Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia is the core of the disorder

Critical Reviews in Neurobiology

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 1-21

  Elvevag, Brita ^a   Goldberg, Terry E ^a,b  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH   (United States)

^b Neurosciences Center at St Elizabeths   (United States)

Author keywords

Attention; Cognitive dysfunction; Episodic memory; Semantic memory; Working memory

Indexed keywords

NEUROLEPTIC AGENT;

ATTENTION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DELUSION; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG SENSITIVITY; HALLUCINATION; HUMAN; PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSIS; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; THOUGHT DISORDER; WORKING MEMORY;

EID: 0034481144     PISSN: 08920915     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1615/critrevneurobiol.v14.i1.10     Document Type: Review

References (211)

1. The attention system of the human brain
2. Segmental set: A theory of the formal psychological deficit in schizophrenia
3. Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions
4. Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review
5. Context, cortex and dopamine: A connectionist approach to behavior and biology of schizophrenia
6. Orienting of attention
7. Attention and the detection of signals
8. Asymmetries in hemispheric control of attention in schizophrenia
9. Attentional cues in chronic schizophrenia: Abnormal disengagement of attention
10. Deficits in the endogenous redirection of covert visual attention in chronic schizophrenia
11. Disengagement of attention in schizophrenia
12. Visual orienting in schizophrenia
13. Global-local processing in schizophrenia: Hemispheric asymmetry and symptom-specific interference
14. Impaired attention, genetics, and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia
15. Reaction time, distractibility and over-inclusive thinking in psychotics
16. Shadowing by context in schizophrenia
17. Auditory processing speed and signal detection in schizophrenia
18. Information processing and attentional functioning in the development course of schizophrenic disorders
19. An information processing model for schizophrenia
20. Schizophrenic deficits in the processing of context: A test of a theoretical model
21. The Continuous Performance Test, Identical Pairs Version: II. Contrasting attentional profile in schizophrenic and depressed patients
22. Continuous Performance Test and schizophrenia: A test of stimulus-response compatibility, working memory, response readiness or none of the above?
23. Schizophrenia and genetics: Where are we? Are you sure?
24. Signal detection in vigilance tasks and behavioral attributes among offspring of schizophrenic mothers and among hyperactive children
25. Performance of nonpsychotic relatives of schizophrenic patients on cognitive tests
26. Eye tracking, attention, and schizotypal symptoms in nonpsychotic relatives of patients with schizophrenia
27. Impairment in early stages of visual information processing in nonpsychotic schizotypal individuals
28. Cognitive function and biological correlates of cognitive performance in schizotypal personality disorder
29. Attentional functioning in schizotypal personality disorder
30. A taxometric analysis of cognitive and neuromotor variables in children at risk for schizophrenia
31. The New York high-risk project: Anhedonia, attentional deviance, and psychopathology
32. Schizotypy and sustained attention
33. Sustained attention deficit and schizotypal personality features in nonpsychotic relatives of schizophrenic patients
34. Platelet monoamine oxidase, plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, and attention in a 'biochemical high risk' sample
35. Biological markers for schizophrenia and the biological high-risk approach
36. The fractionation of working memory
37. The recency effect: Implicit learning with explicit retrieval
38. Capacity limitations in short-term memory in schizophrenia: Tests of competing hypotheses
39. Verbal working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia: Use of a Brown-Peterson paradigm
40. Visuospatial working memory in patients with schizophrenia
41. A pen-and-paper human analogue of a monkey prefrontal cortex activation task: Spatial working memory in patients with schizophrenia
42. Performance of patients with schizophrenia on a pen and paper visuospatial working memory task with short delay
43. Spatial working memory deficits in the relatives of schizophrenic patients
44. A behavioural analysis of degree of reinforcement and ease of shifting to new responses in a Weigl type card sorting problem
45. Auditory working memory and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in schizophrenia
