Innate Immune Defenses in Human Tuberculosis: An Overview of the Interactions between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Innate Immune Cells

Journal of Immunology Research

Volumn 2015, Issue , 2015, Pages

  Sia, Jonathan Kevin ^a   Georgieva, Maria ^a   Rengarajan, Jyothi ^a,b  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BCG VACCINE; CHEMOKINE; CYTOKINE; GAMMA INTERFERON; INFLAMMASOME; TUBERCULOSTATIC AGENT;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BCG VACCINATION; CELLS BY BODY ANATOMY; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DENDRITIC CELL; DRUG EFFICACY; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; IMMUNOGENETICS; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; INNATE IMMUNITY; LUNG ALVEOLUS MACROPHAGE; LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERATION; MACROPHAGE; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; NATURAL KILLER CELL; NEUTROPHIL; NONHUMAN; PHAGOCYTOSIS; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; TUBERCULOSIS; CYTOLOGY; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNOLOGY; IMMUNOMODULATION; IMMUNOSURVEILLANCE; MICROBIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY;

DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNITY, INNATE; IMMUNOLOGIC SURVEILLANCE; IMMUNOMODULATION; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; TUBERCULOSIS;

EID: 84938243731     PISSN: 23148861     EISSN: 23147156     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2015/747543     Document Type: Review

References (106)

1. World Health Organization, Global Tuberculosis Report 2014, WHO, 2014.
2. C. Dye, S. Scheele, P. Dolin, V. Pathania, and M. C. Raviglione, "Global burden of tuberculosis: estimated incidence, prevalence, and mortality by country. WHO Global Surveillance and Monitoring Project, " Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 282, no. 7, pp. 677-686, 1999.
3. K. Ronacher, S. A. Joosten, R. van Crevel, H. M. Dockrell, G. Walzl and T. H. M. Ottenhoff, "Acquired immunodeficiencies and tuberculosis: focus on HIV/AIDS and diabetes mellitus, " Immunological Reviews, vol. 264, no. 1, pp. 121-137, 2015.
4. D. G. Russell, "Who puts the tubercle in tuberculosis?" Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 39-47, 2006.
5. B. M. Saunders and A. M. Cooper, "Restraining mycobacteria: role of granulomas in mycobacterial infections, " Immunology and Cell Biology, vol. 78, no. 4, pp. 334-341, 2000.
6. D. G. Russell, P. J. Cardona, M. J. Kim, S. Allain, and F. Altare, "Foamy macrophages and the progression of the human tuberculosis granuloma, " Nature Immunology, vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 943-948, 2009.
7. I. M. Orme and R. J. Basaraba, "The formation of the granuloma in tuberculosis infection, " Seminars in Immunology, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 601-609, 2014.
8. F. Altare, A. Durandy, D. Lammas et al. , "Impairment of mycobacterial immunity in human interleukin-12 receptor deficiency, " Science, vol. 280, no. 5368, pp. 1432-1435, 1998.
9. C. Fieschi, S. Dupuis, E. Catherinot et al. , "Low penetrance, broad resistance, and favorable outcome of interleukin 12 receptor beta1 deficiency: medical and immunological implications, " The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 197, no. 4, pp. 527-535, 2003.
10. J. A. Philips and J. D. Ernst, "Tuberculosis pathogenesis and immunity, " Annual Review of Pathology:Mechanisms of Disease, vol. 7, pp. 353-384, 2011.
11. G. Nouailles, A. Dorhoi, M. Koch et al. , "CXCL5-secreting pulmonary epithelial cells drive destructive neutrophilic inflammation in tuberculosis, " Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 124, no. 3, pp. 1268-1282, 2014.
12. M. J. Harriff, M. E. Cansler, K. G. Toren et al. , "Human lung epithelial cells contain Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a late endosomal vacuole and are efficiently recognized by CD8+ T cells, " PLoS ONE, vol. 9, no. 5, Article ID e97515, 2014.
13. C. A. Ogden, A. deCathelineau, P. R. Hoffmann et al. , "C1q and mannose binding lectin engagement of cell surface calreticulin and CD91 initiates macropinocytosis and uptake of apoptotic cells, "The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 194, no. 6, pp. 781-795, 2001.
