Erratum: Dissecting the formation, structure and barrier function of the stratum corneum [Int. Immunol., 27, 6, (2015)(269-280)] DOI:10.1093/intimm/dxv013;Dissecting the formation, structure and barrier function of the stratum corneum

International Immunology

Volumn 27, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 269-280

  Matsui, Takeshi ^a   Amagai, Masayuki ^a,b  

^a Institute of Physical and Chemical Research   (Japan)

^b KEIO UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

Author keywords

Barrier; Epidermis; Evolution; Langerhans; Skin; Stratum corneum

Indexed keywords

KERATIN; T LYMPHOCYTE RECEPTOR;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ARTICLE; CELL ADHESION; CELL DEATH; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL MATURATION; CELL MIGRATION; DENDRITIC CELL; DESQUAMATION; EPITHELIUM CELL; GOLGI COMPLEX; HUMAN; INNATE IMMUNITY; INTRACELLULAR MEMBRANE; KERATINIZATION; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; MASS SPECTROMETRY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN CROSS LINKING; SKIN FUNCTION; SKIN SENSITIZATION; SKIN STRUCTURE; SKIN SURFACE; SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM; STRATUM CORNEUM; ANIMAL; ATOPIC DERMATITIS; EPIDERMIS; HYPERSENSITIVITY; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOLOGY; KERATINOCYTE; LANGERHANS CELL; LIPID METABOLISM; METABOLISM; ULTRASTRUCTURE;

ANIMALS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; DERMATITIS, ATOPIC; EPIDERMIS; HUMANS; HYPERSENSITIVITY; IMMUNITY; KERATINOCYTES; KERATINS; LANGERHANS CELLS; LIPID METABOLISM;

EID: 84939503336     PISSN: 09538178     EISSN: 14602377     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxx024     Document Type: Erratum

References (112)