46. Working and strategic memory deficits in schizophrenia
47. Performance of schizophrenic patients on putative neuropsychological tests of frontal lobe function
48. A deficit profile of executive, memory, and motor functions in schizophrenia
49. Neuropsychological differences between schizophrenic patients with heterogeneous Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance
50. Effects of different brain lesions on card sorting: The role of the frontal lobes
51. Relations between neuropsychological performance and brain morphological and physiological measures in monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia
52. Relationship of prefrontal and temporal lobe MRI measures to neuropsychological performance in chronic schizophrenia
53. Extra-dimensional versus intra-dimensional set shifting performance following frontal lobe excisions, temporal lobe excisions or amygdalo-hippocampectomy in man
54. Neuropsychological evidence for fronto-striatal dysfunction in schizophrenia
55. Specific neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenic patients with preserved intellectual function
56. The development of an ecologically valid test for assessing patients with dysexecutive syndrome
57. Assessment of the dysexecutive syndrome in schizophrenia
58. Memory in schizophrenia: What is impaired and what is preserved?
59. Differential clinical sensitivity of specific parameters of the Rey auditory-verbal learning test
60. Neuropsychological function in schizophrenia: Selective impairment in memory and learning
61. Forms of memory failure in schizophrenia
62. Memory functioning in chronic and non-chronic schizophrenics, affectively disturbed patients and normal controls
63. Neuropsychological deficits in neuroleptic naïve patients with first episode schizophrenia
64. Encoding and retrieval in schizophrenics' free recall
65. Recall memory deficit in schizophrenia
66. Evidence for distinct verbal memory pathologies in severely and mildly disturbed schizophrenics
67. Neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenics: Relationship to age, chronicity, and dementia
68. The nature of learning and memory impairments in schizophrenia
69. Recall and recognition in chronic nondemented schizophrenics: Use of matched tasks
70. Recall and recognition in mildly disturbed schizophrenics: The use of matched tasks
71. Reliability, performance characteristics, construct validity, and an initial clinical application of a visual object learning test (VOLT)
72. Effects of cueing on immediate and recent memory in schizophrenics
73. Learning and memory in monozygotic twins discordant fur schizophrenia
74. Memory, impairment in schizophrenia: Its extent, affiliations and neuropsychological character
75. Paired-associate learning and memory interference in schizophrenia
76. Functional mechanisms underlying impaired recognition memory and conscious awareness in patients with schizophrenia
77. Semantic priming in thought disordered schizophrenic patients
78. Semantic memory is both impaired and anomalous in schizophrenia
79. Semantic priming of category relations in schizophrenia
80. An investigation of semantic space in patients with schizophrenia
81. Formal thought disorder and semantic memory in schizophrenia
82. Cognitive substrates of thought disorder, I: The semantic system
83. Cognitive substrates of thought disorder, II: Specifying a candidate cognitive mechanism
84. A longitudinal study of thought disorder in manic patients
85. The involvement of orbitofrontal cerebrum in cognitive tasks
86. A comparison of cognitive/neuropsychological impairments of nonretarded autistic and schizophrenic children
87. Contributions of clinical neuropsychology to the study of schizophrenia
88. Further evidence for dementia of the prefrontal type? A controlled study of teaching the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
89. Remediation of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia
90. Reduction of perseverative errors in patients with schizophrenia: Using monetary feedback
91. Modifiability of neuropsychological dysfunction in schizophrenia
92. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in schizophrenia: Remediation of a stubborn deficit
93. Luria-Nebraska performance and symptomatology in unmedicated schizophrenic patients
94. Contrasts between patients with affective disorders and patients with schizophrenia on a neuropsychological test batten
95. The composition of the negative syndrome of chronic schizophrenia
96. Schizophrenic syndromes, cognitive performance, and neurological dysfunction
97. The symptoms of chronic schizophrenia: A re-examination of the positive-negative dichotomy
98. Neuropsychological deficits associated with schizophrenic syndromes
