Black knights and elections in authoritarian regimes: Why and how Russia supports authoritarian incumbents in post-Soviet states

European Journal of Political Research

Volumn 54, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 673-690

  Tolstrup, Jakob ^a  

^a AARHUS UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Autocracy; Black knight; Elections; Post Soviet region; Russia

Indexed keywords

EID: 84945483948     PISSN: 03044130     EISSN: 14756765     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1475-6765.12079     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Ambrosio, T. (2009). Authoritarian backlash: Russian resistance to democratization in the former Soviet Union. Farnham: Ashgate.
2. Ambrosio, T. (2014). Democratic states and authoritarian firewalls: America as a black knight in the uprising in Bahrain. Contemporary Politics 20(3): 331-346.
3. Art, D. (2012). What do we know about authoritarianism after ten years? Comparative Politics 44(3): 351-373.
4. Åslund, A. (2009). How Ukraine became a market economy and democracy. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.
5. Åslund, A. & McFaul, M. (2006). Revolution in orange: The origins of Ukraine's democratic breakthrough. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
6. Balmaceda, M.M. (2008). Energy dependency, politics and corruption in the former Soviet Union: Russia's power, oligarchs' profits and Ukraine's missing energy policy, 1995-2006. Abingdon: Routledge.
7. Brownlee, J. (2012). Democracy prevention: The politics of the US-Egyptian alliance. New York: Cambridge University Press.
8. Bueno de Mesquita, B. etal. (2003). The logic of political survival. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
9. Bunce, V.J. & Wolchik, S.L. (2011). Defeating authoritarian leaders in postcommunist countries. New York: Cambridge University Press.
10. Burger, E.S. & Minchuk, V. (2006). Alyaksandr Lukashenka's consolidation of power. In J. Forbrig, D.R. Marples & P. Demes (eds) Prospects for democracy in Belarus. Washington, DC: German Marshall Fund of the United States.
11. Colombo, S. (2012). The GCC Countries and the Arab Spring: Between Outreach, Patronage and Repression. IAI Working Paper 12. Rome: Instituto Affari Internazionali. Available online at: http://tashbek.net/arabspring/attachments/article/1475/iaiwp1209.pdf.
12. Crowther, W. (2007). "Moldova, Transnistria and the PCRM's turn to the West. East European Quarterly 41(3): 273-304.
13. Fawn, R. (2006). Battle over the box: International election observation missions, political competition and retrenchment in the post-Soviet space. International Affairs 82(6): 1133-1153.
14. Gandhi, J. & Lust-Okar, E. (2009). Elections under authoritarianism. Annual Review of Political Science 12: 403-422.
15. Gandhi, J. & Przeworski, A. (2007). Authoritarian institutions and the survival of autocrats. Comparative Political Studies 40(11): 1279-1301.
16. Geddes, B. (2005). Why Parties and Elections in Authoritarian Regimes? Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC.
17. Hadenius, A. & Teorell, J. (2007). Pathways from authoritarisnism. Journal of Democracy 18(1): 143-156.
18. Herd, G.P. (2005). Colorful revolutions and the CIS: 'Manufactured' versus 'managed' democracy? Problems of Post-Communism 52(2): 3-18.
19. Howard, M. & Roessler, P. (2006). Liberalizing electoral outcomes in competitive authoritarian regimes. American Journal of Political Science 50(2): 365-381.
20. Hufbauer, G.C., Schott, J.J. & Elliott, K.A. (1990). Economic sanctions reconsidered: History and current policy. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.
21. Kononczuk, W. (2008). Difficult ?ally': Belarus in Russia's foreign policy. Warsaw: Centre for Eastern Studies.
22. Korosteleva, E. (2010). Moldova's European choice: 'Between two stools'? Europe-Asia Studies 62(8): 1267-1289.
23. Odinius, D. & Kuntz, P. (2015). The limits of authoritarian solidarity: The Gulf monarchies and preserving authoritarian rule during the Arab Spring. European Journal of Political Research 54(4): 639-654 (See forum section in this issue).
24. Kuzio, T. (2005a). From Kuchma to Yushchenko: Ukraine's 2004 presidential elections and the Orange Revolution. Problems of Post-Communism 52(2): 29-44.
25. Kuzio, T. (2005b). Russian policy toward Ukraine during elections. Demokratizatsiya 13(4): 491-517.