14. M. V. Rajaram, M. N. Brooks, J. D. Morris, J. B. Torrelles, A. K. Azad, and L. S. Schlesinger, "Mycobacterium tuberculosis activates human macrophage peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma linking mannose receptor recognition to regulation of immune responses, " The Journal of Immunology, vol. 185, no. 2, pp. 929-942, 2010.
15. L. Liu, J. Liu, G. Niu, Q. Xu, and Q. Chen, "Mycobacterium tuberculosis 19-kDa lipoprotein induces Toll-like receptor 2-dependent peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor expression and promotes inflammatory responses in human macrophages, " Molecular Medicine Reports, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 2921-2926, 2015.
16. F. Mariani, G. Cappelli, G. Riccardi, and V. Colizzi, "Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv comparative gene-expression analysis in synthetic medium and human macrophage, " Gene, vol. 253, no. 2, pp. 281-291, 2000.
17. G. Cappelli, P. Volpe, A. Sanduzzi, A. Sacchi, V. Colizzi, and F. Mariani, "Human macrophage gamma interferon decreases gene expression but not replication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: analysis of the host-pathogen reciprocal influence on transcription in a comparison of strains H37Rv and CMT97, " Infection and Immunity, vol. 69, no. 12, pp. 7262-7270, 2001.
18. G. J. Nau, J. F. Richmond, A. Schlesinger, E. G. Jennings, E. S. Lander, and R. A. Young, "Human macrophage activation programs induced by bacterial pathogens, " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 99, no. 3, pp. 1503-1508, 2002.
19. J. P. Wang, S. E. Rought, J. Corbeil, and D. G. Guiney, "Gene expression profiling detects patterns of human macrophage responses following Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, " FEMS Immunology andMedicalMicrobiology, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 163-172, 2003.
20. E. Volpe, G. Cappelli, M. Grassi et al. , "Gene expression profiling of human macrophages at late time of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, " Immunology, vol. 118, no. 4, pp. 449-460, 2006.
21. S. Ragno, M. Romano, S. Howell, D. J. C. Pappin, P. J. Jenner, and M. J. Colston, "Changes in gene expression in macrophages infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a combined transcriptomic and proteomic approach, " Immunology, vol. 104, no. 1, pp. 99-108, 2001.
22. J. A. McGarvey, D. Wagner, and L. E. Bermudez, "Differential gene expression in mononuclear phagocytes infected with pathogenic and non-pathogenic mycobacteria, " Clinical and Experimental Immunology, vol. 136, no. 3, pp. 490-500, 2004.
23. N. T. T. Thuong, S. J. Dunstan, T. T. H. Chau et al. , "Identification of tuberculosis susceptibility genes with human macrophage gene expression profiles, " PLoS Pathogens, vol. 4, no. 12, Article ID e1000229, 2008.
24. H. C. Mwandumba, D. G. Russell, M. H. Nyirenda et al. , "Mycobacteriumtuberculosis resides in nonacidified vacuoles in endocytically competent alveolar macrophages from patients with tuberculosis and HIV infection, " The Journal of Immunology, vol. 172, no. 7, pp. 4592-4598, 2004.
25. H. C. Mwandumba, S. B. Squire, S. A. White et al. , "Alveolar macrophages from HIV-infected patients with pulmonary tuberculosis retain the capacity to respond to stimulation by lipopolysaccharide, " Microbes and Infection, vol. 9, no. 9, pp. 1053-1060, 2007.
26. D. G. Russell, B. C. Vanderven, S. Glennie, H. Mwandumba, and R. S. Heyderman, "Themacrophage marches on its phagosome: dynamic assays of phagosome function, " Nature Reviews Immunology, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 594-600, 2009.
27. M. Podinovskaia, B. C. VanderVen, R. M. Yates et al. , "Dynamic quantitative assays of phagosomal function, " in Current Protocols in Immunology, J. E. Coligan, Ed. , vol. 102, unit 14. 34, 2013.
28. F. Altare, D. Lammas, P. Revy et al. , "Inherited interleukin 12 deficiency in a child with bacille Calmette-Guerin and Salmonella enteritidis disseminated infection, " The Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 102, no. 12, pp. 2035-2040, 1998.
29. C. Picard, C. Fieschi, F. Altare et al. , "Inherited interleukin-12 deficiency: IL12B genotype and clinical phenotype of 13 patients from six kindreds, " American Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 336-348, 2002.
