Particle Formation and Product Formulation Using Supercritical Fluids

Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering

Volumn 6, Issue , 2015, Pages 379-407

  Knez, Željko ^a   Hrnčič, Maša Knez ^a   Škerget, Mojca ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARIBOR   (Slovenia)

Author keywords

antisolvent processes; dense gases; micronization; PGSSTM; rapid expansion; spray extraction

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGY; FLUID DYNAMICS; IONIZATION OF GASES; SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS;

ANTISOLVENT PROCESS; DENSE GAS; MICRONIZATIONS; PGSSTM; RAPID EXPANSION;

EFFLUENT TREATMENT;

EMULSION; GAS; POWDER;

CHEMISTRY; CRYSTALLIZATION; DEVICES; EMULSION; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; GAS; GREEN CHEMISTRY; HYDRODYNAMICS; MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY; POWDER; PRESSURE; PROCEDURES; THERMODYNAMICS;

CHEMISTRY, PHARMACEUTICAL; CRYSTALLIZATION; EMULSIONS; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; GASES; GREEN CHEMISTRY TECHNOLOGY; HYDRODYNAMICS; POWDERS; PRESSURE; THERMODYNAMICS;

EID: 84938809208     PISSN: 19475438     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-061114-123317     Document Type: Article

References (161)

1. Papin D. 1681. A New Digester or Engine for Softening Bones. London: Dawsons of Pall Mall
2. De La Tour CC. 1822. Exposé de quelques résultats obtenus par l'action combinée de la chaleur et de la compression sur certains liquides, tels que l'eau, l'alcool, l'éther sulfurique et l'essence de pétrole rectifiée. Ann. Chim. Phys. 21(2):127
3. Jessop PG, LeitnerW. 1999. Chemical Synthesis Using Supercritical Fluids. Weinheim,Ger. : Wiley-VCH
4. Hunter E, Lias S. 2011. Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database. Washington, DC: US Secr. Commer. http://webbook. nist. gov/chemistry
5. Knez Z, Skerget M, Knez HrncicM, Cucek D. 2014. Particle formation using sub-and supercritical fluids. In Supercritical Fluid Technology for Energy and Environmental, ed. V Anikeev, Fan M, pp. 31-67. Amsterdam: Elsevier Sci. Technol.
6. Knez Z, SkergetM, Knez HrncicM. 2010. Principles of supercritical fluid extraction and applications in the food, beverage and nutraceutical industries. In Separation, Extraction and Concentration Processes in the Food, Beverage and Nutraceutical Industries, ed. SH Rizvi, pp. 3-36. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publ.
7. Knez Z, Weidner E. 2001. Precipitation of solids with dense gases. In High Pressure Process Technology: Fundamentals and Applications, ed. A Bertucco, G Vetter. 9:587-611. London: Elsevier
8. Jung J, PerrutM. 2001. Particle design using supercritical fluids: literature and patent survey. J. Supercrit. Fluids 20(3):179-219
9. Knez Z, Weidner E. 2003. Particles formation and particle design using supercritical fluids. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 7(4):353-61
10. Brunner G. 2004. Supercritical Fluids as Solvents and Reaction Media. Amsterdam: Elsevier
11. BlagdenN,DeMatas M, GavanP,YorkP. 2007. Crystal engineering of active pharmaceutical ingredients to improve solubility and dissolution rates. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 59(7):617-30
12. Kawashima Y, York P. 2008. Drug delivery applications of supercritical fluid technology. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 60(3):297-98
13. Moribe K, Tozuka Y, Yamamoto K. 2008. Supercritical carbon dioxide processing of active pharmaceutical ingredients for polymorphic control and for complex formation. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 60(3):328-38
14. Gosselin P, Thibert R, Preda M, McMullen J. 2003. Polymorphic properties of micronized carbamazepine produced by RESS. Int. J. Pharm. 252(1):225-33
