The problem with autocracy promotion

Democratization

Volumn 23, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 141-163

  Tansey, Oisín ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

aid; authoritarianism; autocracy promotion; democracy promotion; intervention

Indexed keywords

EID: 84947231254     PISSN: 13510347     EISSN: 1743890X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13510347.2015.1095736     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. H.H.al-Alkim, Hassan Hamdan. Dynamics of Arab Foreign Policy-Making in the Twenty-First Century: Domestic Constraints and External Challenges. London: Saqi Books, 2012.
2. T.Ambrosio, Thomas. Authoritarian Backlash: Russian Resistance to Democratization in the Former Soviet Union. London: Ashgate Publishing, 2009.
3. T.Ambrosio, Thomas. “Constructing a Framework of Authoritarian Diffusion: Concepts, Dynamics, and Future Research.” International Studies Perspectives 11, no. 4 (2010): 375–92. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-3585.2010.00411.x
4. T.Ambrosio, Thomas. “Democratic States and Authoritarian Firewalls: America as a Black Knight in the Uprising in Bahrain.” Contemporary Politics 20, no. 3 (2014): 331–46. doi: 10.1080/13569775.2014.911497
5. A.Applebaum, Anne. Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe 1944-1956. London: Allen Lane, 2012.
6. J.Bader, Julia. China's Foreign Relations and the Survival of Autocracies. London: Routledge, 2015.
7. J.Bader, Julia, J.GrävingholtJörn, and A.KästnerAntje. “Would Autocracies Promote Autocracy? A Political Economy Perspective on Regime-Type Export in Regional Neighbourhoods.” Contemporary Politics 16 (2010): 81–100. doi: 10.1080/13569771003593904
8. A.Bauerkämper, Arnd. “Transnational Fascism: Cross-Border Relations between Regimes and Movements in Europe, 1922–1939.” East Central Europe 37, no. 2–3 (2010): 214–46. doi: 10.1163/187633010X534469
9. A.J.Bellamy, Alex J. “Motives, Outcomes, Intent and the Legitimacy of Humanitarian Intervention.” Journal of Military Ethics 3, no. 3 (2004): 216–32. doi: 10.1080/15027570410006192
10. C.Boix, Carles. “Democracy, Development, and the International System.” American Political Science Review 105, no. 4 (2011): 809–28. doi: 10.1017/S0003055411000402
11. J.Brownlee, Jason. Democracy Prevention: The Politics of the US-Egyptian Alliance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
12. V.J.Bunce, Valerie J., and S.L.WolchikSharon L. Defeating Authoritarian Leaders in Postcommunist Countries. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
13. P.Burnell, Peter. Democracy Assistance: International Co-Operation for Democratization. London: Frank Cass, 2000.
14. P.Burnell, Peter. “Is There a New Autocracy Promotion?” Working Paper 96. Madrid: Fride, March 2010.
15. P.Burnell, Peter, and O.SchlumbergerOliver. “Promoting Democracy–Promoting Autocracy? International Politics and National Political Regimes.” Contemporary Politics 16 (2010): 1–15. doi: 10.1080/13569771003593805
16. D.Byman, Daniel. Deadly Connections: States That Sponsor Terrorism. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
17. D.R.Cameron, David R., and M.A.OrensteinMitchell A. “Post-Soviet Authoritarianism: The Influence of Russia in its ‘Near Abroad’.” Post-Soviet Affairs 28, no. 1 (2012): 1–44. doi: 10.2747/1060-586X.28.1.1
18. S.Caney, Simon. Justice beyond Borders: A Global Political Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
19. T.Carothers, Thomas. Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve. WashingtonDC: Carnegie Endowment, 1999.
20. T.Carothers, Thomas. “The Backlash against Democracy Promotion.” Foreign Affairs 85, no. 2 (2006): 55–68. doi: 10.2307/20031911
21. T.Carothers, Thomas. “Democracy Aid at 25: Time to Choose.” Journal of Democracy 26, no. 1 (2015): 59–73. doi: 10.1353/jod.2015.0010
22. D.Collier, David, and S.LevitskySteven. “Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research.” World Politics 49, no. 3 (1997): 430–51. doi: 10.1353/wp.1997.0009
23. J.Corrales, Javier. “Conflicting Goals in Venezuela's Foreign Policy.” Venezuela's Petro-Diplomacy. Hugo Chavez's Foreign Policy. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2011.
24. G.Crawford, Gordon. “Foreign Aid and Political Conditionality: Issues of Effectiveness and Consistency.” Democratization 4, no. 3 (1997): 69–108. doi: 10.1080/13510349708403526
25. C.Cummins, Chip. “Saudi Arabia Voices Support for Mubarak.” Wall Street Journal, January 29, 2011, sec. World. http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704653204576111780673298292.
26. L.Diamond, Larry. “Facing Up to the Democratic Recession.” Journal of Democracy 26, no. 1 (2015): 141–55. doi: 10.1353/jod.2015.0009