26. Levitsky, S. & Way, L.A. (2010). Competitive authoritarianism: Hybrid regimes after the Cold War. New York: Cambridge University Press.
27. Lindberg, S. (2006). Democracy and elections in Africa. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
28. Lindberg, S. (ed.) (2009). Democratization by elections: A new mode of transition. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
29. Löwenhardt, J. (2004). The OSCE, Moldova and Russian diplomacy in 2003. Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 20(4): 103-112.
30. Lust-Okar, E. (2005). Structuring conflict in the Arab World: Incumbents, opponents and institutions. New York: Cambridge University Press.
31. Magaloni, B. (2006). Voting for autocracy: Hegemonic party survival and its demise in Mexico. New York: Cambridge University Press.
32. Marples, D.R. (2007). The Lukashenka phenomenon: Elections, propaganda and the foundations of political authority in Belarus. Trondheim: Programme on East European Cultures and Societies.
33. McFaul, M. (2007). Ukraine imports democracy: External influences on the Orange Revolution. International Security 32(2): 45-83.
34. Møller, J. & Skaaning, S.-E. (2013). Regime types and democratic sequencing. Journal of Democracy 24(1): 142-155.
35. Morse, Y.L. (2012). The era of electoral authoritarianism. World Politics 64(1): 161-198.
36. Muller, E.N. (1985). Dependent economic development, aid dependence on the United States and democratic breakdown in the Third World. International Studies Quarterly 29(4): 445-469.
37. Mungiu-Pippidi, A. & Munteanu, I. (2009). Moldova's 'Twitter Revolution'. Journal of Democracy 20(3): 136-142.
38. Petrov, N. & Ryabov, A. (2006). Russia's role in the Orange Revolution. In A. Åslund & M. McFaul (eds), Revolution in orange: The origins of Ukraine's democratic breakthrough. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
39. Renner, M. (2010). Moldova at the crossroads: Political struggle in 2009 and EU perspectives. Südosteuropa Mitteilungen 2: 28-43.
40. Reuter, O.J. & Gandhi, J. (2011). Economic performance and elite defection from hegemonic parties. British Journal of Political Science 41(1): 83-110.
41. Rodkiewicz, W. (2009). From ?virtual' to European democracy: The origins and consequences of the political breakthrough in Moldova. Warsaw: Centre for Eastern Studies.
42. Schedler, A. (2002a). The menu of manipulation. Journal of Democracy 13(2): 26-50.
43. Schedler, A. (2002b). The nested game of democratization by elections. International Political Science Review 23(1): 103-122.
44. Silitski, V. (2006). Belarus: Learning from defeat. Journal of Democracy 17(4): 138-152.
45. Silitski, V. (2007). Belarus and Russia: Comradeship-in-arms in preempting democracy. Available online at: http://kms2.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/EINIRAS/44222/ichaptersection_singledocument/92615d3e-0eae-4cdf-9d94-a1916380f502/en/Belarus+and+Russia.pdf
46. Sushko, O. & Prystayko, O. (2006). Western influence. In A. Åslund & M. McFaul (eds), Revolution in orange: The origins of Ukraine's democratic breakthrough. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
47. Tolstrup, J. (2009). Studying a negative external actor: Russia's management of stability and instability in the 'near abroad'. Democratization 16(5): 922-944.
48. Tolstrup, J. (2013). When can external actors influence democratization? Leverage, linkages and gatekeeper elites. Democratization 20(4): 716-742.
49. Tolstrup, J. (2014). Russia vs the EU: External actors in competition for influence in post-Soviet states. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
50. Trenin, D. (2006). Russia's policy towards Belarus: A tale of two presidents. In J. Forbrig, D.R. Marples & P. Demes (eds), Prospects for democracy in Belarus. Washington, DC: German Marshall Fund of the United States.
51. Tudoroiu, T. (2011). Structural factors vs regime change: Moldova's difficult quest for democracy. Democratization 18(1): 236-264.
52. von Soest, C. (2015). Democracy prevention: The international collaboration of authoritarian regimes. European Journal of Political Research 54(4): 623-638 (See forum section in this issue).
53. Way, L.A. (2015). The limits of autocracy promotion: The case of Russia in the 'near abroad'. European Journal of Political Research 54(4): 691-706 (See forum section in this issue).
54. Wilson, A. (2005). Ukraine's Orange Revolution. London: Yale University Press.