Recent advances in second generation ethanol production by thermophilic bacteria

Energies

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 2015, Pages

  Scully, Sean Michael ^a   Orlygsson, Johann ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AKUREYRI   (Iceland)

Author keywords

Bioethanol; Consolidated processes; Genetic engineering; Second generation biofuel; Thermophiles

Indexed keywords

BACTERIA; BIOETHANOL; ETHANOL; FERMENTATION; SACCHARIFICATION; SUBSTRATES;

BIO-ETHANOLS; CONSOLIDATED PROCESS; ETHANOL PRODUCTION; HIGH OPERATING TEMPERATURE; LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS; SECOND GENERATION; SECOND GENERATION BIOFUEL; SUBSTRATE RANGE; THERMOPHILE; THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA;

GENETIC ENGINEERING;

EID: 84949116679     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19961073     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/en8010001     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. European Commission. Directive 2003/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 May 2003 on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport. Off. J. Eur. Union 2003, L123, 42-46.
2. European Commission. Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC. Off. J. Eur. Union 2009, L140, 16-47.
3. RFA: Renewable Fuels Association. World Fuel Ethanol Production. 2013. Available online: http://ethanolrfa.org/pages/World-Fuel-Ethanol-Production (accessed on 30 September 2014).
4. Sánchez, ó.J.; Cardona, C.A. Trends in biotechnological production of fuel ethanol from different feedstocks. Bioresour. Technol. 2008, 99, 5270-5295.
5. Taylor, M.P.; Eley, K.L.; Martin, S.; Tuffin, M.I.; Burton, S.G.; Cowan, D.A. Thermophilic ethanologenesis: Future prospects for second-generation bioethanol production. Trends Biotechnol. 2009, 27, 398-405.
6. Demain, A.L.; Newcomb, M.; Wu, J.H.D. Cellulase, clostridia, and ethanol. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2005, 69, 124-154.
7. Hanh-Hagerdal, B.; Galbe, M.; Gorwa-Grauslund, M.F.; Liden, G.; Zacchi, G. Bio-ethanol the fuel of tomorrow from residues today. Trends Biotechnol. 2006, 24, 549-556.
8. Farrell, A.F.; Plevin, R.J.; Turner, B.T.; Jones, A.D.; O'Hare, M.; Kammen, D.M. Ethanol can contribute to energy and environmental goals. Science 2006, 311, 506-508.
9. Gnansounou, E.; Dauriat, A. Techno-economic analysis of lignocellulosic ethanol: A review. Bioresour. Biotechnol. 2010, 101, 4980-4991.
10. Chang, T.; Yao, S. Thermophilic, lignocellulolytic bacteria for ethanol production: Current state and persepectives. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2011, 92, 13-27.
11. Ostergaard, S.; Olsson, L.; Nielsen, J. Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisae. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2000, 64, 34-50.
12. Jeffries, T.W. Engineering yeasts for xylose metabolism. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2006, 17, 320-326.
13. He, M.X.; Wu, B.; Qin, H.; Ruan, Z.Y.; Tan, F.R.; Wang, J.L.; Shui, Z.X.; Dai, L.C.; Zhu, Q.L.; Pan, K.; et al. Zymomonas mobilis: A novel platform for future biorefineries. Biotechnol. Biofuels 2014, 7, doi:10.1186/1754-6834-7-101.
14. Turner, P.; Mamo, G.; Karlsson, E.N. Potential and utilization of thermophiles and thermostable enzymes in biorefining. Microb. Cell Fact. 2007, 6, doi:10.1186/1475-2859-6-9.
15. Wagner, I.D.; Wiegel, J. Diversity of thermophilic anaerobes. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2008, 1125, 1-43.
16. Wiegel, J.; Ljungdahl, L.G. Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus gen. nov., spec. nov., a new, extreme thermophilic, anaerobic bacterium. Arch. Microbiol. 1981, 128, 343-348.
17. Larsen, L.; Nielsen, P.; Ahring, B.K. Thermoanaerobacter mathranii sp. nov, an ethanol-producing, extremely thermophilic anaerobic bacterium from a hot spring in Iceland. Arch. Microbiol. 1997, 168, 114-119.
