisode schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2014;216:1-5.
98. Toulopoulou T, Picchioni M, Rijsdijk F, et al. Substantial genetic overlap between neurocognition and schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007; 64:1348-55.
99. Trandafir A, Meary A, Schurhoff F, et al. Memory tests in first-degree adult relatives of schizophrenic patients: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2006; 81:217-26.
100. van Haren NEM, Cahn W, Hulshoff Pol HE, Kahn RS. Schizophrenia as a progressive brain disease. Eur Psychiatry 2008;23:245-54.
101. Van Hooren S, Versmissen D, Janssen I, et al. Social cognition and neuroco-gnition as independent domains in psychosis. Schizophr Res 2008; 103:257-65.
102. Van Winkel R, Myin-Germeys I, De-Hert M, et al. The association between cognition and functional outcome in first-episode patients with schizophrenia: mystery solved. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2007;11:119-24.
103. Vauth R, Rusch N, Wirtz M, Corrigan PW. Does social cognition influence the relation between neurocognitive deficits and vocational functioning in schizophrenia? Psychiatry Res 2004;128:155-65.
104. Waddington JL, Youssef HA. Cognitive dysfunction in chronic schizophrenia followed prospectively over 10 years and its longitudinal relationship to the emergence of tardive dyskinesia. Psychol Med 1996;26:681-8.
105. Waddington JL, Youssef HA, Kinsella A. Cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia followed up over 5 years, and its longitudinal relationship to the emergence of tardive dyskinesia. Psychol Med 1990;20:835-42.
106. Weinberger DR. Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44:660-9.
107. Whalley HC, Harris JC, Lawrie SM. The neurobiological underpinnings of risk and conversion in relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Int Rev Psychiatry 2007;19:383-97.
108. Whyte MC, McIntosh AM, Johnstone EC, et al. Declarative memory in unaffected adult relatives of patients with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2005;78:13-26.
109. Woodberry KA, Gluliano AJ, Seidman LJ. Premorbid IQ in schizophrenia: a metaanalytic review. Am J Psychiatry 2008;165:579-87.
110. Zaytseva Y, Korsakova NK, Gurovich IY. Neurocognitive deficit changes in relation to the course of schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders: 5-year follow-up study. Psychiatr Danub 2010;22(Suppl. 1):S149-51.
111. Zipparo L, Whitford TJ, Redoblado Hodge MA, et al. Investigating the neuropsychological and neuroanatomical changes that occur over the first 2-3 years of illness in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008;32:531-8.
112. Zipursky RB, Reilly TJ, Murray RM. The myth of schizophrenia as a progressive brain disease. Schizophr Bull 2013;39:1363-72.