1. Buchmann, K. 2014. Evolution of innate immunity: clues from invertebrates via fish to mammals. Front. Immunol. 5:459.
2. Kubo, A., Nagao, K. and Amagai, M. 2012. Epidermal barrier dysfunction and cutaneous sensitization in atopic diseases. J. Clin. Invest. 122:440.
3. Wölfle, U., Martin, S., Emde, M. and Schempp, C. 2009. Dermatology in the Darwin anniversary. Part 2: evolution of the skin-associated immune system. J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges. 7:862.
4. Irvine, A. D., McLean, W. H. and Leung, D. Y. 2011. Filaggrin mutations associated with skin and allergic diseases. N. Engl. J. Med. 365:1315.
5. Pasparakis, M., Haase, I. and Nestle, F. O. 2014. Mechanisms regulating skin immunity and inflammation. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 14:289.
6. Richmond, J. M. and Harris, J. E. 2014. Immunology and skin in health and disease. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med. 4:a015339.
7. Alibardi, L. 2003. Adaptation to the land: the skin of reptiles in comparison to that of amphibians and endotherm amniotes. J. Exp. Zool. B. Mol. Dev. Evol. 298:12.
8. Maderson, P. F. 2003. Mammalian skin evolution: a reevaluation. Exp. Dermatol. 12:233.
9. Suzuki, K., Machiyama, F., Nishino, S. et al. 2009. Molecular features of thyroid hormone-regulated skin remodeling in Xenopus laevis during metamorphosis. Dev. Growth Differ. 51:411.
10. Yoshizato, K. 2007. Molecular mechanism and evolutional significance of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in the body- and tail-dependent metamorphic transformation of anuran larval skin. Int. Rev. Cytol. 260:213.
11. Callaway, E. 2014. Rival species recast significance of 'first bird'. Nature 516:18.
12. Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. and Luo, Z. 2004. Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs. Columbia University Press, New York, NY, USA.
13. Kemp, T. S. 2005. The Origin and Evolution of Mammals. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
14. Vrontou, S., Wong, A. M., Rau, K. K., Koerber, H. R. and Anderson, D. J. 2013. Genetic identification of C fibres that detect massagelike stroking of hairy skin in vivo. Nature 493:669.
15. Brubaker, S. W., Bonham, K. S., Zanoni, I. and Kagan, J. C. 2015. Innate immune pattern recognition: a cell biological perspective. Annu. Rev. Immunol. Jan 2. [Epub ahead of print].
16. Hirano, M., Das, S., Guo, P. and Cooper, M. D. 2011. The evolution of adaptive immunity in vertebrates. Adv. Immunol. 109:125.
17. Kishishita, N. and Nagawa, F. 2014. Evolution of adaptive immunity: implications of a third lymphocyte lineage in lampreys. Bioessays 36:244.
18. Zimmerman, L. M., Vogel, L. A. and Bowden, R. M. 2010. Understanding the vertebrate immune system: insights from the reptilian perspective. J. Exp. Biol. 213:661.
19. Kaiser, P. 2010. Advances in avian immunology-prospects for disease control: a review. Avian Pathol. 39:309.
20. Sugita, K., Kabashima, K., Atarashi, K., Shimauchi, T., Kobayashi, M. and Tokura, Y. 2007. Innate immunity mediated by epidermal keratinocytes promotes acquired immunity involving Langerhans cells and T cells in the skin. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 147:176.
21. Eckert, R. L. 1989. Structure, function, and differentiation of the keratinocyte. Physiol. Rev. 69:1316.
22. Watt, F. M. 1989. Terminal differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 1:1107.
23. Furuse, M., Hata, M., Furuse, K. et al. 2002. Claudin-based tight junctions are crucial for the mammalian epidermal barrier: a lesson from claudin-1-deficient mice. J. Cell Biol. 156:1099.
24. Hashimoto, K. 1971. Intercellular spaces of the human epidermis as demonstrated with lanthanum. J. Invest. Dermatol. 57:17.
25. Merad, M., Ginhoux, F. and Collin, M. 2008. Origin, homeostasis and function of Langerhans cells and other langerin-expressing dendritic cells. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 8:935.
26. Malissen, B., Tamoutounour, S. and Henri, S. 2014. The origins and functions of dendritic cells and macrophages in the skin. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 14:417.