30. M. Fabri, S. Stenger, D. M. Shin et al. , "Vitamin Dis required for IFN-gamma-mediated antimicrobial activity of human macrophages, " Science Translational Medicine, vol. 3, no. 104, Article ID 104ra102, 2011.
31. A. R. Martineau, K. A. Wilkinson, S. M. Newton et al. , "IFN-and TNF-independent vitamin D-inducible human suppression of mycobacteria: the role of cathelicidin LL-37, " Journal of Immunology, vol. 178, no. 11, pp. 7190-7198, 2007.
32. P. T. Liu, S. Stenger, D. H. Tang, and R. L. Modlin, "Cutting edge: vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is dependent on the induction of cathelicidin, " Journal of Immunology, vol. 179, no. 4, pp. 2060-2063, 2007.
33. P. T. Liu, S. Stenger, H. Li et al. , "Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response, " Science, vol. 311, no. 5768, pp. 1770-1773, 2006.
34. L. M. Sly, M. Lopez, W. M. Nauseef, and N. E. Reiner, "1Alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-inducedmonocyte antimycobacterial activity is regulated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mediated by theNADPH-dependent phagocyte oxidase, "TheJournal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 276, no. 38, pp. 35482-35493, 2001.
35. K. A. Rockett, R. Brookes, I. Udalova, V. Vidal, A. V. S. Hill, and D. Kwiatkowski, "1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces nitric oxide synthase and suppresses growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a human macrophage-like cell line, " Infection and Immunity, vol. 66, no. 11, pp. 5314-5321, 1998.
36. A. J. Crowle, E. J. Ross, and M. H. May, "Inhibition by 1, 25(OH)2-vitamin D3 of themultiplication of virulent tubercle bacilli in cultured human macrophages, " Infection and Immunity, vol. 55, no. 12, pp. 2945-2950, 1987.
37. G. A. Rook, J. Steele, L. Fraher et al. , "Vitamin D3, gamma interferon, and control of proliferation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by human monocytes, " Immunology, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 159-163, 1986.
38. H. D. Brightbill, D. H. Libraty, S. R. Krutzik et al. , "Host defense mechanisms triggered by microbial lipoproteins through tolllike receptors, " Science, vol. 285, no. 5428, pp. 732-736, 1999.
39. J.-Y. Jung, R. Madan-Lala, M. Georgieva et al. , "The intracellular environment of human macrophages that produce nitric oxide promotes growth ofmycobacteria, " Infection and Immunity, vol. 81, no. 9, pp. 3198-3209, 2013.
40. S. Nicholson, M. D. G. Bonecini-Almeida, J. R. Lapa E Silva et al. , "Inducible nitric oxide synthase in pulmonary alveolar macrophages from patients with tuberculosis, " The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 183, no. 5, pp. 2293-2302, 1996.
41. S. Thoma-Uszynski, S. Stenger, O. Takeuchi et al. , "Induction of direct antimicrobial activity through mammalian toll-like receptors, " Science, vol. 291, no. 5508, pp. 1544-1547, 2001.
42. A. M. Cooper, D. K. Dalton, T. A. Stewart, J. P. Griffin, D. G. Russell, and I. M. Orme, "Disseminated tuberculosis in interferon gene-disrupted mice, "The Journal of ExperimentalMedicine, vol. 178, no. 6, pp. 2243-2247, 1993.
43. J. L. Flynn, J. Chan, K. J. Triebold, D. K. Dalton, T. A. Stewart, and B. R. Bloom, "An essential role for interferon gamma in resistance toMycobacterium tuberculosis infection, " The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 178, no. 6, pp. 2249-2254, 1993.
44. T. H. M. Ottenhoff, D. Kumararatne, and J.-L. Casanova, "Novel human immunodeficiencies reveal the essential role of type-I cytokines in immunity to intracellular bacteria, " Immunology Today, vol. 19, no. 11, pp. 491-494, 1998.
45. A. A. Chackerian, T. V. Perera, and S. M. Behar, "Gamma interferon-producingCD4+ Tlymphocytes in the lung correlate with resistance to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, " Infection and Immunity, vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 2666-2674, 2001.