15. Gosselin P, Lacasse F-X, PredaM,Thibert R, Clas S-D, McMullen JN. 2003. Physicochemical evaluation of carbamazepine microparticles produced by the rapid expansion of supercritical solutions and by spraydrying. Pharm. Dev. Technol. 8(1):11-20
16. Chiou AH-J, Yeh M-K, Chen C-Y, Wang D-P. 2007. Micronization of meloxicam using a supercritical fluids process. J. Supercrit. Fluids 42(1):120-28
17. Padrela L, Rodrigues MA, Velaga SP, Fernandes AC, Matos HA, de Azevedo EG. 2010. Screening for pharmaceutical cocrystals using the supercritical fluid enhanced atomization process. J. Supercrit. Fluids 53(1):156-64
18. Adami R, Järvenpää E, Osséo SL, Huopalahti R. 2008. Influence of supercritical antisolvent micronization parameters on nalmefene HCl powder characteristics. Adv. Powder Technol. 19(6):523-40
19. Tien Y-C, Su C-S, Lien L-H, Chen Y-P. 2010. Recrystallization of erlotinib hydrochloride and fulvestrant using supercritical antisolvent process. J. Supercrit. Fluids 55(1):292-99
20. Chen Y-M, Tang M, Chen Y-P. 2010. Recrystallization and micronization of sulfathiazole by applying the supercritical antisolvent technology. Chem. Eng. J. 165(1):358-64
21. Bolten D, Türk M. 2012. Micronisation of carbamazepine through rapid expansion of supercritical solution (RESS). J. Supercrit. Fluids 62:32-40
22. Lin P-C, Su C-S, Tang M, Chen Y-P. 2012. Micronization of ethosuximide using the rapid expansion of supercritical solution (RESS) process. J. Supercrit. Fluids 72:84-89
23. Bagratashvili V, Egorov A, Krotova L, Mironov A, Panchenko VY, et al. 2012. Supercritical fluid micronization of risperidone pharmaceutical substance. Russ. J. Phys. Chem. B. 6(7):804-12
24. Rossmann M, Braeuer A, Leipertz A, Schluecker E. 2013. Manipulating the size, the morphology and the polymorphism of acetaminophen using supercritical antisolvent (SAS) precipitation. J. Supercrit. Fluids 82:230-37
25. Martín A, Cocero MJ. 2008. Micronization processes with supercritical fluids: fundamentals and mechanisms. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 60(3):339-50
26. Skerget M, Knez Z, Knez HrncicM. 2011. Solubility of solids in sub-and supercritical fluids: a review. J. Chem. Eng. Data 56(4):694-719
27. Dohrn R, Fonseca JM, Peper S. 2012. Experimental methods for phase equilibria at high pressures. Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng. 3:343-67
28. Fonseca J, Dohrn R, Peper S. 2011. High-pressure fluid-phase equilibria: experimental methods and systems investigated (2005-2008). Fluid Phase Equilib. 300(1):1-69
29. Dohrn R, Peper S, Fonseca J. 2010. High-pressure fluid-phase equilibria: experimental methods and systems investigated (2000-2004). Fluid Phase Equilib. 288(1):1-54
30. Christov M, Dohrn R. 2002. High-pressure fluid phase equilibria: experimental methods and systems investigated (1994-1999). Fluid Phase Equilib. 202(1):153-218
31. Dohrn R, Brunner G. 1995. High-pressure fluid-phase equilibria: experimental methods and systems investigated (1988-1993). Fluid Phase Equilib. 106(1):213-82
32. Chrastil J. 1982. Solubility of solids and liquids in supercritical gases. J. Phys. Chem. 86(15):3016-21
33. Kumar SK, Johnston KP. 1988. Modelling the solubility of solids in supercritical fluids with density as the independent variable. J. Supercrit. Fluids 1(1):15-22
34. Bartle KD, Clifford A, Jafar S, Shilstone G. 1991. Solubilities of solids and liquids of low volatility in supercritical carbon dioxide. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 20(4):713-56
35. Méndez-Santiago J, Teja AS. 1999. The solubility of solids in supercritical fluids. Fluid Phase Equilib. 158:501-10