18. Jessen, J.E.; Orlygsson, J. Production of ethanol from sugars and lignocellulosic biomass by Thermoanaerobacter J1 isolated from a hot spring in Iceland. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2012, 2012, doi:10.1155/2012/186982.
19. Slobodkin, A.I.; Tourova, T.P.; Kuznetsov, B.B.; Kostrikina, N.A.; Chernyh, N.A.; Bonch-Osmolovskaya, E.A. Thermoanaerobacter siderophilus sp. nov., a novel dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing, anaerobic, thermophilic bacterium. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 1999, 49, 1471-1478.
20. Mendez, B.S.; Pettinari, M.J.; Ivanier, S.E.; Ramos, C.A.; Sineriz, F. Clostridium thermopapyrolyticum sp. nov., a cellulolytic thermophile. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 1991, 41, 281-283.
21. Fong, J.C.N.; Svenson, C.J.; Nakasugi, K.; Leong, C.T.C.; Bowman, J.P.; Chen, B.; Glenn, D.R.; Neilan, B.A.; Rogers, P.L. Isolation and characterization of two novel ethanol-tolerant facultative-anaerobic thermophilic bacteria strains from waste compost. Extremophiles 2006, 10, 363-372.
22. Sekiguchi, Y.; Imachi, H.; Susilorukmi, A.; Muramatsu, M.; Ohashi, A.; Harada, H.; Hanada, S.; Kamagata, Y. Tepidanaerobacter syntrophicus gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic, moderately thermophilic, syntrophic alcohol-and lactate-degrading bacterium isolated from thermophilic digested sludges. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2006, 56, 1621-1629.
23. Cayol, J.L.; Ollivier, B.; Patel, B.K.C.; Ravot, G.; Magot, M.; Ageron, E.; Grimont, P.A.D.; Garcia, J.L. Description of Thermoanaerobacter brockii subsp. lactiethylicus subsp. nov., isolated from a deep subsurface French oil well, a proposal to reclassify Thermoanaerobacter finnii as Thermoanaerobacter brockii subsp. finnii comb. nov., and an emended description of Thermoanaerobacter brockii. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 1995, 45, 783-789.
24. Cann, I.K.; Stroot, P.G.; Mackie, K.R.; White, B.A.; Mackie, R.I. Characterization of two novel saccharolytic, anaerobic thermophiles, Thermoanaerobacterium polysaccharolyticum sp. nov. and Thermoanaerobacterium zeae sp. nov., and emendation of the genus Thermoanaerobacterium. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2001, 51, 293-302.
25. Amend, J.P.; Shock, E.L. Energetics of overall metabolic reactions of thermophilic and hyperthermophilic Archaea and Bacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 2001, 25, 175-243.
26. Tomás, A.F. Optimization of Bioethanol Production from Carbohydrate Rich Wastes by Extreme Thermophilic Microorganisms. Ph.D. Thesis, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2013.
27. Sveinsdottir, M.; Baldursson, S.R.B.; Orlygsson, J. Ethanol production from monosugars and lignocellulosic biomass by thermophilic bacteria isolated from Icelandic hot springs. Icel. Agric. Sci. 2009, 22, 45-58.
28. Crespo, C.; Pozzo, T.; Karlsson, E.N.; Alvarez, M.P.; Mattiasson, B. Caloramator boliviensis sp. nov., a thermophilic, ethanol-producing bacterium isolated from a hot spring. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2012, 62, 1679-1686.
29. Euzéby, J.P. List of Bacterial Names with Standing in Nomenclature: A folder available on the Internet. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 1997, 47, 590-592.
30. Parte, A.C. LPSN-List of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature. Nucleic Acids Res. 2014, 42, D613-D616.
31. Wiegel, J.; Tanner, R.; Rainey, F.A. An introduction to the family clostridiae. In The Prokaryotes, 3rd ed.; Dworkin, M., Falkow, S., Rosenberg, E., Schleifer, K.-H., Stackebrandt, E., Eds.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2006; Part 1, pp. 654-678.
32. Canganella, F.; Wiegel, J. The potential of thermophilic clostridia in biotechnology. In The Clostridia and Biotechnology; Woods, D.R., Ed.; Butterworth-Heinemann: Freepost, UK, 1993; Volume 23, pp. 394-429.
