메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 75, Issue 20, 2015, Pages 4416-4428

Selective inhibition of parallel DNA damage response pathways optimizes radiosensitization of glioblastoma stem-like cells

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

2 MORPHOLINO 6 (1 THIANTHRENYL) 4 PYRANONE; ATM PROTEIN; ATR PROTEIN; CD133 ANTIGEN; CD15 ANTIGEN; CHECKPOINT KINASE 1; CHIR 124; NESTIN; NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSYLTRANSFERASE 1; OLAPARIB; OLIGODENDROCYTE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 2; PROTEIN INHIBITOR; SCH 900776; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SOX2; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VE 821; CHEK1 PROTEIN, HUMAN; PROTEIN KINASE; PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITOR;

EID: 84945538170     PISSN: 00085472     EISSN: 15387445     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-3790     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (159)

References (50)
  • 1
    • 65349121788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of radiotherapywith concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide versus radiotherapy alone on survival in glioblastoma in a randomised phase III study: 5-year analysis of the EORTC-NCIC trial
    • Stupp R, Hegi ME, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ, Taphoorn MJ, Janzer RC, et al. Effects of radiotherapywith concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide versus radiotherapy alone on survival in glioblastoma in a randomised phase III study: 5-year analysis of the EORTC-NCIC trial. Lancet Oncol 2009;10:459-66.
    • (2009) Lancet Oncol , vol.10 , pp. 459-466
    • Stupp, R.1    Hegi, M.E.2    Mason, W.P.3    Van Den Bent, M.J.4    Taphoorn, M.J.5    Janzer, R.C.6
  • 2
    • 0018848780 scopus 로고
    • Assumptions in the radiotherapy of glioblastoma
    • Hochberg FH, Pruitt A. Assumptions in the radiotherapy of glioblastoma. Neurology 1980;30:907-11.
    • (1980) Neurology , vol.30 , pp. 907-911
    • Hochberg, F.H.1    Pruitt, A.2
  • 3
    • 0032924132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of failure following high-dose 3-D conformal radiotherapy for high-grade astrocytomas: A quantitative dosimetric study
    • Lee SW, Fraass BA, Marsh LH, Herbort K, Gebarski SS, Martel MK, et al. Patterns of failure following high-dose 3-D conformal radiotherapy for high-grade astrocytomas: a quantitative dosimetric study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1999;43:79-88.
    • (1999) Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys , vol.43 , pp. 79-88
    • Lee, S.W.1    Fraass, B.A.2    Marsh, L.H.3    Herbort, K.4    Gebarski, S.S.5    Martel, M.K.6
  • 5
    • 84871968042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Single-molecule genomic data delineate patient-specific tumor profiles and cancer stem cell organization
    • Sottoriva A, Spiteri I, Shibata D, Curtis C, Tavare S. Single-molecule genomic data delineate patient-specific tumor profiles and cancer stem cell organization. Cancer Res 2013;73:41-9.
    • (2013) Cancer Res , vol.73 , pp. 41-49
    • Sottoriva, A.1    Spiteri, I.2    Shibata, D.3    Curtis, C.4    Tavare, S.5
  • 6
    • 84856013431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clonal evolution in cancer
    • Greaves M, Maley CC. Clonal evolution in cancer. Nature 2012;481:306-13.
    • (2012) Nature , vol.481 , pp. 306-313
    • Greaves, M.1    Maley, C.C.2
  • 7
    • 4944250781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolation and characterization of tumorigenic, stem-like neural precursors from human glioblastoma
    • Galli R, Binda E, Orfanelli U, Cipelletti B, Gritti A, De Vitis S, et al. Isolation and characterization of tumorigenic, stem-like neural precursors from human glioblastoma. Cancer Res 2004;64:7011-21.
    • (2004) Cancer Res , vol.64 , pp. 7011-7021
    • Galli, R.1    Binda, E.2    Orfanelli, U.3    Cipelletti, B.4    Gritti, A.5    De Vitis, S.6
  • 9
    • 65349115320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SSEA-1 is an enrichment marker for tumor-initiating cells in human glioblastoma
    • Son MJ, Woolard K, Nam DH, Lee J, Fine HA. SSEA-1 is an enrichment marker for tumor-initiating cells in human glioblastoma. Cell Stem Cell 2009;4:440-52.
    • (2009) Cell Stem Cell , vol.4 , pp. 440-452
    • Son, M.J.1    Woolard, K.2    Nam, D.H.3    Lee, J.4    Fine, H.A.5
  • 10
    • 33845317573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glioma stem cells promote radioresistance by preferential activation of the DNA damage response
    • Bao S, Wu Q, McLendon RE, Hao Y, Shi Q, Hjelmeland AB, et al. Glioma stem cells promote radioresistance by preferential activation of the DNA damage response. Nature 2006;444:756-60.