46. E. Jouanguy, F. Altare, S. Lamhamedi et al. , "Interferon-receptor deficiency in an infant with fatal bacille Calmette-Guérin infection, " The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 335, no. 26, pp. 1956-1961, 1996.
47. P. F. Barnes, S.-J. Fong, P. J. Brennan, P. E. Twomey, A. Mazumder, and R. L. Modlin, "Local production of tumor necrosis factor and IFN-gamma in tuberculous pleuritis, " The Journal of Immunology, vol. 145, no. 1, pp. 149-154, 1990.
48. D. S. Robinson, S. Ying, I. K. Taylor et al. , "Evidence for aTh1-like bronchoalveolar T-cell subset and predominance of interferon-gamma gene activation in pulmonary tuberculosis, " American Journal of Respiratory and Critical CareMedicine, vol. 149, no. 4, pp. 989-993, 1994.
49. E. Jouanguy, S. Lamhamedi-Cherradi, D. Lammas et al. , "A human IFNGR1 small deletion hotspot associated with dominant susceptibility tomycobacterial infection, " Nature Genetics, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 370-378, 1999.
50. M. J. Newport, C. M. Huxley, S. Huston et al. , "Amutation in the interferon-receptor gene and susceptibility to mycobacterial infection, " The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 335, no. 26, pp. 1941-1949, 1996.
51. G. A. W. Rook, J. Steele, M. Ainsworth, and B. R. Champion, "Activation of macrophages to inhibit proliferation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: comparison of the effects of recombinant gamma-interferon on humanmonocytes andmurine peritoneal macrophages, " Immunology, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 333-338, 1986.
52. E. Z. Kincaid and J. D. Ernst, "Mycobacteriumtuberculosis exerts gene-selective inhibition of transcriptional responses to IFN-without inhibiting STAT1 function, "TheJournal of Immunology, vol. 171, no. 4, pp. 2042-2049, 2003.
53. L.-M. Ting, A. C. Kim, A. Cattamanchi, and J. D. Ernst, "Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibits IFN-gamma transcriptional responses without inhibiting activation of STAT1, " Journal of Immunology, vol. 163, no. 7, pp. 3898-3906, 1999.
54. M. J. Fenton, M. W. Vermeulen, S. Kim, M. Burdick, R. M. Strieter, and H. Kornfeld, "Induction of gamma interferon production in human alveolar macrophages by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, " Infection and Immunity, vol. 65, no. 12, pp. 5149-5156, 1997.
55. Y. Wang, H. M. Curry, B. S. Zwilling, and W. P. Lafuse, "Mycobacteria inhibition of IFN-induced HLA-DR gene expression by up-regulating histone deacetylation at the promoter region in human THP-1 monocytic cells, " The Journal of Immunology, vol. 174, no. 9, pp. 5687-5694, 2005.
56. J. G. Egen, A. G. Rothfuchs, C. G. Feng, M. A. Horwitz, A. Sher, and R. N. Germain, "ntravital imaging reveals limited antigen presentation and T cell effector function in Mycobacterial granulomas, " Immunity, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 807-819, 2011.
57. S. Y. Eum, J. H. Kong, M. S. Hong et al. , "Neutrophils are the predominant infected phagocytic cells in the airways of patients with active pulmonary TB, " Chest, vol. 137, no. 1, pp. 122-128, 2010.
58. A. R. Martineau, S. M. Newton, K. A. Wilkinson et al. , "Neutrophil-mediated innate immune resistance to mycobacteria, " The Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 117, no. 7, pp. 1988-1994, 2007.
59. B. H. Tan, C. Meinken, M. Bastian et al. , "Macrophages acquire neutrophil granules for antimicrobial activity against intracellular pathogens, " Journal of Immunology, vol. 177, no. 3, pp. 1864-1871, 2006.
60. A. Grakoui, E. John Wherry, H. L. Hanson, C. Walker, and R. Ahmed, "Turning on the off switch: regulation of anti-viral T cell responses in the liver by the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway, " Journal of Hepatology, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 468-472, 2006.
61. G. J. Freeman, E. J. Wherry, R. Ahmed, and A. H. Sharpe, "Reinvigorating exhausted HIV-specific T cells via PD-1-PD-1 ligand blockade, " The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 203, no. 10, pp. 2223-2227, 2006.