33. Carreira, L.H.; Ljungdahl, L.G. Production of ethanol from biomass using anaerobic thermophilic bacteria. In Liquid Fuel Developments; Wise, D.L., Ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 1993; pp. 1-28.
34. Nölling, J.; Breton, G.; Omelchenko, M.V.; Makarova, K.S.; Zeng, Q.; Gibson, R.; Lee, H.M.; Dubois, J.; Qiu, D.; Hitti, J.; et al. Genome sequence and comparative analysis of the solvent-producing bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum. J. Bacteriol. 2001, 183, 4823-4838.
35. Sabathé, F.; Belaich, A.; Soucaille, P. Characterization of the cellulolytic complex (cellulosome) of Clostridium acetobutylicum. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2002, 217, 15-22.
36. Han, S.O.; Yukawa, H.; Inui, M.; Doi, R.H. Transcription of Clostridium cellulovorans cellulosomal cellulase and hemicellulase genes. J. Bacteriol. 2003, 185, 2520-2527.
37. Rydzak, T.; Grigoryan, M.; Cunningham, Z.J.; Krokhin, O.V.; Ezzati, P.; Cicek, N.; Levin, D.B.; Wilkins, J.A.; Sparling, R. Insights into electron flux manipulations of fermentation conditions and assessment of protein expression profiles in Clostridium thermocellum. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2014, 98, 6497-6510.
38. Collins, M.D.; Lawson, P.A.; Willems, A.; Cordoba, J.J.; Fernandez-Garayzabal, J.; Garcia, P.; Cai, J.; Hippe, H.; Farrow, J.A. The phylogeny of the genus Clostridium: Proposal of five new genera and eleven new species combinations. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 1994, 44, 812-826.
39. Schink, B.; Zeikus, J.G. Clostridium thermosulfurogenes sp. nov, a new thermophile that produces elementar sulfur from thiosulfate. Microbiology 1983, 129, 1145-1158.
40. Lee, Y.-E.; Jain, M.K.; Lee, C.; Lowe, S.E.; Zeikus, J.G. Taxonomic distinction of saccharolytic thermophilic anaerobes: Description of Thermoanaerobacterium xylanolyticum gen. nov., sp. nov., and Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum gen. nov., sp. nov.; reclassification of Thermoanaerobium brockii, Clostridium thermosulfurogenes, and Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum E100-69 as Thermoanaerobacter brockii comb. nov., Thermoanaerobacterium thermosulfurigenes comb. nov., and Thermoanaerobacter thermohydrosulfuricus comb. nov., respectively; and transfer of Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum 39E to Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 1993, 43, 41-51.
41. Kublanov, I.V.; Prokofeva, M.I.; Kostrikina, N.A.; Kolganova, T.V.; Tourova, T.P.; Wiegel, J.; Bonch-Osmolovskaya, E.A. Thermoanaerobacterium aciditolerans sp. nov., a moderate thremoacidophile from a Kamchatka hot spring. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2007, 57, 260-264.
42. Almarsdottir, A.R.; Sigurbjornsdottir, M.A.; Orlygsson, J. Effects of various factors on ethanol yields from lignocellulosic biomass by Thermoanaerobacterium AK17. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012, 109, 686-694.
43. Crespo, R.E.; Badshah, M.; Alvarez, M.T.; Mattiasson, B. Ethanol production by continuous fermentation of D-(+)-cellobiose, D-(+)-xylose and sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate using the thermoanaerobe Caloramator boliviensis. Bioresour. Technol. 2012, 103, 186-191.
44. Balusu, R.; Paduru, R.M.R.; Seenyya, G.; Reddy, G. Production of ethanol from cellulosic biomass by Clostridium thermocellum SS19 in submerged fermentation: Screening of nutrients using Plackett-Burman desing. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 2004, 117, 133-141.
45. Rani, K.S.; Seenayya, G. High ethanol tolerance of new isolates of Clostridium thermocellum strains SS21 and SS22. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1999, 15, 173-178.
46. Roberts, S.B.; Gowen, C.M.; Brooks, J.P.; Fong, S.S. Genome-scale metabolic analysis of Clostridium thermocellum for bioethanol production. BMC Syst. Biol. 2010, 4, doi:10.1186/1752-0509-4-31.