36. Del Valle JM, Aguilera JM. 1988. An improved equation for predicting the solubility of vegetable oils in supercritical carbon dioxide. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 27(8):1551-53
37. Méndez-Santiago J, Teja AS. 2000. Solubility of solids in supercritical fluids: consistency of data and a new model for cosolvent systems. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 39(12):4767-71
38. SauceauM,Letourneau J-J, Richon D, Fages J. 2003. Enhanced density-basedmodels for solid compound solubilities in supercritical carbon dioxide with cosolvents. Fluid Phase Equilib. 208(1):99-113
39. Thakur R, Gupta RB. 2005. Rapid expansion of supercritical solution with solid cosolvent (RESS-SC) process: formation of griseofulvin nanoparticles. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 44(19):7380-87
40. González JC, Vieytes MR, Botana AM, Vieites JM, Botana LM. 2001. Modified mass action law-based model to correlate the solubility of solids and liquids in entrained supercritical carbon dioxide. J. Chromatogr. A 910(1):119-25
41. Pérez E, Cabanas A, Renuncio JA, Sánchez-Vicente Y, Pando C. 2008. Cosolvent effect of methanol and acetic acid on dibenzofuran solubility in supercritical carbon dioxide. J. Chem. Eng. Data 53(11):2649-53
42. Sovova H. 2001. Solubility of ferulic acid in supercritical carbon dioxide with ethanol as cosolvent. J. Chem. Eng. Data 46(5):1255-57
43. Kautz CB, Schneider GM, Shim J-J, Wagner B, Tuma D. 2008. Solubilities of a 1,4-bis (alkylamino)-9,10-anthraquinone series in compressed carbon dioxide. J. Chem. Eng. Data 53(10):2356-71
44. Colussi S, Elvassore N, Kikic I. 2006. A comparison between semi-empirical and molecular-based equations of state for describing the thermodynamic of supercritical micronization processes. J. Supercrit. Fluids 39(1):118-26
45. Derr E, Deal C. 1969. Analytical solution of groups: correlation of activity coefficients through structural group parameters. Inst. Chem. Eng. Symp. Ser. 32(3):40
46. Ronc M, Ratcliff G. 1971. Prediction of excess free energies of liquid mixtures by an analytical group solution model. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 49(6):825-30
47. Fredenslund A, Jones RL, Prausnitz JM. 1975. Group-contribution estimation of activity coefficients in nonideal liquid mixtures. AIChE J. 21(6):1086-99
48. Weidlich U, Gmehling J. 1987. A modified UNIFAC model. Prediction of VLE, he, and. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 26(7):1372-81
49. Holderbaum T, Gmehling J. 1991. PSRK: a group contribution equation of state based on UNIFAC. Fluid Phase Equilib. 70(2):251-65
50. Gmehling J. 2009. Present status and potential of group contribution methods for process development. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 41(6):731-47
51. Reverchon E, De Marco I. 2011. Mechanisms controlling supercritical antisolvent precipitate morphology. Chem. Eng. J. 169(1):358-70
52. Tabernero A, Martín del Valle EM, Galán MA. 2012. Supercritical fluids for pharmaceutical particle engineering: methods, basic fundamentals and modelling. Chem. Eng. Process. Process Intensif. 60:9-25
53. 2-benzoic acid. AIChE J. 35(10):1625-30
54. Xia D, Gan Y, Cui F. 2014. Application of precipitation methods for the production of water-insoluble drug nanocrystals: production techniques and stability of nanocrystals. Curr. Pharm. Des. 20(3):408-35
55. Khan S, de MatasM, Zhang J, Anwar J. 2013. Nanocrystal preparation: low-energy precipitationmethod revisited. Cryst. Growth Des. 13(7):2766-77
56. Lim RTY, Ng WK, Widjaja E, Tan RB. 2013. Comparison of the physical stability and physicochemical properties of amorphous indomethacin prepared by co-milling and supercritical anti-solvent coprecipitation. J. Supercrit. Fluids 79:186-201