27. Kubo, A., Nagao, K. and Amagai, M. 2013. 3D visualization of epidermal Langerhans cells. Methods Mol. Biol. 961:119.
28. Kubo, A., Nagao, K., Yokouchi, M., Sasaki, H. and Amagai, M. 2009. External antigen uptake by Langerhans cells with reorganization of epidermal tight junction barriers. J. Exp. Med. 206:2937.
29. Plewig, G. 1970. Regional differences of cell sizes in the human stratum corneum. II. Effects of sex and age. J. Invest. Dermatol. 54:19.
30. Tagami, H. 2008. Location-related differences in structure and function of the stratum corneum with special emphasis on those of the facial skin. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 30:413.
31. Elias, P. M. 1983. Epidermal lipids, barrier function, and desquamation. J. Invest. Dermatol. 80:44s.
32. Nemes, Z. and Steinert, P. M. 1999. Bricks and mortar of the epidermal barrier. Exp. Mol. Med. 31:5.
33. Eckhart, L., Lippens, S., Tschachler, E. and Declercq, W. 2013. Cell death by cornification. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1833:3471.
34. Kroemer, G., Galluzzi, L., Vandenabeele, P. et al. 2009. Classification of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2009. Cell Death Differ. 16:3.
35. Wallace, L., Roberts-Thompson, L. and Reichelt, J. 2012. Deletion of K1/K10 does not impair epidermal stratification but affects desmosomal structure and nuclear integrity. J. Cell Sci. 125(Pt 7):1750.
36. Jensen, J. M., Schütze, S., Neumann, C. and Proksch, E. 2000. Impaired cutaneous permeability barrier function, skin hydration, and sphingomyelinase activity in keratin 10 deficient mice. J. Invest. Dermatol. 115:708.
37. Reichelt, J., Doering, T., Schnetz, E., Fartasch, M., Sandhoff, K. and Magin, A. M. 1999. Normal ultrastructure, but altered stratum corneum lipid and protein composition in a mouse model for epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 113:329.
38. Dale, B. A., Resing, K. A. and Lonsdale-Eccles, J. D. 1985. Filaggrin: a keratin filament associated protein. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 455:330.
39. Presland, R. B., Rothnagel, J. A. and Lawrence, O. T. 2006. Profilaggrin and the fused S100 family of calcium-binding proteins. In Elias, P. M. and Feingold, K. R., eds., Skin Barrier, p. 111. Taylor and Francis, New York, NY, USA.
40. Harding, C. R. and Scott, I. R. 1983. Histidine-rich proteins (filaggrins): structural and functional heterogeneity during epidermal differentiation. J. Mol. Biol. 170:651.
41. McGrath, J. A. and Uitto, J. 2008. The filaggrin story: novel insights into skin-barrier function and disease. Trends Mol. Med. 14:20.
42. Harding, C. R., Long, S., Richardson, J. et al. 2003. The cornified cell envelope: an important marker of stratum corneum maturation in healthy and dry skin. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 25:157.
43. Henry, J., Toulza, E., Hsu, C. Y. et al. 2012. Update on the epidermal differentiation complex. Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed) 17:1517.
44. Kawasaki, H., Nagao, K., Kubo, A. et al. 2012. Altered stratum corneum barrier and enhanced percutaneous immune responses in filaggrin-null mice. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 129:1538.
45. McAleer, M. A. and Irvine, A. D. 2013. The multifunctional role of filaggrin in allergic skin disease. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 131:280.
46. Palmer, C. N., Irvine, A. D., Terron-Kwiatkowski, A. et al. 2006. Common loss-of-function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis. Nat. Genet. 38:441.
47. Sandilands, A., Sutherland, C., Irvine, A. D. and McLean, W. H. 2009. Filaggrin in the frontline: role in skin barrier function and disease. J. Cell Sci. 122(Pt 9):1285.
48. Matsui, T., Miyamoto, K., Kubo, A. et al. 2011. SASPase regulates stratum corneum hydration through profilaggrin-to-filaggrin processing. EMBO Mol. Med. 3:320.
49. Resing, K. A., Thulin, C., Whiting, K., al-Alawi, N. and Mostad, S. 1995. Characterization of profilaggrin endoproteinase 1. A regulated cytoplasmic endoproteinase of epidermis. J. Biol. Chem. 270:28193.
50. Yamazaki, M., Ishidoh, K., Suga, Y. et al. 1997. Cytoplasmic processing of human profilaggrin by active mu-calpain. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 235:652.