62. A. H. Sharpe, E. J. Wherry, R. Ahmed, and G. J. Freeman, "The function of programmed cell death 1 and its ligands in regulating autoimmunity and infection, " Nature Immunology, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 239-245, 2007.
63. F. W. McNab, M. P. Berry, C. M. Graham et al. , "Programmed death ligand 1 is over-expressed by neutrophils in the blood of patients with active tuberculosis, " European Journal of Immunology, vol. 41, no. 7, pp. 1941-1947, 2011.
64. M. P. R. Berry, C. M. Graham, F. W. McNab et al. , "An interferoninducible neutrophil-driven blood transcriptional signature in human tuberculosis, " Nature, vol. 466, no. 7309, pp. 973-977, 2010.
65. J. J. C. Thome, N. Yudanin, Y. Ohmura et al. , "Spatial map of human T cell compartmentalization and maintenance over decades of life, " Cell, vol. 159, no. 4, pp. 814-828, 2014.
66. A. J. Wolf, B. Linas, G. J. Trevejo-Nuñez et al. , "Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects dendritic cells with high frequency and impairs their function in vivo, " The Journal of Immunology, vol. 179, no. 4, pp. 2509-2519, 2007.
67. A. J. Wolf, L. Desvignes, B. Linas et al. , "Initiation of the adaptive immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis depends on antigen production in the local lymph node, not the lungs, " The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 205, no. 1, pp. 105-115, 2008.
68. L. Tailleux, O. Neyrolles, S. Honoré-Bouakline et al. , "Constrained intracellular survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in human dendritic cells, " Journal of Immunology, vol. 170, no. 4, pp. 1939-1948, 2003.
69. L. Tallieux, O. Schwartz, J.-L. Herrmann et al. , "DC-SIGN is the majorMycobacteriumtuberculosis receptor on human dendritic cells, " The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 197, no. 1, pp. 121-127, 2003.
70. T. Geijtenbeek, S. J. Van Vliet, E. A. Koppel et al. , "Mycobacteria target DC-SIGN to suppress dendritic cell function, " The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 197, no. 1, pp. 7-17, 2003.
71. J. Nigou, C. Zelle-Rieser, M. Gilleron, M. Thurnher, and G. Puzo, "Mannosylated lipoarabinomannans inhibit IL-12 production by human dendritic cells: evidence for a negative signal delivered through the mannose receptor, " Journal of Immunology, vol. 166, no. 12, pp. 7477-7485, 2001.
72. W. A. Hanekom, M. Mendillo, C. Manca et al. , "Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibits maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells in vitro, " Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 188, no. 2, pp. 257-266, 2003.
73. M. Cella, A. Engering, V. Pinet, J. Pieters, and A. Lanzavecchia, "Inflammatory stimuli induce accumulation of MHC class II complexes on dendritic cells, " Nature, vol. 388, no. 6644, pp. 782-787, 1997.
74. A. De Gassart, V. Camosseto, J. Thibodeau et al. , "MHC class II stabilization at the surface of human dendritic cells is the result of maturation-dependent MARCH I down-regulation, " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 105, no. 9, pp. 3491-3496, 2008.
75. D. L. Hava, N. VanDerWel, N. Cohenet al. , "Evasionofpeptide, but not lipid antigen presentation, through pathogen-induced dendritic cell maturation, " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 105, no. 32, pp. 11281-11286, 2008.
76. M. Y. Lin, A. Geluk, S. G. Smith et al. , "Lack of immune responses toMycobacteriumtuberculosisDosR regulon proteins following Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination, " Infection and Immunity, vol. 75, no. 7, pp. 3523-3530, 2007.
77. C. Aagaard, T. Hoang, J. Dietrich et al. , "A multistage tuberculosis vaccine that confers efficient protection before and after exposure, " Nature Medicine, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 189-194, 2011.
78. S. Esin, C. Counoupas, A. Aulicino et al. , "Interaction of mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall components with the human natural killer cell receptors NKp44 and toll-like receptor 2, " Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, vol. 77, no. 6, pp. 460-469, 2013.
79. R. Vankayalapati, B. Wizel, S. E. Weis et al. , "The NKp46 receptor contributes to NK cell lysis of mononuclear phagocytes infected with an intracellular bacterium, "The Journal of Immunology, vol. 168, no. 7, pp. 3451-3457, 2002.