57. Lim RTY, NgWK, Tan RB. 2013. Dissolution enhancement of indomethacin via amorphization using co-milling and supercritical co-precipitation processing. Powder Technol. 240:79-87
58. Sacchetin PSC, Morales AR, Moraes AM, de Tarso Vieira e Rosa P. 2013. Formation of PLA particles incorporating 17-methyltestosterone by supercritical fluid technology. J. Supercrit. Fluids 77:52-62
59. Tenorio-Neto ET, Silva EL, Cellet TSP, Silva EP, Franceschi E, et al. 2013. Coprecipitation of safrole oxide with poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) in supercritical carbon dioxide. J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 24(2):327-35
60. Zhang J, Xie C, Wu J. 2013. Method of using supercritical fluid anti-solvent crystallization to produce high purity caffeic acid phenethyl ester nano powders using a green solvent to conveniently produce high purity caffeic acid phenethyl ester nano powders. Patent No. TW201242680-A, TW426963-B1, Univ. Nat. Chung Hsing
61. De Zordi N, Moneghini M, Kikic I, Grassi M, Del Rio Castillo AE, et al. 2012. Applications of supercritical fluids to enhance the dissolution behaviors of furosemide by generation of microparticles and solid dispersions. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 81(1):131-41
62. Careno S, Boutin O, Badens E. 2012. Drug recrystallization using supercritical anti-solvent (SAS) process with impinging jets: effect of process parameters. J. Cryst. Growth 342(1):34-41
63. Matson D, Petersen R, Smith R. 1986. Formation of silica powders from the rapid expansion of supercritical solutions. Adv. Ceram. Mater. 1(3):242
64. Debenedetti PG. 1990. Homogeneous nucleation in supercritical fluids. AIChE J. 36(9):1289-98
65. Girotra P, Singh SK, Nagpal K. 2013. Supercritical fluid technology: a promising approach in pharmaceutical research. Pharm. Dev. Technol. 18(1):22-38
66. Janiszewska E, Witrowa-Rajchert D, Roj E. 2013. Methods and trends of applying supercritical micronization. Zywnosc-Nauka Technol. Jakosc 20(6):5-15
67. Montes A, Gordilloa MD, Pereyraa CM, Giacomo GD, Martínez de la Ossaa EJ. 2013. Poli (L-lactide) micronization by supercritical fluids. Chem. Eng. 32:2215-20
68. Sinha B, Müller RH, Möschwitzer JP. 2013. Bottom-up approaches for preparing drug nanocrystals: formulations and factors affecting particle size. Int. J. Pharm. 453(1):126-41
69. Corazza M, Cardozo FilhoL,DarivaC. 2006. Modeling and simulation of rapid expansion of supercritical solutions. Braz. J. Chem. Eng. 23(3):417-25
70. Ghoreishi S, Komeili S. 2009. Modeling of fluorinated tetraphenylporphyrin nanoparticles size design via rapid expansion of supercritical solution. J. Supercrit. Fluids 50(2):183-92
71. Helfgen B, Hils P, Holzknecht C, Türk M, Schaber K. 2001. Simulation of particle formation during the rapid expansion of supercritical solutions. J. Aerosol Sci. 32(3):295-319
72. Helfgen B, Türk M, Schaber K. 2003. Hydrodynamic and aerosol modelling of the rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS-process). J. Supercrit. Fluids 26(3):225-42
73. Helfgen B, TürkM, Schaber K. 2000. Theoretical and experimental investigations of the micronization of organic solids by rapid expansion of supercritical solutions. Powder Technol. 110(1):22-28
74. 2 system from rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS): a mathematical model. Powder Technol. 154(2):83-94
75. TürkM. 1999. Formation of small organic particles byRESS: experimental and theoretical investigations. J. Supercrit. Fluids 15(1):79-89
76. TürkM. 2000. Influence of thermodynamic behaviour and solute properties on homogeneous nucleation in supercritical solutions. J. Supercrit. Fluids 18(3):169-84
77. TürkM,Helfgen B, Hils P, Lietzow R, Schaber K. 2002. Micronization of pharmaceutical substances by rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS): experiments and modeling. Part. Part. Syst. Charact. 19(5):327-35