51. List, K., Szabo, R., Wertz, P. W. et al. 2003. Loss of proteolytically processed filaggrin caused by epidermal deletion of Matriptase/ MT-SP1. J. Cell Biol. 163:901.
52. Leyvraz, C., Charles, R. P., Rubera, I. et al. 2005. The epidermal barrier function is dependent on the serine protease CAP1/Prss8. J. Cell Biol. 170:487.
53. Sakabe, J., Yamamoto, M., Hirakawa, S. et al. 2013. Kallikreinrelated peptidase 5 functions in proteolytic processing of profilaggrin in cultured human keratinocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 288:17179.
54. de Veer, S. J., Furio, L., Harris, J. M. and Hovnanian, A. 2014. Proteases: common culprits in human skin disorders. Trends Mol. Med. 20:166.
55. Dale, B. A., Holbrook, K. A. and Steinert, P. M. 1978. Assembly of stratum corneum basic protein and keratin filaments in macrofibrils. Nature 276:729.
56. Norlén, L. and Al-Amoudi, A. 2004. Stratum corneum keratin structure, function, and formation: the cubic rod-packing and membrane templating model. J. Invest. Dermatol. 123:715.
57. Jonca, N., Guerrin, M., Hadjiolova, K. et al. 2002. Corneodesmosin, a component of epidermal corneocyte desmosomes, displays homophilic adhesive properties. J. Biol. Chem. 277:5024.
58. Leclerc, E. A., Huchenq, A., Mattiuzzo, N. R. et al. 2009. Corneodesmosin gene ablation induces lethal skin-barrier disruption and hair-follicle degeneration related to desmosome dysfunction. J. Cell Sci. 122:2699.
59. Matsumoto, M., Zhou, Y., Matsuo, S. et al. 2008. Targeted deletion of the murine corneodesmosin gene delineates its essential role in skin and hair physiology. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U. S. A 105:6720.
60. Samuelov, L., Sarig, O., Harmon, R. M. et al. 2013. Desmoglein 1 deficiency results in severe dermatitis, multiple allergies and metabolic wasting. Nat. Genet. 45:1244.
61. Oji, V., Eckl, K. M., Aufenvenne, K. et al. 2010. Loss of corneodesmosin leads to severe skin barrier defect, pruritus, and atopy: unraveling the peeling skin disease. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 87:274.
62. Candi, E., Tarcsa, E., Digiovanna, J. J. et al. 1998. A highly conserved lysine residue on the head domain of type II keratins is essential for the attachment of keratin intermediate filaments to the cornified cell envelope through isopeptide crosslinking by transglutaminases. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95:2067.
63. Candi, E., Schmidt, R. and Melino, G. 2005. The cornified envelope: a model of cell death in the skin. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 6:328.
64. Steinert, P. M. and Marekov, L. N. 1995. The proteins elafin, filaggrin, keratin intermediate filaments, loricrin, and small prolinerich proteins 1 and 2 are isodipeptide cross-linked components of the human epidermal cornified cell envelope. J. Biol. Chem. 270:17702.
65. Mischke, D., Korge, B. P., Marenholz, I., Volz, A. and Ziegler, A. 1996. Genes encoding structural proteins of epidermal cornification and S100 calcium-binding proteins form a gene complex ("epidermal differentiation complex") on human chromosome 1q21. J. Invest. Dermatol. 106:989.
66. Kalinin, A. E., Kajava, A. V. and Steinert, P. M. 2002. Epithelial barrier function: assembly and structural features of the cornified cell envelope. Bioessays 24:789.
67. Kashyap, D. R., Wang, M., Liu, L. H., Boons, G. J., Gupta, D. and Dziarski, R. 2011. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins kill bacteria by activating protein-sensing two-component systems. Nat. Med. 17:676.
68. Kashyap, D. R., Rompca, A., Gaballa, A. et al. 2014. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins kill bacteria by inducing oxidative, thiol, and metal stress. PLoS Pathog. 10:e1004280.
69. Mlitz, V., Strasser, B., Jaeger, K. et al. 2014. Trichohyalin-like proteins have evolutionarily conserved roles in the morphogenesis of skin appendages. J. Invest. Dermatol. 134:2685.
70. Strasser, B., Mlitz, V., Hermann, M. et al. 2014. Evolutionary origin and diversification of epidermal barrier proteins in amniotes. Mol. Biol. Evol. 31:3194.