47. Tyurin, M.; Desai, S.; Lynd, L.R. Electrotransformation of Clostridium thermocellum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2012, 70, 883-890.
48. Orlygsson, J. Ethanol production from biomass by a moderate thermophile, Clostridium AK1. Icel. Agric. Sci. 2012, 25, 25-35.
49. Shaw, A.J.; Podkaminer, K.K.; Desai, S.G.; Bardsley, J.S.; Rogers, S.R.; Thorne, P.G.; Hogsett, D.A.; Lynd, L.R. Metabolic engineering of a thermophilic bacterium to produce ethanol at high yield. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105, 13769-13774.
50. Koskinen, P.E.P.; Beck, S.R.; Orlygsson, J.; Puhakka, J.A. Ethanol and hydrogen production by two thermophilic, anaerobic bacteria isolated from Icelandic geothermal areas. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008, 101, 679-690.
51. Hild, H.M.; Stuckey, D.C.; Leak, D.J. Effect of nutrient limitation on product formation during continuous fermentation of xylose with Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus JW200 Fe(7). Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2003, 60, 679-686.
52. Lacis, L.S.; Lawford, H.G. Ethanol-production from xylose by Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus in batch and continuous culture. Arch. Microbiol. 1988, 150, 48-55.
53. Lovitt, R.W.; Shen, G.J.; Zeikus, J.G. Ethanol production by thermophilic bacteria: Biochemical basis for ethanol and hydrogen tolerance in Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum. J. Bacteriol. 1988, 170, 2809-2815.
54. Zeikus, J. Microbiology of methanogenesis in thermal, volcanic environments. J. Bacteriol. 1980, 143, 432-440.
55. Yao, S.; Mikkelsen, M.J. Metabolic engineering to improve ethanol production in Thermoanaerobacter mathranii. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2010, 88, 199-208.
56. Tomás, A.F.; Karakashev, D.; Angelidaki, I. Thermoanaerobacter pentosaceus sp. nov., an anaerobic, extreme thermophilic, high ethanol-yielding bacterium isolated from household waste. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2013, 63, 2396-2404.
57. Tomás, A.F.; Karagöz, P.; Karakashev, D.; Angelidaki, I. Extreme thermophilic ethanol production from rapeseed straw: Using the newly isolated Thermoanaerobacter pentosaceus and combining it with Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a two-step process. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013, 110, 1574-1582.
58. Brynjarsdottir, H.; Wawiernia, B.; Orlygsson, J. Ethanol production from sugars and complex biomass by Thermoanaerobacter AK5: The effect of electron-scavenging systems on end-product formation. Energy Fuels 2012, 26, 4568-4574.
59. Lee, Y.-J.; Dashti, M.; Prange, A.; Rainey, F.A.; Rohde, M.; Whitman, W.B.; Wiegel, J. Thermoanerobacter sulfurigignens sp. nov., an anaerobic thermophilic bacerium that reduces 1 M thiosulfate to elemental sulfur and tolerates 90 mM sulfite. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2007, 57, 1429-1434.
60. Georgieva, T.I.; Ahring, B.K. Evaluation of continuous ethanol fermentation of dilute-acid corn stover hydrolysate using thermophilic anaerobic bacterium Thermoanaerobacter BG1L1. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2007, 77, 61-68.
61. Georgieva, T.I.; Mikkelsen, M.J.; Ahring, B.K. High ethanol tolerance of the thermophilic anaerobic ethanol producer Thermoanaerobacter BG1L1. Cent. Eur. J. Biol. 2007, 2, 364-377.
62. Georgieva, T.I.; Skiadas, I.V.; Ahring, B.K. Effect of temperature on ethanol tolerance of a thermophilic anaerobic ethanol producer Thermoanaerobacter A10: Modeling and simulation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007, 98, 1161-1170.
63. Lacis, L.S.; Lawford, H.G. Effect of growth rate on ethanol production by T. ethanolicus in glucose or xylose limited continuous culture. Biotechnol. Lett. 1988, 10, 603-608.