    • (2006) Nature , vol.444 , pp. 756-760
    • Bao, S.1    Wu, Q.2    McLendon, R.E.3    Hao, Y.4    Shi, Q.5    Hjelmeland, A.B.6
  • 11
    • 84875755046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glioblastoma stem cells generate vascular pericytes to support vessel function and tumor growth
    • Cheng L, Huang Z, Zhou W, Wu Q, Donnola S, Liu JK, et al. Glioblastoma stem cells generate vascular pericytes to support vessel function and tumor growth. Cell 2013;153:139-52.
    • (2013) Cell , vol.153 , pp. 139-152
    • Cheng, L.1    Huang, Z.2    Zhou, W.3    Wu, Q.4    Donnola, S.5    Liu, J.K.6
  • 12
    • 84865317384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glioma stem cell invasion through regulation of the interconnected ERK, integrin alpha6 and N-cadherin signaling pathway
    • Velpula KK, Rehman AA, Chelluboina B, Dasari VR, Gondi CS, Rao JS, et al. Glioma stem cell invasion through regulation of the interconnected ERK, integrin alpha6 and N-cadherin signaling pathway. Cell Signal 2012;24: 2076-84.
    • (2012) Cell Signal , vol.24 , pp. 2076-2084
    • Velpula, K.K.1    Rehman, A.A.2    Chelluboina, B.3    Dasari, V.R.4    Gondi, C.S.5    Rao, J.S.6
  • 13
    • 33845671339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of gene expression and chemoresistance of CD133+ cancer stem cells in glioblastoma
    • Liu G, Yuan X, Zeng Z, Tunici P, Ng H, Abdulkadir IR, et al. Analysis of gene expression and chemoresistance of CD133+ cancer stem cells in glioblastoma. Mol Cancer 2006;5:67.
    • (2006) Mol Cancer , vol.5 , pp. 67
    • Liu, G.1    Yuan, X.2    Zeng, Z.3    Tunici, P.4    Ng, H.5    Abdulkadir, I.R.6
  • 14
    • 84865203983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A restricted cell population propagates glioblastoma growth after chemotherapy
    • Chen J, Li Y, Yu TS, McKay RM, Burns DK, Kernie SG, et al. A restricted cell population propagates glioblastoma growth after chemotherapy. Nature 2012;488:522-6.
    • (2012) Nature , vol.488 , pp. 522-526
    • Chen, J.1    Li, Y.2    Yu, T.S.3    McKay, R.M.4    Burns, D.K.5    Kernie, S.G.6
  • 15
    • 77958498222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ATM-Chk2 and ATR-Chk1 pathways in DNA damage signaling and cancer
    • Smith J, Tho LM, Xu N, Gillespie DA. The ATM-Chk2 and ATR-Chk1 pathways in DNA damage signaling and cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2010;108: 73-112.
    • (2010) Adv Cancer Res , vol.108 , pp. 73-112
    • Smith, J.1    Tho, L.M.2    Xu, N.3    Gillespie, D.A.4
  • 16
    • 30344463835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ATM-and cell cycle-dependent regulation of ATR in response to DNA double-strand breaks
    • Jazayeri A, Falck J, Lukas C, Bartek J, Smith GC, Lukas J, et al. ATM-and cell cycle-dependent regulation of ATR in response to DNA double-strand breaks. Nat Cell Biol 2006;8:37-45.
    • (2006) Nat Cell Biol , vol.8 , pp. 37-45
    • Jazayeri, A.1    Falck, J.2    Lukas, C.3    Bartek, J.4    Smith, G.C.5    Lukas, J.6
  • 17
    • 33646777679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid activation of ATR by ionizing radiation requires ATM and Mre11
    • Myers JS, Cortez D. Rapid activation of ATR by ionizing radiation requires ATM and Mre11. J Biol Chem 2006;281:9346-50.
    • (2006) J Biol Chem , vol.281 , pp. 9346-9350
    • Myers, J.S.1    Cortez, D.2
  • 18
    • 18244371925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional uncoupling of MCM helicase and DNA polymerase activities activates the ATR-dependent checkpoint
    • Byun TS, Pacek M, Yee MC, Walter JC, Cimprich KA. Functional uncoupling of MCM helicase and DNA polymerase activities activates the ATR-dependent checkpoint. Genes Dev 2005;19:1040-52.