78. Weber M, Russell LM, Debenedetti PG. 2002. Mathematical modeling of nucleation and growth of particles formed by the rapid expansion of a supercritical solution under subsonic conditions. J. Supercrit. Fluids 23(1):65-80
79. Franklin RK, Edwards JR, Chernyak Y, Gould RD, Henon F, Carbonell RG. 2001. Formation of perfluoropolyether coatings by the rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS) process. Part 2: numerical modeling. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 40(26):6127-39
80. Khalil I, MillerDR. 2004. The structure of supercritical fluid free-jet expansions. AIChE J. 50(11):2697-704
81. Furukawa S, Kato S, Nitta T. 2004. Molecular dynamics studies on clustering process of solute molecules through rapid expansion of supercritical fluids. Fluid Phase Equilib. 219(1):33-36
82. Römer F, Kraska T. 2009. Molecular dynamics simulation of naphthalene particle formation by rapid expansion of a supercritical solution. J. Phys. Chem. C 113(44):19028-38
83. Römer F, Kraska T. 2010. Molecular dynamics simulation of the formation of pharmaceutical particles by rapid expansion of a supercritical solution. J. Supercrit. Fluids 55(2):769-77
84. Debenedetti PG,Tom JW, Kwauk X, Yeo S-D. 1993. Rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS): fundamentals and applications. Fluid Phase Equilib. 82:311-21
85. Huang Z, Guo Y, Miao H, Teng L. 2014. Solubility of progesterone in supercritical carbon dioxide and its micronization through RESS. Powder Technol. 258:66-77
86. Ardjmand M, Mirzajanzadeh M, Zabihi F. 2014. Measurement and correlation of solid drugs solubility in supercritical systems. Chin. J. Chem. Eng. 22(5):549-58
87. 2 und racemischen wirkstoffen an nanoskaligen Trägern. Chem. Ing. Tech. 86(3):375-79
88. Baseri H, LotfollahiMN. 2014. Effects of expansion parameters on characteristics of gemfibrozil powder produced by rapid expansion of supercritical solution process. Powder Technol. 253:744-50
89. Hiendrawan S, Veriansyah B, Tjandrawinata RR. 2014. Micronization of fenofibrate by rapid expansion of supercritical solution. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 20(1):54-60
90. Montes A, Litwinowicz A, Gradl U, Gordillo M, Pereyra C, Martinez de la Ossa E. 2013. Exploring high operating conditions in the ibuprofen precipitation by rapid expansion of supercritical solutions process. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 53(1):474-80
91. 2 based processing of amorphous fluoropolymer Teflon-AF: surfactant-free dispersions and superhydrophobic films. J. Supercrit. Fluids 85:49-56
92. Montes A, Gordillo MD, Pereyra C, Martínez de la Ossa EJ. 2014. New insights into acrylic polymer precipitation by supercritical fluids. Chem. Eng. Technol. 37(1):141-48
93. Asghari I, Esmaeilzadeh F. 2013. Manipulation of key parameters inRESSprocess for attapulgite particles utilizing in drilling mud and investigation on its rheological characteristics. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 112:359-69
94. Lashkarbolooki M, Hezave AZ, Rahnama Y, Ozlati R, Rajaei H, Esmaeilzadeh F. 2013. Solubility of cyproheptadine in supercritical carbon dioxide; experimental and modeling approaches. J. Supercrit. Fluids 84:13-19
95. Lashkarbolooki M, Hezave AZ, Rahnama Y, Rajaei H, Esmaeilzadeh F. 2013. Solubility of chlorpheniramine maleate in supercritical carbon dioxide. J. Supercrit. Fluids 84:29-35
96. 2 precipitation of poly (L-lactic acid) in a wide range of miscibility. J. Supercrit. Fluids 81:236-44
97. Chen W, Hu X, Hong Y, Su Y, Wang H, Li J. 2013. Ibuprofen nanoparticles prepared by a PGSSTMbased method. Powder Technol. 245:241-50
98. 2. J. Supercrit. Fluids 79:330-36