64. Lacis, L.S.; Lawford, H.G. Analysis of the variation in ethanol yield from glucose or xylose with continuously grown Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 1989, 20-21, 479-490.
65. Lacis, L.S.; Lawford, H.G. Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus growth and product yield from elevated levels of xylose or glucose in continuous cultures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1991, 57, 579-585.
66. Lamed, R.; Zeikus, J.G. Ethanol-production by thermophilic bacteria: Relationship between fermentation product yields of and catabolic enzyme-activities in Clostridium thermocellum and Thermoanaerobium brockii. J. Bacteriol. 1980, 144, 569-578.
67. Lamed, R.; Zeikus, J.G. Glucose fermentation pathway of Thermoanaerobium brockii. J. Bacteriol. 1980, 141, 1251-1257.
68. Scully, S.M.; Orlygsson, J. Branched-chain alcohol formation from branched-chain amino acids by Thermoanaerobacter brockii and Thermoanaerobacter yonseiensis. Anaerobe 2014, 30, 82-84.
69. Svetlitchnyi, V.A.; Kensch, O.; Falkenhan, D.A.; Korseska, S.G.; Lippert, N.; Prinz, M.; Sassi, J.; Schickor, A.; Curvers, S. Single-step ethanol production from lignocellulose using novel extremely thermophilic bacteria. Biotechnol. Biofuels 2013, 6, doi:10.1186/1754-6834-6-31.
70. Cripps, R.E.; Eley, K.; Leak, D.J.; Rudd, B.; Taylor, M.; Todd, M.; Boakes, S.; Martin, S.; Atkinson, T. Metabolic engineering of Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius for high yield ethanol production. Metab. Eng. 2009, 11, 398-408.
71. Zambare, V.; Bhalla, A.; Muthukumarappan, K.; Sani, R.K.; Christopher, L. Bioprocessing of agricultural waste to ethanol utilizing a cellulolytic extremophile. Extremophiles 2011, 15, 611-618.
72. Weimer, P.J. Use of thermophiles for production of fuels and chemicals. In Thermophiles: General, Molecular and Applied Microbiology; Brock, T.D., Ed.; John Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, USA, 1986; pp. 217-255.
73. Fardeau, M.L.; Faudon, C.; Cayol, J.L.; Magot, M.; Patel, B.K.C.; Ollivier, B. Effect of thiosulphate as electron acceptor on glucose and xylose oxidation by Thermoanaerobacter finnii and a Thermoanaerobacter sp. isolated from oil field water. Res. Microbiol. 1996, 147, 159-165.
74. Jones, P. Improving fermentative biomass-derived H2-production by engineered microbial metabolism. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2008, 33, 5122-5130.
75. Hallenbeck, P.C. Fermentative hydrogen production: Principles, progress and prognosis. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2009, 34, 7379-7389.
76. Cord-Ruwisch, R.; Seitz, H.J.; Conrad, R. The capacity of hydrogenotrophic anaerobic bacteria for compete for traces of hydrogen depends on the redox potential of the terminal electron-acceptor. Arch. Microbiol. 1988, 149, 350-357.
77. Fardeau, M.L.; Patel, B.K.C.; Magot, M.; Ollivier, B. Utilization of serine, leucine, isoleucine and valine by Thermoanerobacter brockii in the presence of thiosulfate or Methanobacterium sp. as electron acceptors. Anaerobe 1997, 3, 405-410.
78. Tomas, A.F.; Karakashev, D.; Angelidaki, I. Effect of xylose and nutrients concentrations on ethanol production by newly isolated extreme thermophilic bacterium. Water Sci. Technol. 2011, 64, 341-347.
79. Lovitt, R.W.; Longin, R.; Zeikus, J.G. Ethanol production by thermophilic bacteria: Physiological comparison of solvent effects on parent and alcohol-tolerant strains of Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1984, 48, 171-177.
80. Wang, D.I.C.; Avgerinos, G.C.; Biocic, I.; Wang, S.D.; Fang, H.Y. Ethanol from cellulosic biomass [and discussion]. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B 1983, 300, 323-333.
81. Klapatch, T.R.; Hogsett, D.A.L.; Baskaran, S.; Pal, S.; Lynd, L.R. Organism development and characterization for ethanol production using thermophilic bacteria. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 1994, 45-46, 209-223.