27. S.Djankov, Simeon, J.G.MontalvoJose G., and M.Reynal-QuerolMarta. “The Curse of Aid.” Journal of Economic Growth 13, no. 3 (2008): 169–94. doi: 10.1007/s10887-008-9032-8
28. A.Escribà-Folch, Abel. “Authoritarian Responses to Foreign Pressure Spending, Repression, and Sanctions.” Comparative Political Studies 45, no. 6 (2012): 683–713. doi: 10.1177/0010414011427883
29. D.Ethier, Diane. “Is Democracy Promotion Effective? Comparing Conditionality and Incentives.” Democratization 10, no. 1 (2003): 99–120. doi: 10.1080/13510340312331293947a
30. S.E.Finkel, Steven E., A.S.Pérez Liñan, Aníbal S., and M.A.SeligsonMitchell A. “The Effects of U.S. Foreign Assistance on Democracy Building, 1990–2003.” World Politics 59, no. 3 (2007): 404–439. doi: 10.1017/S0043887100020876
31. A.Gat, Azar. “The Return of Authoritarian Great Powers.” Foreign Affairs 86, no. 4 (2007): 59–69.
32. F.Gause,. Gregory. “Is Saudi Arabia Really Counter-Revolutionary?” ForeignPolicy. Com 9 (2011). http://www.saudiwave.com/pdf/International/is-saudi-arabia-really-counter-revolutionary.pdf.
33. J.Gerring, John. “What Makes a Concept Good? A Criterial Framework for Understanding Concept Formation in the Social Sciences.” Polity 31, no. 3 (1999): 357–93. doi: 10.2307/3235246
34. C.Gershman, Carl, and M.AllenMichael. “The Assault on Democracy Assistance.” Journal of Democracy 17 (2006): 36–51. doi: 10.1353/jod.2006.0029
35. S.Gunitsky, Seva. “From Shocks to Waves: Hegemonic Transitions and Democratization in the Twentieth Century.” International Organization 68, no. 3 (2014): 561–97. doi: 10.1017/S0020818314000113
36. S.Heydemann, Steven, and R.LeendersReinoud. “Authoritarian Learning and Authoritarian Resilience: Regime Responses to the ‘Arab Awakening’.” Globalizations 8, no. 5 (2011): 647–53. doi: 10.1080/14747731.2011.621274
37. A.Hurrell, Andrew. “The International Dimensions of Democratization in Latin America: The Case of Brazil.” In The International Dimensions of Democratization: Europe and the Americas, edited by L.WhiteheadLaurence, 146–174. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
38. S.D.Hyde, Susan D. The Pseudo-Democrat's Dilemma: Why Election Monitoring Became an International Norm. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2011.
39. N.J.Jackson, Nicole J. “The Role of External Factors in Advancing Non-Liberal Democratic Forms of Political Rule: A Case Study of Russia's Influence on Central Asian Regimes.” Contemporary Politics 16, no. 1 (2010): 101–18. doi: 10.1080/13569771003593920
40. R.Kagan, Robert. The Return of History and the End of Dreams. New York, NY: Vintage, 2009.
41. S.Knack, Stephen. “Does Foreign Aid Promote Democracy?” International Studies Quarterly 48, no. 1 (2004): 251–66. doi: 10.1111/j.0020-8833.2004.00299.x
42. K.J.Koesel, Karrie J., and V.J.BunceValerie J. “Diffusion-Proofing: Russian and Chinese Responses to Waves of Popular Mobilizations against Authoritarian Rulers.” Perspectives on Politics 11, no. 3 (2013): 753–68. doi: 10.1017/S1537592713002107
43. D.Y.Kono, Daniel Yuichi, and G.R.MontinolaGabriella R. “Does Foreign Aid Support Autocrats, Democrats, or Both?” The Journal of Politics 71, no. 2 (2009): 704–18. doi: 10.1017/S0022381609090550
44. M.Kramer, Mark. “Stalin, Soviet Policy, and the Consolidation of a Communist Bloc in Eastern Europe, 1944–1953.” Divinatio, no. 31 (2010): 53–100.
45. S.Levitsky, Steven, and L.A.WayLucan A. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
46. Q.Li, Quan, and R.ReuvenyRafael. “Economic Globalization and Democracy: An Empirical Analysis.” British Journal of Political Science 33, no. 1 (2003): 29–54. doi: 10.1017/S0007123403000024
47. K.McDermott, Kevin, and J.AgnewJeremy. The Comintern: A History of International Communism from Lenin to Stalin. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996.
48. M.McFaul, Michael. “The Missing Variable: The ‘International System’ as the Link between Third and Fourth Wave Models of Democratization.” In Democracy and Authoritarianism in the Postcommunist World, edited by M.McFaulMichael, V.J.BunceValerie J, and K.Stoner-WeissKathryn, 3–29. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
49. I.Melnykovska, Inna, H.PlamperHedwig, and R.SchweickertRainer. “Do Russia and China Promote Autocracy in Central Asia?” Asia Europe Journal 10, no. 1 (2012): 75–89. doi: 10.1007/s10308-012-0315-5
50. K.M.Morrison, Kevin M. “Oil, Nontax Revenue, and the Redistributional Foundations of Regime Stability.” International Organization 63, no. 1 (2009, January): 107–38. doi: 10.1017/S0020818309090043
51. K.M.Morrison, Kevin M. “Nontax Revenue, Social Cleavages, and Authoritarian Stability in Mexico and Kenya: ‘Internationalization, Institutions, and Political Change’ Revisited.” Comparative Political Studies 44, no. 6 (2011, June 1): 719–46. doi: 10.1177/0010414011401213