99. Schizophrenic syndromes and frontal lobe performance
100. The effects of neuroleptics on neuropsychological test results of schizophrenics
101. The effects of haloperidol on thought disorder and IQ in schizophrenia
102. The impact of symptomatic state and pharmacological treatment on cognitive functioning of patients with schizophrenia and mood disorders
103. The effect of clozapine on cognition and psychiatric symptoms in patients with schizophrenia
104. Attention and clinical symptoms in schizophrenia
105. The generalized pattern of neuropsychological deficits in outpatients with chronic schizophrenia with heterogeneous Wisconsin Card Sorting Test results
106. Neuropsychological assessment of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia
107. Distinguishing the effects of heredity and environment
108. Sex differences in age at onset of schizophrenia
109. Gender differences in the course of schizophrenia
110. Gender differences in affective, schizoaffective, and schizophrenic disorders: A review
111. Gender differences in cognition in schizophrenia
112. Gender, premorbid social functioning, and long-term outcome in DSM-III schizophrenia
113. Gender, social competence, and symptomatology in schizophrenia: A longitudinal analysis
114. Sex differences in neuropsychological functioning of first-episode and chronically ill schizophrenic patients
115. Are there sex differences in neuropsychological function among patients with schizophrenia?
116. Premorbid functioning, cognitive functioning, symptoms and outcome in schizophrenia
117. Neuropsychological test results associated with psychiatric disorders in adults
118. Neuropsychological and MMPI correlates of patients' future employment characteristics
119. Use of neuropsychological tests to predict adult patients' everyday functioning
120. Genetic risk of neuropsychological impairment in schizophrenia: A study of monozygotic twins discordant and concordant for the disorder
121. What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia?
122. Neuropsychological discriminators of long-term in-patients or outpatients in chronic schizophrenia
123. The functional significance of symptomatology and cognitive function in schizophrenia
124. Symptoms, cognitive functioning, and adaptive skills in geriatric patients with lifelong schizophrenia: A comparison across treatment sites
125. Predicting long-term outcome in schizophrenia
126. Cognitive functioning and positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia
127. National Institute of Mental Health longitudinal study of chronic schizophrenia: Prognosis and predictors of outcome
128. The neuropsychological signature of schizophrenia: Generalized or differential deficit?
129. Information processing anomalies in the early course of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
130. Neuropsychological performance of monozygotic twins discordant for bipolar disorder
131. Validity of the negative/positive dichotomy of schizophrenic disorders under long-term conditions
132. Frequency and phenomenology of persisting alterations in affective, schizoaffective and schizophrenic disorders: A comparison
133. Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and affective disorders: Evidence for a final common pathway disorder
134. Cognition, negative symptoms, and diagnosis: A comparison of schizophrenic, bipolar, and control subjects
135. Schizophrenia and temporal lobe epilepsy: A neuropsychological analysis
136. Memory and intelligence in lateralized temporal lobe epilepsy and schizophrenia
137. A review of longitudinal studies of cognitive functions in schizophrenia patients
138. Cognitive processing efficiency in schizophrenia: Generalized vs. domain specific deficits
139. Memory impairment and schizophrenia: The role of processing speed
140. The schizophrenias as nervous types
141. Schizophrenia as a progressive disorder: Relations to EEG, CT, neuropathological and other evidence
142. Child developmental risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort
143. Childhood precursors of psychosis as dues to its evolutionary origins
144. IQ and risk for schizophrenia: A population based cohort study
145. Neuropsychological deficits in the early course of first episode schizophrenia
146. Neuropsychological functioning of first-episode schizophreniform patients
147. Mental deterioration in chronic schizophrenia
148. Neuropsychological patterns in chronic schizophrenia
149. Evaluation of the stability of neuropsychological functioning after acute episodes of schizophrenia: One-year follow-up study
150. Schizophrenia and the myth of intellectual decline
151. Neuropsychological differences between young and old schizophrenics with and without associated neurological dysfunction