82. Baskaran, S.; Ahn, H.J.; Lynd, L.R. Investigation of the ethanol tolerance of Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum in continuous culture. Biotechnol. Progress. 1995, 11, 276-281.
83. Carreira, L.H.; Wiegel, J.; Ljungdahl, L.G. Production of ethanol from bio-polymers by anaerobic, thermophilic, and extreme thermophilic bacteria. I. Regulation of carbohydrate utilization in mutants of Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus. In Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals, Gatlinburg, TN, USA, 10-13 May 1983; Volume 13, pp. 183-191.
84. Herrero, A.A.; Gomez, R.F. Development of ethanol tolerance in Clostridium thermocellum: Effect of growth temperature. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1980, 40, 571-577.
85. Timmons, M.D.; Knutson, B.L.; Nokes, S.E.; Strobel, H.J.; Lynn, B.C. Analysis of composition and structure of Clostridium thermocellum membranes from wild-type and ethanol-adapted strains. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2009, 82, 929-939.
86. Ahring, B.K.; Jensen, K.; Nielsen, P.; Bjerre, A.B.; Schmidt, A.S. Pretreatment of wheat straw and conversion of xylose and xylan to ethanol by thermophilic anaerobic bacteria. Bioresour. Technol. 1996, 58, 107-113.
87. Ahring, B.K.; Licht, D.; Schmidt, A.S.; Sommer, P.; Thomsen, A.B. Production of ethanol from wet oxidised wheat straw by Thermoanaerobacter mathranii. Bioresour. Technol. 1999, 68, 3-9.
88. Zhao, C.; O-Thong, S.; Karakashev, D.; Angelidaki, I.; Lu, W.; Wang, H. High yield simultaneus hydrogen and ethanol production under extreme-thermophilic (70 °C) mixed culture environment. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2009, 34, 5657-5665.
89. Wiegel, J.; Carreira, L.H.; Mothershed, C.P.; Puls, J. Production of ethanol from bio-polymers by anaerobic, thermophilic, and extreme thermophilic bacteria. II. Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus JW200 and its mutants in batch cultures and resting cell experiments. In Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals, Gatlinburg, TN, USA, 10-13 May 1983; Volume 13, pp. 193-205.
90. Rani, K.S.; Swamy, M.V.; Seenayya, G. Production of ethanol from various pure and natural cellulosic biomass by Clostridium thermocellum strains SS21 and SS22. Process Biochem. 1988, 33, 435-440.
91. Lin, C.W.; Wu, C.H.; Tran, D.T.; Shih, M.C.; Li, W.H.; Wu, C.F. Mixed culture fermentation from lignocellulosic materials using thermophilic lignocellulose-degrading anaerobes. Process Biochem. 2010, 46, 489-493.
92. Georgieva, T.I.; Mikkelsen, M.J.; Ahring, B.K. Ethanol production from wet-exploded wheat straw hydrolysate by thermophilic anaerobic bacterium Thermoanaerobacter BG1L1 in a continuous immobilized reactor. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 2008, 145, 99-110.
93. Lynd, L.R.; Grethlein, H.E.; Wolkin, R.H. Fermentation of cellulosic substrates in batch and continuous culture by Clostridium thermocellum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1989, 55, 3131-3139.
94. Ahn, H.J.; Lynd, L.R. Cellulose degradation and ethanol production by thermophilic bacteria using mineral growth medium. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 1996, 57, 599-604.
95. Rani, K.S.; Swamy, M.V.; Seenayya, G. Increased ethanol production by metabolic modulation of cellulose fermentation in Clostridium thermocellum. Biotechnol. Lett. 1997, 19, 819-823.
96. Xu, L.; Tschirner, U. Immobilized anaerobic fermentation for bio-fuel production by Clostridium co-culture. Bioprocess Biosys. Eng. 2014, 37, 1551-1559.
97. Klinke, H.B.; Thomsen, A.B.; Ahring, B.K. Potential inhibitors from wet oxidation of wheat straw and their effect on growth and ethanol production by Thermoanaerobacter mathranii. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2001, 57, 631-638.
98. Avci, A.; Donmez, S. Effect of zinc on ethanol production by two Thermoanaerobacter strains. Process Biochem. 2006, 41, 984-989.