71. Djian, P., Easley, K. and Green, H. 2000. Targeted ablation of the murine involucrin gene. J. Cell Biol. 151:381.
72. Sevilla, L. M., Nachat, R., Groot, K. R. et al. 2007. Mice deficient in involucrin, envoplakin, and periplakin have a defective epidermal barrier. J. Cell Biol. 179:1599.
73. Koch, P. J., de Viragh, P. A., Scharer, E. et al. 2000. Lessons from loricrin-deficient mice: compensatory mechanisms maintaining skin barrier function in the absence of a major cornified envelope protein. J. Cell Biol. 151:389.
74. Jarnik, M., de Viragh, P. A., Schärer, E. et al. 2002. Quasi-normal cornified cell envelopes in loricrin knockout mice imply the existence of a loricrin backup system. J. Invest. Dermatol. 118:102.
75. Huebner, A. J., Dai, D., Morasso, M. et al. 2012. Amniotic fluid activates the nrf2/keap1 pathway to repair an epidermal barrier defect in utero. Dev. Cell 23:1238.
76. Breiden, B. and Sandhoff, K. 2014. The role of sphingolipid metabolism in cutaneous permeability barrier formation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1841:441.
77. Swartzendruber, D. C., Wertz, P. W., Madison, K. C. and Downing, D. T. 1987. Evidence that the corneocyte has a chemically bound lipid envelope. J. Invest. Dermatol. 88:709.
78. Epp, N., Fürstenberger, G., Müller, K. et al. 2007. 12R-lipoxygenase deficiency disrupts epidermal barrier function. J. Cell Biol. 177:173.
79. Moran, J. L., Qiu, H., Turbe-Doan, A. et al. 2007. A mouse mutation in the 12R-lipoxygenase, Alox12b, disrupts formation of the epidermal permeability barrier. J. Invest. Dermatol. 127:1893.
80. Jobard, F., Lefèvre, C., Karaduman, A. et al. 2002. Lipoxygenase-3 (ALOXE3) and 12(R)-lipoxygenase (ALOX12B) are mutated in non-bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (NCIE) linked to chromosome 17p13.1. Hum. Mol. Genet. 11:107.
81. Holleran, W. M., Ginns, E. I., Menon, G. K. et al. 1994. Consequences of beta-glucocerebrosidase deficiency in epidermis. Ultrastructure and permeability barrier alterations in Gaucher disease. J. Clin. Invest. 93:1756.
82. Doering, T., Proia, R. L. and Sandhoff, K. 1999. Accumulation of protein-bound epidermal glucosylceramides in beta-glucocerebrosidase deficient type 2 Gaucher mice. FEBS Lett. 447:167.
83. Brady, R. O., Kanfer, J. N. and Shapiro, D. 1965. Metabolism of glucocerebrosides. II. Evidence of an enzymatic deficiency in Gaucher's disease. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 18:221.
84. Patrick, D. A. 1965. A deficiency of glucocerebrosidase in Gaucher's disease. Biochem J. 97:17C.
85. Akiyama, M., Sugiyama-Nakagiri, Y., Sakai, K. et al. 2005. Mutations in lipid transporter ABCA12 in harlequin ichthyosis and functional recovery by corrective gene transfer. J. Clin. Invest. 115:1777.
86. Mitsutake, S., Suzuki, C., Akiyama, M. et al. 2010. ABCA12 dysfunction causes a disorder in glucosylceramide accumulation during keratinocyte differentiation. J. Dermatol. Sci. 60:128.
87. Ponec, M., Weerheim, A., Kempenaar, J., Mommaas, A. M. and Nugteren, D. H. 1988. Lipid composition of cultured human keratinocytes in relation to their differentiation. J. Lipid Res. 29:949.
88. Iwai, I., Han, H., den Hollander, L. et al. 2012. The human skin barrier is organized as stacked bilayers of fully extended ceramides with cholesterol molecules associated with the ceramide sphingoid moiety. J. Invest. Dermatol. 132:2215.
89. Sasaki, T., Shiohama, A., Kubo, A. et al. 2013. A homozygous nonsense mutation in the gene for Tmem79, a component for the lamellar granule secretory system, produces spontaneous eczema in an experimental model of atopic dermatitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 132:1111.
90. Saunders, S. P., Goh, C. S., Brown, S. J. et al. 2013. Tmem79/ Matt is the matted mouse gene and is a predisposing gene for atopic dermatitis in human subjects. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 132:1121.
91. Méchin, M. C., Enji, M., Nachat, R. et al. 2005. The peptidylarginine deiminases expressed in human epidermis differ in their substrate specificities and subcellular locations. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 62:1984.