152. Is there a cognitive decline in schizophrenia? A cross-sectional study
153. The varied outcomes of schizophrenia
154. Course of schizophrenia: Neuropsychological evidence for a static encephalopathy
155. The course of schizophrenia over 13 years: A report from the International Study on Schizophrenia (ISoS) coordinated by the World Health Organization
156. Memory and intellectual deficits do not decline with age in schizophrenia
157. The Scottish first episode schizophrenia study. VII. Two-year follow-up. Scottish Schizophrenia Research Group
158. Cognitive deficits and psychopathology in elderly schizophrenic patients
159. Ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia: Definition and prevalence
160. Stability of CT scan findings in schizophrenia: Results of an eight year follow-up study
161. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in schizophrenia: The pathophysiologic significance of structural abnormalities
162. Ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia evaluated with computed tomographic scanning. Effects of gender, age, and stage of illness
163. Evidence against progression of in vivo anatomical abnormalities in schizophrenia
164. A prospective follow-up study of brain morphology and cognition in first-episode schizophrenic patients: Preliminary findings
165. Schizophrenia as a chronic active brain process: A study of progressive brain structural changes subsequent to the onset of schizophrenia
166. A follow-up magnetic resonance imaging study of schizophrenia: Relationship of neuroanatomical changes to clinical and neurobehavioural measures
167. Intellectual deficits in first-episode schizophrenia: Evidence for progressive deterioration
168. Severity of symptoms in chronically institutionalized geriatric schizophrenic patients
169. Executive function in first-episode schizophrenia
170. Convergence of cognitive and adaptive decline in late-life schizophrenia
171. "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician
172. Cognitive impairment as a target for pharmacological treatment in schizophrenia
173. Rehabilitation of frontal/executive impairments in schizophrenia
174. Preliminary evaluation of cognitive adaptation training to compensate for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia
175. Cognitive and symptom correlates of participation in social skills training groups
176. Cognitive deficits and psychiatric rehabilitation outcomes in schizophrenia
177. Cognitive rehabilitation for schizophrenia: Is it possible? Is it necessary?
178. Reply to cognitive therapy and schizophrenia
179. Cognitive remediation in schizophrenia: Proceed ... with caution!
180. Cognitive remediation in schizophrenia: Should we attempt it?
181. Cognitive remediation in schizophrenia: Is it time yet?
182. Neuropsychological performance in chronic schizophrenia in response to neuroleptic dose reduction
183. Effects of clozapine on cognitive function
184. Comparison of risperidone and clozapine on clinical and cognitive functions in psychotic disorders
185. Clinical studies on the mechanism of action of clozapine: The dopamine-serotonin hypothesis of schizophrenia
186. Does risperidone improve verbal working memory in treatment-resistant schizophrenia?
187. Continuous performance tests in schizophrenic patients: Stimulus and medication effects on performance
188. Neuroleptics improve sustained attention in schizophrenia: A study using signal detection theory
189. The clinical relevance of an auditory attention task (PAT) in a longitudinal study of chronic schizophrenia, with placebo substitution fur chlorpromazine
190. Neuropsychological functioning in siblings discordant for schizophrenia and healthy volunteers
191. Thought disorder, working memory and attention: Interrelationships and the effects of neuroleptic medications
192. Attentional dysfunctions in neuroleptic-naive and neuroleptic-withdrawn schizophrenic patients and their siblings
193. Effects of psychiatric disorders and their somatic treatment on neuropsychological test results
194. Relation of neuroleptic and anticholinergic medication to cognitive function in schizophrenia
195. The effect of neuroleptics on cognitive and psychomotor function
196. Neuroleptic drug effects on cognitive function in schizophrenia
197. Neuroleptic effects on neuropsychological test performance in schizophrenia
198. Methylphenidate and neuroleptic effects on oral word production in schizophrenia
199. Neuroleptics effects on neuropsychological function in chronic schizophrenic patients
200. The effect of medication and diagnostic criteria on distractibility in schizophrenia
201. Auditory and visual distractibility in schizophrenia: Clinical and medication status correlations
202. Medication may be required for the development of automatic processing in schizophrenia