99. Lynd, L.R.; Weimer, P.J.; van Zyl, W.H.; Pretorius, I.S. Microbial cellulose utilization fundamentals and biotechnology. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2002, 66, 506-577.
100. He, Q.; Lokken, P.M.; Chen, S.; Zhou, J. Characterization of the impact of acetate and lactate on ethanolic fermentation by Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus. Bioresour. Technol. 2009, 100, 5955-5965.
101. Shao, X.; Raman, B.; Zhu, M.; Mielenz, J.R.; Brown, S.D.; Guss, A.M.; Lynd, L.R. Mutant selection and phenotypic and genetic characterization of ethanol-tolerant strains of Clostridium thermocellum. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2011, 92, 641-652.
102. Sittijunda, S.; Tomas, A.F.; Reungsang, A.; O-Thong, S.; Angelidaki, I. Ethanol production from glucose and xylose by immobiliezed Thermoanaerobacter pentosaceus at 70 °C in an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. Bioresour. Technol. 2013, 143, 598-607.
103. Shaw, A.J.; Hogsett, D.A.; Lynd, L.R. Natural competence in Thermoanaerobacter and Thermoanaerobacterium species. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2010, 76, 4713-4719.
104. Shaw, A.J.; Covalla, S.F.; Miller, B.B.; Firliet, B.T.; Hogsett, D.; Herring, C.D. Urease expression in a Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum ethanologen allows high titer ethanol production. Metab. Eng. 2012, 14, 528-532.
105. Desai, S.G.; Guerinot, M.L.; Lynd, L.R. Cloning of L-lactate dehydrogenase and elimination of lactic acid production via gene knockout in Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum JW/SL-YS485. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2004, 65, 600-605.
106. Argyros, D.A.; Tripathi, S.A.; Barrett, T.F.; Rogers, S.R.; Feinberg, L.F.; Olson, D.G.; Foden, J.M.; Miller, B.B.; Lynd, L.R.; Hogsett, D.A.; et al. High ethanol titers from cellulose by using metabolically engineered thermophilic, anaerobic microbes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2011, 77, 8288-8294.
107. Tyurin, M.V.; Lynd, L.R.; Wiegel, J. 13 Gene transfer systems for obligately anaerobic thermophilic bacteria. Methods Microbiol. 2006, 35, 309-330.
108. Mai, V.; Lorenz, W.W.; Wiegel, J. Transformation of Thermoanaerobacterium sp. strain JW/SL-YS485 with plasmid pIKM1 conferring kanamycin resistance. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1997, 148, 163-167.
109. Mai, V.; Wiegel, J. Advances in development of genetic system for Thermoanaerobacterium spp.: Expression of genes encoding hydrolytic enzymes, development of second shuttle vector, and integration of genes into the chromosome. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2000, 66, 4817-4821.
110. Shaw, A.J.; Hogsett, D.A.; Lynd, L.R. Identification of the [FeFe]-hydrogenase responsible for hydrogen generation in Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum and demonstration of increased ethanol yield via hydrogenase knockout. J. Bacteriol. 2009, 191, 6457-6464.
111. Tripathi, S.A.; Olson, D.G.; Argyros, D.A.; Miller, B.B.; Barrett, T.F.; Murphy, D.M.; Mccool, J.D.; Warner, A.K.; Rajgarhia, V.B.; Lynd, L.R.; et al. Development of pyrF-based genetic system for targeted gene deletion in Clostridium thermocellum and creation of a pta mutant. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2010, 76, 6591-6599.
112. Biswas, R.; Prabhu, S.; Lynd, L.R.; Guss, A.M. Increase in ethanol yield via elimination of lactate production in an ethanol-tolerant mutant of Clostridium thermocellum. PLoS One 2014, 9, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086389.
113. Sommer, P.; Georgieva, T.; Ahring, B.K. Potential for using thermophilic anaerobic bacteria for bioethanol production from hemicellulose. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2004, 32, 283-289.
114. Yao, S.; Mikkelsen, M.J. Identification and overexpression of a bifunctional aldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase responsible for ethanol production in Thermoanaerobacter mathranii. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2010, 19, 123-133.