92. Nachat, R., Méchin, M. C., Takahara, H. et al. 2005. Peptidylarginine deiminase isoforms 1-3 are expressed in the epidermis and involved in the deimination of K1 and filaggrin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 124:384.
93. Tarcsa, E., Marekov, L. N., Mei, G., Melino, G., Lee, S. C. and Steinert, P. M. 1996. Protein unfolding by peptidylarginine deiminase. Substrate specificity and structural relationships of the natural substrates trichohyalin and filaggrin. J. Biol. Chem. 271:30709.
94. Ishida-Yamamoto, A., Senshu, T., Eady, R. A. et al. 2002. Sequential reorganization of cornified cell keratin filaments involving filaggrin-mediated compaction and keratin 1 deimination. J. Invest. Dermatol. 118:282.
95. Denecker, G., Hoste, E., Gilbert, B. et al. 2007. Caspase-14 protects against epidermal UVB photodamage and water loss. Nat. Cell Biol. 9:666.
96. Kamata, Y., Taniguchi, A., Yamamoto, M. et al. 2009. Neutral cysteine protease bleomycin hydrolase is essential for the breakdown of deiminated filaggrin into amino acids. J. Biol. Chem. 284:12829.
97. Manabe, M., Sanchez, M., Sun, T. T. and Dale, B. A. 1991. Interaction of filaggrin with keratin filaments during advanced stages of normal human epidermal differentiation and in ichthyosis vulgaris. Differentiation 48:43.
98. Richter, T., Peuckert, C., Sattler, M. et al. 2004. Dead but highly dynamic-the stratum corneum is divided into three hydration zones. Skin Pharmacol. Physiol. 17:246.
99. Bouwstra, J. A., de Graaff, A., Gooris, G. S., Nijsse, J., Wiechers, J. W. and van Aelst, A. C. 2003. Water distribution and related morphology in human stratum corneum at different hydration levels. J. Invest. Dermatol. 120:750.
100. Kubo, A., Ishizaki, I., Kawasaki, H., Nagao, K., Ohashi, Y. and Amagai, M. 2013. The stratum corneum comprises three layers with distinct metal-ion barrier properties. Sci. Rep. 3:1731.
101. Rawlings, A. V. and Harding, C. R. 2004. Moisturization and skin barrier function. Dermatol. Ther. 17(Suppl 1):43.
102. Lundström, A. and Egelrud, T. 1991. Stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme: a proteinase which may be generally present in the stratum corneum and with a possible involvement in desquamation. Acta Derm. Venereol. 71:471.
103. Kato, A., Fukai, K., Oiso, N., Hosomi, N., Murakami, T. and Ishii, M. 2003. Association of SPINK5 gene polymorphisms with atopic dermatitis in the Japanese population. Br. J. Dermatol. 148:665.
104. Nishio, Y., Noguchi, E., Shibasaki, M. et al. 2003. Association between polymorphisms in the SPINK5 gene and atopic dermatitis in the Japanese. Genes Immun. 4:515.
105. Walley, A. J., Chavanas, S., Moffatt, M. F. et al. 2001. Gene polymorphism in Netherton and common atopic disease. Nat. Genet. 29:175.
106. Chavanas, S., Bodemer, C., Rochat, A. et al. 2000. Mutations in SPINK5, encoding a serine protease inhibitor, cause Netherton syndrome. Nat. Genet. 25:141.
107. Frenk, E. and Mevorah, B. 1972. Ichthyosis linearis circumflexa Comèl with Trichorrhexis invaginata (Netherton's Syndrom): an ultrastructural study of the skin changes. Arch. Dermatol. Forsch. 245:42.
108. Fartasch, M., Williams, M. L. and Elias, P. M. 1999. Altered lamellar body secretion and stratum corneum membrane structure in Netherton syndrome: differentiation from other infantile erythrodermas and pathogenic implications. Arch. Dermatol. 135:823.
109. Müller, F. B., Hausser, I., Berg, D. et al. 2002. Genetic analysis of a severe case of Netherton syndrome and application for prenatal testing. Br. J. Dermatol. 146:495.
110. Descargues, P., Deraison, C., Bonnart, C. et al. 2005. Spink5- deficient mice mimic Netherton syndrome through degradation of desmoglein 1 by epidermal protease hyperactivity. Nat. Genet. 37:56.
111. Descargues, P., Deraison, C., Prost, C. et al. 2006. Corneodesmosomal cadherins are preferential targets of stratum corneum trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like hyperactivity in Netherton syndrome. J. Invest. Dermatol. 126:1622.
112. Yang, T., Liang, D., Koch, P. J., Hohl, D., Kheradmand, F. and Overbeek, P. A. 2004. Epidermal detachment, desmosomal dissociation, and destabilization of corneodesmosin in Spink5-/- mice. Genes Dev. 18:2354.