    • (2005) Genes Dev , vol.19 , pp. 1040-1052
    • Byun, T.S.1    Pacek, M.2    Yee, M.C.3    Walter, J.C.4    Cimprich, K.A.5
  • 20
    • 84876097735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A role for the MRN complex in ATR activation via TOPBP1 recruitment
    • Duursma AM, Driscoll R, Elias JE, Cimprich KA. A role for the MRN complex in ATR activation via TOPBP1 recruitment. Mol Cell 2013;50: 116-22.
    • (2013) Mol Cell , vol.50 , pp. 116-122
    • Duursma, A.M.1    Driscoll, R.2    Elias, J.E.3    Cimprich, K.A.4
  • 21
    • 34250865564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CDC25 phosphatases in cancer cells: Key players? Good targets?
    • Boutros R, Lobjois V, Ducommun B. CDC25 phosphatases in cancer cells: key players? Good targets? Nat Rev Cancer 2007;7:495-507.
    • (2007) Nat Rev Cancer , vol.7 , pp. 495-507
    • Boutros, R.1    Lobjois, V.2    Ducommun, B.3
  • 22
    • 84925883963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The potential of PARP inhibitors in neurooncology
    • Carruthers R, Chalmers AJ. The potential of PARP inhibitors in neurooncology. CNS Oncol 2012;1:85-97.
    • (2012) CNS Oncol , vol.1 , pp. 85-97
    • Carruthers, R.1    Chalmers, A.J.2
  • 23
    • 77956627442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Replication stress and oxidative damage contribute to aberrant constitutive activation of DNA damage signalling in human gliomas
    • Bartkova J, Hamerlik P, Stockhausen MT, Ehrmann J, Hlobilkova A, Laursen H, et al. Replication stress and oxidative damage contribute to aberrant constitutive activation of DNA damage signalling in human gliomas. Oncogene 2010;29:5095-102.
    • (2010) Oncogene , vol.29 , pp. 5095-5102
    • Bartkova, J.1    Hamerlik, P.2    Stockhausen, M.T.3    Ehrmann, J.4    Hlobilkova, A.5    Laursen, H.6
  • 25
    • 69349095324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CD133+ glioblastoma stem-like cells are radiosensitive with a defective DNA damage response compared with established cell lines
    • McCord AM, Jamal M, Williams ES, Camphausen K, Tofilon PJ. CD133+ glioblastoma stem-like cells are radiosensitive with a defective DNA damage response compared with established cell lines. Clin Cancer Res 2009;15:5145-53.
    • (2009) Clin Cancer Res , vol.15 , pp. 5145-5153
    • McCord, A.M.1    Jamal, M.2    Williams, E.S.3    Camphausen, K.4    Tofilon, P.J.5
  • 28
    • 84870218588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA repair dysregulation from cancer driver to therapeutic target
    • Curtin NJ. DNA repair dysregulation from cancer driver to therapeutic target. Nat Rev Cancer 2012;12:801-17.
    • (2012) Nat Rev Cancer , vol.12 , pp. 801-817
    • Curtin, N.J.1
  • 29
    • 17244367849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNAdamage response as a candidate anti-cancer barrier in early human tumorigenesis
    • Bartkova J, Horejsi Z, Koed K, Kramer A, Tort F, Zieger K, et al.DNAdamage response as a candidate anti-cancer barrier in early human tumorigenesis. Nature 2005;434:864-70.
    • (2005) Nature , vol.434 , pp. 864-870
    • Bartkova, J.1    Horejsi, Z.2    Koed, K.3    Kramer, A.4    Tort, F.5    Zieger, K.6
  • 30
    • 70350238489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved ATM kinase inhibitor KU-60019 radiosensitizes glioma cells, compromises insulin, AKT and ERK prosurvival signaling, and inhibits migration and invasion
    • Golding SE, Rosenberg E, Valerie N, Hussaini I, Frigerio M, Cockcroft XF, et al. Improved ATM kinase inhibitor KU-60019 radiosensitizes glioma cells, compromises insulin, AKT and ERK prosurvival signaling, and inhibits migration and invasion. Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8: 2894-902.
    • (2009) Mol Cancer Ther , vol.8 , pp. 2894-2902
    • Golding, S.E.1    Rosenberg, E.2    Valerie, N.3    Hussaini, I.4    Frigerio, M.5    Cockcroft, X.F.6
  • 32
    • 84887428372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contribution ofATMand ATR to the resistance of glioblastoma and malignant melanoma cells to the methylating anticancer drug temozolomide
    • EichM, Roos WP, Nikolova T, Kaina B. Contribution ofATMand ATR to the resistance of glioblastoma and malignant melanoma cells to the methylating anticancer drug temozolomide. Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12:2529-40.