99. Ovaskainen L, Rodriguez-Meizoso I, Birkin NA, Howdle SM, Gedde U, et al. 2013. Towards superhydrophobic coatings made by non-fluorinated polymers sprayed from a supercritical solution. J. Supercrit. Fluids 77:134-41
100. Wu X, Yi J-M, Liu Y-J, Liu Y-B, Zhang P-L. 2013. Solubility and micronization of phenacetin in supercritical carbon dioxide. Chem. Papers 67(5):517-25
101. 2. J. Supercrit. Fluids 75:21-29
102. Baseri H, LotfollahiMN. 2013. Formation of gemfibrozil with narrow particle size distribution via rapid expansion of supercritical solution process (RESS). Powder Technol. 235:677-84
103. Santos DT, Meireles MAA. 2013. Micronization and encapsulation of functional pigments using supercritical carbon dioxide. J. Food Process Eng. 36(1):36-49
104. Pan S, Zhou J, Li H, Quan C. 2013. Particle formation by supercritical fluid extraction and expansion process. Sci. World J. 2013:538584
105. Hu DD, Ding ML, Zhu GW,WangWQ, Zhao ZQ. 2013. SCF preparation of drug particle using size adjustable nozzle. Key Eng. Mater. 561:441-47
106. Falconer JR, Wen J, Zargar-Shoshtari S, Chen JJ, Mohammed F, et al. 2012. The effects of supercritical carbon dioxide processing on progesterone dispersion systems: amultivariate study. AAPS PharmSciTech. 13(4):1255-65
107. Sabegh MA, RajaeiH, Esmaeilzadeh F, LashkarbolookiM. 2012. Solubility of ketoprofen in supercritical carbon dioxide. J. Supercrit. Fluids 72:191-97
108. Essel JT, Cortopassi AC, Kuo KK, Leh CG, Adair JH. 2012. Formation and characterization of nanosized RDX particles produced using the RESS-AS process. Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 37(6):699-706
109. 2. J. Supercrit. Fluids 70:1-7
110. Kwauk X, Debenedetti PG. 1993. Mathematical modeling of aerosol formation by rapid expansion of supercritical solutions in a converging nozzle. J. Aerosol Sci. . 24(4):445-69
111. De la Fuente Badilla J, Peters C, de Swaan Arons J. 2000. Volume expansion in relation to the gasantisolvent process. J. Supercrit. Fluids 17(1):13-23
112. De la Fuente JC, Shariati A, Peters CJ. 2004. On the selection of optimum thermodynamic conditions for the gas process. J. Supercrit. Fluids 32(1):55-61
113. Reverchon E, De Marco I, Caputo G, Della Porta G. 2003. Pilot scale micronization of amoxicillin by supercritical antisolvent precipitation. J. Supercrit. Fluids 26(1):1-7
114. 2 on the solubility of griseofulvin in acetone and ethanol solutions. J. Supercrit. Fluids 29(1):49-57
115. Miguel F,Martín A, Mattea F, CoceroM. 2008. Precipitation of lutein and co-precipitation of lutein and poly-lactic acid with the supercritical anti-solvent process. Chem. Eng. Process. Process Intensif. 47(9):1594-602
116. Reverchon E, Torino E, Dowy S, Braeuer A, Leipertz A. 2010. Interactions of phase equilibria, jet fluid dynamics and mass transfer during supercritical antisolvent micronization. Chem. Eng. J. 156(2):446-58
117. Reverchon E, De Marco I. 2004. Supercritical antisolvent micronization of cefonicid: thermodynamic interpretation of results. J. Supercrit. Fluids 31(2):207-15
118. Reverchon E, De Marco I, Torino E. 2007. Nanoparticles production by supercritical antisolvent precipitation: a general interpretation. J. Supercrit. Fluids 43(1):126-38
119. Tavares Cardoso MA, Antunes S, van Keulen F, Ferreira BS, Geraldes A, et al. 2009. Supercritical antisolventmicronization of synthetic all-trans-beta-carotene with tetrahydrofuran as solvent and carbon dioxide as antisolvent. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 84(2):215-22
120. Tenorio A, Gordillo M, Pereyra C, de la Ossa E. 2007. Controlled submicro particle formation of ampicillin by supercritical antisolvent precipitation. J. Supercrit. Fluids 40(2):308-16