52. T.Moss, Todd, G.PetterssonGunilla, and N.Van de WalleNicolas. “An Aid-Institutions Paradox? A Review Essay on Aid Dependency and State Building in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Working Paper 74. Center for Global Development, 2006.
53. K.Narizny, Kevin. “Anglo-American Primacy and the Global Spread of Democracy: An International Genealogy.” World Politics 64, no. 2 (2012): 341–73. doi: 10.1017/S004388711200007X
54. G.Nodia, Ghia. “The Revenge of Geopolitics.” Journal of Democracy 25, no. 4 (2014): 139–50. doi: 10.1353/jod.2014.0059
55. R.Nordland, Rod. “Saudi Arabia Promises to Aid Egypt's Regime.” The New York Times, August 19, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/20/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-vows-to-back-egypts-rulers.html.
56. D.Odinius, Daniel, and P.KuntzPhilipp. “The Limits of Authoritarian Solidarity: The Gulf Monarchies and Preserving Authoritarian Rule during the Arab Spring.” European Journal of Political Research, (early view 2015): doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12085.
57. J.M.OwenIV, John M. The Clash of Ideas in World Politics: Transnational Networks, States, and Regime Change, 1510–2010. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010.
58. J.Pattison, James. Humanitarian Intervention and the Responsibility to Protect: Who Should Intervene? Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
59. D.Peksen, Dursun, and A.Cooper Drury. “Coercive or Corrosive: The Negative Impact of Economic Sanctions on Democracy.” International Interactions 36, no. 3 (2010): 240–64. doi: 10.1080/03050629.2010.502436
60. P.G.Roessler, Philip G. “Donor-Induced Democratization and the Privatization of State Violence in Kenya and Rwanda.” Comparative Politics 37, no. 2 (2005): 207–27. doi: 10.2307/20072883
61. M.E.Sarotte,. “China's Fear of Contagion: Tiananmen Square and the Power of the European Example.” International Security 37, no. 2 (2012): 156–82. doi: 10.1162/ISEC_a_00101
62. G.Sartori, Giovanni. “Concept Misformation in Comparative Politics.” American Political Science Review 64, no. 4 (1970): 1033–53. doi: 10.2307/1958356
63. G.Sasse, Gwendolyn. “Linkages and the Promotion of Democracy: The EU's Eastern Neighbourhood.” Democratization 20, no. 4 (2012): 1–39.
64. V.Tismaneanu, Vladimir. Stalinism Revisited: The Establishment of Communist Regimes in East-Central Europe. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2009.
65. J.Tolstrup, Jakob. “Studying a Negative External Actor: Russia's Management of Stability and Instability in the ‘Near Abroad’.” Democratization 16, no. 5 (2009): 922–44. doi: 10.1080/13510340903162101
66. J.Tolstrup, Jakob. Russia vs. the EU: External Actors in Competition for Influence in Post-Soviet States. Boulder, CO: First Forum Press, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2013.
67. J.Tolstrup, Jakob. “Black Knights and Elections in Authoritarian Regimes: Why and How Russia Supports Authoritarian Incumbents in Post-Soviet States.” European Journal of Political Research, (early view 2014): doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12079.
68. J.Tolstrup, Jakob. “Problems in Studying the International Dimension of Authoritarianism.” APSA Comparative Democratization Newsletter 13, no. 1 (2015): 1–11.
69. A.P.Tsygankov, Andrei P. Russia's Foreign Policy: Change and Continuity in National Identity. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2013.
70. R.Vanderhill, Rachel. Promoting Authoritarianism Abroad. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2013.
71. C.Von Soest, Christian. “Democracy Prevention: The International Collaboration of Authoritarian Regimes.” European Journal of Political Research, (early view 2015): doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12100.
72. L.A.Way, Lucan A. “The Limits of Autocracy Promotion: The Case of Russia in the ‘near Abroad’.” European Journal of Political Research, (early view 2015): doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12092.
73. K.Weyland, Kurt. “Theories of Policy Diffusion: Lessons from Latin American Pension Reform.” World Politics 57, no. 2 (2005): 262–95. doi: 10.1353/wp.2005.0019
74. K.Weyland, Kurt. “The Diffusion of Regime Contention in European Democratization, 1830–1940.” Comparative Political Studies 43, no. 8 (2010): 1148–76. doi: 10.1177/0010414010370439
75. L.Whitehead, Laurence. “Anti-Democracy Promotion: Four Strategies in Search of a Framework.” Taiwan Journal of Democracy 10, no. 2 (2014): 1–24.
76. K.Yakouchyk, Katsiaryna. “The Good, the Bad, and the Ambitious: Democracy and Autocracy Promoters Competing in Belarus.” European Political Science Review, (early view 2015): doi:10.1017/S1755773914000459.
77. V.M.Zubok, Vladislav M. A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.