    • (2013) Mol Cancer Ther , vol.12 , pp. 2529-2540
    • Eich, M.1    Roos, W.P.2    Nikolova, T.3    Kaina, B.4
  • 33
    • 54049112348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Replication-dependent radiosensitization of human glioma cells by inhibition of poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential
    • Dungey FA, Loser DA, Chalmers AJ. Replication-dependent radiosensitization of human glioma cells by inhibition of poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase: mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008;72:1188-97.
    • (2008) Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys , vol.72 , pp. 1188-1197
    • Dungey, F.A.1    Loser, D.A.2    Chalmers, A.J.3
  • 34
    • 0035422203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abrogation of the Chk1-mediated G(2) checkpoint pathway potentiates temozolomide-induced toxicity in a p53-independent manner in human glioblastoma cells
    • Hirose Y, Berger MS, Pieper RO. Abrogation of the Chk1-mediated G(2) checkpoint pathway potentiates temozolomide-induced toxicity in a p53-independent manner in human glioblastoma cells. Cancer Res 2001;61: 5843-9.
    • (2001) Cancer Res , vol.61 , pp. 5843-5849
    • Hirose, Y.1    Berger, M.S.2    Pieper, R.O.3
  • 35
    • 84892430577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Therapeutic targeting of constitutive PARP activation compromises stem cell phenotype and survival of glioblastoma-initiating cells
    • Venere M, Hamerlik P, Wu Q, Rasmussen RD, Song LA, Vasanji A, et al. Therapeutic targeting of constitutive PARP activation compromises stem cell phenotype and survival of glioblastoma-initiating cells. Cell Death Differ 2014;21:258-69.
    • (2014) Cell Death Differ , vol.21 , pp. 258-269
    • Venere, M.1    Hamerlik, P.2    Wu, Q.3    Rasmussen, R.D.4    Song, L.A.5    Vasanji, A.6
  • 36
    • 57649220776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An efficient method for derivation and propagation of glioblastoma cell lines that conserves the molecular profile of their original tumours
    • Fael Al-Mayhani TM, Ball SL, Zhao JW, Fawcett J, Ichimura K, Collins PV, et al. An efficient method for derivation and propagation of glioblastoma cell lines that conserves the molecular profile of their original tumours. J Neurosci Methods 2009;176:192-9.
    • (2009) J Neurosci Methods , vol.176 , pp. 192-199
    • Fael Al-Mayhani, T.M.1    Ball, S.L.2    Zhao, J.W.3    Fawcett, J.4    Ichimura, K.5    Collins, P.V.6
  • 37
    • 84901456358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential sensitivity of Glioma stem cells to Aurora kinase A inhibitors: Implications for stem cell mitosis and centrosome dynamics
    • Mannino M, Gomez-Roman N, Hochegger H, Chalmers AJ. Differential sensitivity of Glioma stem cells to Aurora kinase A inhibitors: implications for stem cell mitosis and centrosome dynamics. Stem Cell Res 2014;13: 135-43.
    • (2014) Stem Cell Res , vol.13 , pp. 135-143
    • Mannino, M.1    Gomez-Roman, N.2    Hochegger, H.3    Chalmers, A.J.4
  • 38
    • 54549108740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comprehensive genomic characterization defines human glioblastoma genes and core pathways
    • Comprehensive genomic characterization defines human glioblastoma genes and core pathways. Nature 2008;455:1061-8.
    • (2008) Nature , vol.455 , pp. 1061-1068
  • 39
    • 79955735344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeting the replication checkpoint using SCH 900776, a potent and functionally selective CHK1 inhibitor identified via high content screening
    • Guzi TJ, Paruch K, Dwyer MP, Labroli M, Shanahan F, Davis N, et al. Targeting the replication checkpoint using SCH 900776, a potent and functionally selective CHK1 inhibitor identified via high content screening. Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10:591-602.
    • (2011) Mol Cancer Ther , vol.10 , pp. 591-602
    • Guzi, T.J.1    Paruch, K.2    Dwyer, M.P.3    Labroli, M.4    Shanahan, F.5    Davis, N.6
  • 40
    • 84856822207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preclinical development of the novel Chk1 inhibitor SCH900776 in combination with DNA-damaging agents and antimetabolites
    • Montano R, Chung I, Garner KM, Parry D, Eastman A. Preclinical development of the novel Chk1 inhibitor SCH900776 in combination with DNA-damaging agents and antimetabolites. Mol Cancer Ther 2012;11: 427-38.