121. Weber A, Yelash L, Kraska T. 2005. Effect of the phase behaviour of the solvent-antisolvent systems on the gas-antisolvent-crystallisation of paracetamol. J. Supercrit. Fluids 33(2):107-13
122. Martín A, Cocero M. 2004. Numerical modeling of jet hydrodynamics, mass transfer, and crystallization kinetics in the supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process. J. Supercrit. Fluids 32(1):203-19
123. Sierra-Pallares J, Marchisio DL, Parra-Santos MT, García-Serna J, Castro F, Cocero MJ. 2012. A computational fluid dynamics study of supercritical antisolvent precipitation: mixing effects on particle size. AIChE J. 58(2):385-98
124. Torino E, De Marco I, Reverchon E. 2010. Organic nanoparticles recovery in supercritical antisolvent precipitation. J. Supercrit. Fluids 55(1):300-6
125. Prosapio V, Reverchon E,DeMarco I. 2014. Antisolventmicronization of bsa using supercritical mixtures carbon dioxide+organic solvent. J. Supercrit. Fluids 94:189-97
126. De Marco I, Reverchon E. 2012. Supercritical carbon dioxide+ethanol mixtures for the antisolvent micronization of hydrosoluble materials. Chem. Eng. J. 187:401-9
127. DeMarco I,Reverchon E. 2011. Influence of pressure, temperature and concentration on themechanisms of particle precipitation in supercritical antisolvent micronization. J. Supercrit. Fluids 58(2):295-302
128. Marra F, De Marco I, Reverchon E. 2012. Numerical analysis of the characteristic times controlling supercritical antisolvent micronization. Chem. Eng. Sci. 71:39-45
129. De Marco I, Prosapio V, Cice F, Reverchon E. 2013. Use of solvent mixtures in supercritical antisolvent process tomodify precipitates morphology: cellulose acetate microparticles. J. Supercrit. Fluids 83:153-60
130. Montes A, KinN, Gordillo M, Pereyra C,Martínez de la Ossa E. 2014. Polymer-naproxen precipitation by supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process. J. Supercrit. Fluids 89:58-67
131. Shen B, Zhang P. 2013. An overview of heat transfer near the liquid-gas critical point under the influence of the piston effect: phenomena and theory. Int. J. Therm. Sci. 71:1-19
132. Vefgh N, Esmaeilzadeh F, Mowla D, Golchehreh AA. 2013. Micronization of iron oxide particles using gas antisolvent process. J. Dispers. Sci. Technol. 34(1):140-45
133. Luetge C, BorkM, Knez Z, Kreiner M. 2007. Ultra high pressure dense gas extraction and fractionation. Proc. Int. Symp. High Press. Process Technol. Chem. Eng., 5th, Segovia, Spain, Event 661, pp. 1-4
134. Weidner E, Knez Z, Novak Z. 1995. Process for preparing particles or powders. Eur. Patent EP 0744 992, Patent WO 9521688
135. Fukne-KokotK,König A, Knez Z, SkergetM. 2000. Comparison of differentmethods for determination of the S-L-G equilibrium curve of a solid component in the presence of a compressed gas. Fluid Phase Equilib. 173(2):297-310
136. Fukne-Kokot K, Skerget M, König A, Knez Z. 2003. Modified freezing method for measuring the gas solubility along the solid-liquid-gas equilibrium line. Fluid Phase Equilib. 205(2):233-47
137. SkergetM, Novak-Pintaric Z, Knez Z, Kravanja Z. 2002. Estimation of solid solubilities in supercritical carbon dioxide: Peng-Robinson adjustable binary parameters in the near critical region. Fluid Phase Equilib. 203(1):111-32
138. De Swaan Arons J, Diepen G. 1963. Thermodynamic study of melting equilibria under pressure of a supercritical gas. Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 82(3):249-56
139. Tuminello WH, Dee GT, McHugh MA. 1995. Dissolving perfluoropolymers in supercritical carbon dioxide. Macromolecules 28(5):1506-10
140. Weidner E, Wiesmet V, Knez Z, Skerget M. 1997. Phase equilibrium (solid-liquid-gas) in polyethyleneglycol-carbon dioxide systems. J. Supercrit. Fluids 10(3):139-47