115. Van Zyl, L.J.; Taylor, M.P.; Eley, K.; Tuffin, M.; Cowan, D.A. Engineering pyruvate decarboxylase-mediated ethanol production in the thermophilic host Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2014, 98, 1247-1259.
116. Mosier, N.; Wyman, C.; Dale, B.; Elander, R.; Lee, Y.Y.; Holtzapple, M.; Landisch, M. Features of promising technologies for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresour. Technol. 2005, 96, 673-686.
117. Zhu, J.Y.; Pan, X.; Zalesny, R.S. Pretreatment of woody biomass for biofuel production: Energy efficiency, technologies and recalcitrance. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2010, 87, 847-857.
118. Chiaramonti, D.; Prussi, M.; Ferrero, S.; Oriani, L.; Ottonello, P.; Torre, P.; Cherchi, F. Review of pretreatment processes for lignocellulosic ethanol production, and development of an innovative method. Biomass Bioenergy 2012, 46, 25-35.
119. Menon, V.; Rao, M. Trends in bioconversion of lignocellulose: Biofuels, platform chemicals & biorefinery concept. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 2012, 38, 522-550.
120. Talebnia, F.; Karakashev, D.; Angelidaki, I. Production of bioethanol from wheat straw: An overview on pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation. Bioresour. Technol. 2010, 101, 4744-4753.
121. Elleuche, S.; Schröder, C.; Sahm, K.; Antranikian, G. Extremozymes-Biocatalysts with unique properties from extremophilic microorganisms. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2014, 29, 116-123.
122. Bhalla, A.; Bansal, N.; Kumar, S.; Bischoff, K.M.; Sani, R.K. Improved lignocellulose conversion to biofuels with thermophilic bacteria and thermostable enzymes. Bioresour. Technol. 2013, 128, 751-759.
123. Podkaminer, K.K.; Kenealy, W.R.; Herring, C.D.; Hogsett, D.A.; Lynd, L.R. Ethanol and anaerobic conditions reversibly inhibit commercial cellulase activity in thermophilic simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (tSSF). Biotechnol. Biofuels 2012, 5, doi:10.1186/1754-6834-5-43.
124. Balat, M.; Balat, H.; öz, C. Progress in bioethanol processing. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 2008, 34, 551-573.
125. Sun, Y.; Cheng, J. Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production: A review. Bioresour. Technol. 2002, 83, 1-11.
126. Babiker, M.A.A.; Hosida, H.; Ano, A.; Nonklang, S.; Akada, R. High-temperature fermentation: How can processes for ethanol production at high temperatures become superior to the traditional process using mesophilic yeast? Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2010, 85, 861-867.
127. Vohra, M.; Manwar, J.; Manmode, R.; Padgilwar, S.; Patil, S. Bioethanol production: Feedstock and current technologies. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2014, 2, 573-584.
128. Lynd, L.R. Overview and evaluation of fuel ethanol from cellulosic biomass: Technology, economics, the environment, and policy. Annu. Rev. Energy Environ. 1996, 21, 403-465.
129. Lynd, L.R.; van Zyl, W.H.; McBride, J.E.; Laser, M. Consolidated bioprocessing of cellulosic biomass: An update. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2005, 16, 577-583.
130. Xu, Q.; Singh, A.; Himmel, M.E. Perspectives and new directions for the production of bioethanol using consolidated bioprocessing of lignocellulose. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2009, 20, 364-371.
131. Amore, A.; Faraco, V. Potential of fungi as category I Consolidated BioProcessing organisms for cellulosic ethanol production. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2012, 16, 3286-3301.
132. Olson, D.G.; McBride, J.E.; Shaw, A.J.; Lynd, L.R. Recent progress in consolidated bioprocessing. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2012, 23, 396-405.
133. Kumar, R.; Singh, S.; Singh, O.V. Bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass: Biochemical and molecular perspectives. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2008, 35, 377-391.
134. Zaldivar, J.; Nielsen, J.; Olsson, L. Fuel ethanol production from lignocellulose: A challenge for metabolic engineering and process integration. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2001, 56, 17-34.
135. Cherry, J.R.; Fidantsef, A.L. Directed evolution of industrial enzymes: An update. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2003, 14, 438-443.