    • (2012) Mol Cancer Ther , vol.11 , pp. 427-438
    • Montano, R.1    Chung, I.2    Garner, K.M.3    Parry, D.4    Eastman, A.5
  • 41
    • 33749626550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phosphorylation of Chk1 by ATR is antagonized by a Chk1-regulated protein phosphatase 2A circuit
    • Leung-Pineda V, Ryan CE, Piwnica-Worms H. Phosphorylation of Chk1 by ATR is antagonized by a Chk1-regulated protein phosphatase 2A circuit. Mol Cell Biol 2006;26:7529-38.
    • (2006) Mol Cell Biol , vol.26 , pp. 7529-7538
    • Leung-Pineda, V.1    Ryan, C.E.2    Piwnica-Worms, H.3
  • 42
    • 0038418869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chk1 and Chk2 kinases in checkpoint control and cancer
    • Bartek J, Lukas J. Chk1 and Chk2 kinases in checkpoint control and cancer. Cancer Cell 2003;3:421-9.
    • (2003) Cancer Cell , vol.3 , pp. 421-429
    • Bartek, J.1    Lukas, J.2
  • 43
    • 17644432403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chk1 is an essential kinase that is regulated by Atr and required for the G(2)/M DNA damage checkpoint
    • Liu Q, Guntuku S, Cui XS, Matsuoka S, Cortez D, Tamai K, et al. Chk1 is an essential kinase that is regulated by Atr and required for the G(2)/M DNA damage checkpoint. Genes Dev 2000;14:1448-59.
    • (2000) Genes Dev , vol.14 , pp. 1448-1459
    • Liu, Q.1    Guntuku, S.2    Cui, X.S.3    Matsuoka, S.4    Cortez, D.5    Tamai, K.6
  • 44
    • 33846856967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CHIR-124, a novel potent inhibitor of Chk1, potentiates the cytotoxicity of topoisomerase i poisons in vitro and in vivo
    • Tse AN, Rendahl KG, Sheikh T, Cheema H, Aardalen K, Embry M, et al. CHIR-124, a novel potent inhibitor of Chk1, potentiates the cytotoxicity of topoisomerase I poisons in vitro and in vivo. Clin Cancer Res 2007;13: 591-602.
    • (2007) Clin Cancer Res , vol.13 , pp. 591-602
    • Tse, A.N.1    Rendahl, K.G.2    Sheikh, T.3    Cheema, H.4    Aardalen, K.5    Embry, M.6
  • 46
    • 84899524502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconstructing and reprogramming the tumor-propagating potential of glioblastoma stem-like cells
    • Suva ML, Rheinbay E, Gillespie SM, Patel AP, Wakimoto H, Rabkin SD, et al. Reconstructing and reprogramming the tumor-propagating potential of glioblastoma stem-like cells. Cell 2014;157:580-94.
    • (2014) Cell , vol.157 , pp. 580-594
    • Suva, M.L.1    Rheinbay, E.2    Gillespie, S.M.3    Patel, A.P.4    Wakimoto, H.5    Rabkin, S.D.6
  • 48
    • 84888322374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Therapy targets in glioblastoma and cancer stem cells: Lessons from haematopoietic neoplasms
    • Cruceru ML, Neagu M, Demoulin JB, Constantinescu SN. Therapy targets in glioblastoma and cancer stem cells: lessons from haematopoietic neoplasms. J Cell Mol Med 2013;17:1218-35.
    • (2013) J Cell Mol Med , vol.17 , pp. 1218-1235
    • Cruceru, M.L.1    Neagu, M.2    Demoulin, J.B.3    Constantinescu, S.N.4
  • 49
    • 84964057679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA damage tolerance: A double-edged sword guarding the genome
    • Ghosal G, Chen J. DNA damage tolerance: a double-edged sword guarding the genome. Transl Cancer Res 2013;2:107-29.
    • (2013) Transl Cancer Res , vol.2 , pp. 107-129
    • Ghosal, G.1    Chen, J.2
  • 50
    • 84871237979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeting ATR in vivo using the novel inhibitor VE-822 results in selective sensitization of pancreatic tumors to radiation
    • Fokas E, Prevo R, Pollard JR, Reaper PM, Charlton PA, Cornelissen B, et al. Targeting ATR in vivo using the novel inhibitor VE-822 results in selective sensitization of pancreatic tumors to radiation. Cell Death Dis 2012;3:e441.
    • (2012) Cell Death Dis , vol.3 , pp. e441
    • Fokas, E.1    Prevo, R.2    Pollard, J.R.3    Reaper, P.M.4    Charlton, P.A.5    Cornelissen, B.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.