141. O'Connell JP,Weber W, Brunner G. 2002. Measurement and thermodynamics of triglyceride melting in near-critical fluids. Proc. AIChE 2002 Annu. Meet. Thermodyn. Under High Press, Indianapolis, IN
142. Ke JH, Tan CS. 2002. Solvent selection for gas antisolvent precipitation process. J. Chin. Inst. Chem. Eng. 33(5):491-97
143. De Paz E, Martín A, Duarte CM, Cocero MJ. 2012. Formulation of carotene with poly-(caprolactones) by PGSS process. Powder Technol. 217:77-83
144. Weidner E, Kilzer A, Reibe C, Knez Z. 2008. Verfahren zur Herstellung von Gelatinpulver und damit hergestelltes gelatinpulver. Ger. Patent No. DE 10 2008 021 634 8 2008
145. Martín A, Weidner E. 2010. PGSS-drying: mechanisms and modeling. J. Supercrit. Fluids 55(1):271-81
146. Kappler P, Leiner W, Petermann M,Weidner E. 2003. Size and morphology of particles generated by spraying polymer-melts with carbon dioxide. Sixth Int. Symp. Supercrit. Fluids, Versailles, France, p. 1891
147. Strumendo M, Bertucco A, Elvassore N. 2007. Modeling of particle formation processes using gas saturated solution atomization. J. Supercrit. Fluids 41(1):115-25
148. Elvassore N, Flaibani M, Bertucco A, Caliceti P. 2003. Thermodynamic analysis of micronization processes from gas-saturated solution. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 42(23):5924-30
149. Calderone M, Rodier E, Letourneau J-J, Fages J. 2007. Solidification of precirol by the expansion of a supercritical fluid saturated melt: from the thermodynamic balance towards the crystallization aspect. J. Supercrit. Fluids 42(2):189-99
150. Li J, Matos HA, de Azevedo EG. 2004. Two-phase homogeneous model for particle formation from gas-saturated solution processes. J. Supercrit. Fluids 32(1):275-86
151. Li J, Rodrigues M, Paiva A, Matos HA, Gomes de Azevedo E. 2005. Modeling of the PGSS process by crystallization and atomization. AIChE J. 51(8):2343-57
152. Pollak S, Kareth S, Kilzer A, Petermann M. 2011. Thermal analysis of the droplet solidification in the PGSS-process. J. Supercrit. Fluids 56(3):299-303
153. Weidner E. 2009. High pressure micronization for food applications. J. Supercrit. Fluids 47(3):556-65
154. 2. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 69:172-78
155. Rodríguez-Rojoa S, Lopes DD, Alexandre A, Pereira H, Nogueira I, Duarte C. 2013. Encapsulation of perfluorocarbon gases into lipid-based carrier by PGSS. J. Supercrit. Fluids 82:206-12
156. Fraile M, Martín A, Deodato D, Rodriguez-Rojo S, Nogueira I, et al. 2013. Production of new hybrid systems for drug delivery by PGSS (particles from gas saturated solutions) process. J. Supercrit. Fluids 81:226-35
157. Yun J-H, Lee H-Y, Asaduzzaman A, Chun B-S. 2013. Micronization and characterization of squid lecithin/polyethylene glycol composite using particles from gas saturated solutions (PGSS) process. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 19(2):686-91
158. VijayaraghavanM, Stolnik S, Howdle SM, Illum L. 2013. Suitability of polymer materials for production of pulmonary microparticles using a PGSS supercritical fluid technique: preparation of microparticles using PEG, fatty acids and physical or chemicals blends of PEG and fatty acids. Int. J. Pharm. 441(1):580-88
159. VijayaraghavanM, Stolnik S, Howdle SM, Illum L. 2012. Suitability of polymer materials for production of pulmonary microparticles using a PGSS supercritical fluid technique: thermodynamic behaviour of fatty acids, PEGs and PEG-fatty acids. Int. J. Pharm. 438(1):225-31
160. Luetge C, Steinhagen V, Bork M, Knez Z. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of plant materials at ultrahigh pressure. Proc. 9th Int. Symp. Supercrit. Fluids, ISSF-2009, Arcachon, France
161. Bork M, Luetge C, Knez Z. 2006. Production plant for de-oiling of soy raw lecithin by SFE with carbon dioxide. 8th Int. Symp. Supercrit. Fluids, Kyoto, Japan