80. R. Vankayalapati, A. Garg, A. Porgador et al. , "Role of NK cellactivating receptors and their ligands in the lysis of mononuclear phagocytes infected with an intracellular bacterium, " Journal of Immunology, vol. 175, no. 7, pp. 4611-4617, 2005.
81. R. Dhiman, M. Indramohan, P. F. Barnes et al. , "IL-22 produced by human NK cells inhibits growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by enhancing phagolysosomal fusion, " Journal of Immunology, vol. 183, no. 10, pp. 6639-6645, 2009.
82. R. Vankayalapati, P. Klucar, B. Wizel et al. , "NK cells regulate CD8+ T cell effector function in response to an intracellular pathogen, " Journal of Immunology, vol. 172, no. 1, pp. 130-137, 2004.
83. F. Bozzano, P. Costa, G. Passalacqua et al. , "Functionally relevant decreases in activatory receptor expression on NK cells are associated with pulmonary tuberculosis in vivo and persist after successful treatment, " International Immunology, vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 779-791, 2009.
84. R. Nirmala, P. R. Narayanan, R. Mathew, M. Maran, and C. N. Deivanayagam, "Reduced NK activity in pulmonary tuberculosis patients with/without HIV infection: identifying the defective stage and studying the effect of interleukins on NK activity, " Tuberculosis, vol. 81, no. 5-6, pp. 343-352, 2001.
85. P. Schierloh, N. Yokobori, L. Geffner et al. , "NKcells fromtuberculous pleurisy express high ICAM-1 levels and exert stimulatory effect on local T cells, " European Journal of Immunology, vol. 39, no. 9, pp. 2450-2458, 2009.
86. S. Pokkali, S. D. Das, and A. Selvaraj, "Differential upregulation of chemokine receptors on CD56+ NK cells and their transmigration to the site of infection in tuberculous pleurisy, " FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 352-360, 2009.
87. R. Zhang, X. Zheng, B. Li, H. Wei, and Z. Tian, "Human NK cells positively regulate T cells in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, " The Journal of Immunology, vol. 176, no. 4, pp. 2610-2616, 2006.
88. S. Roy, P. F. Barnes, A. Garg, S. Wu, D. Cosman, and R. Vankayalapati, "NK cells lyse T regulatory cells that expand in response to an intracellular pathogen, " Journal of Immunology, vol. 180, no. 3, pp. 1729-1736, 2008.
89. P. Schierloh, M. Aleman, N. Yokobori et al. , "NK cell activity in tuberculosis is associated with impaired CD11a and ICAM-1 expression: a regulatory role of monocytes in NK activation, " Immunology, vol. 116, no. 4, pp. 541-552, 2005.
90. O. Filipe-Santos, J. Bustamante, M. H. Haverkamp et al. , "Xlinked susceptibility to mycobacteria is caused by mutations in NEMO impairing CD40-dependent IL-12 production, " The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 203, no. 7, pp. 1745-1759, 2006.
91. D. R. Velez, C. Wejse, M. E. Stryjewski. et al. , "Variants in toll-like receptors 2 and 9 influence susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis in Caucasians, African-Americans, and West Africans, " Human Genetics, vol. 127, no. 1, pp. 65-73, 2010.
92. X. Ma, Y. Liu, B. B. Gowenet al. , "Full-exon resequencing reveals toll-like receptor variants contribute to human susceptibility to tuberculosis disease, " PLoS ONE, vol. 2, no. 12, Article IDe1318, 2007.
93. S. Davila, M. L. Hibberd, R. H. Dass et al. , "Genetic association and expression studies indicate a role of Toll-like receptor 8 in pulmonary tuberculosis, " PLoS Genetics, vol. 4, no. 10, Article ID e1000218, 2008.
94. C. C. Khor, S. J. Chapman, F. O. Vannberg et al. , "A Mal functional variant is associated with protection against invasive pneumococcal disease, bacteremia, malaria and tuberculosis, " Nature Genetics, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 523-528, 2007.
95. N. Reiling, C. Hölscher, A. Fehrenbach et al. , "Cutting edge: Toll-like receptor (TLR)2-and TLR4-mediated pathogen recognition in resistance to airborne infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, " The Journal of Immunology, vol. 169, no. 7, pp. 3480-3484, 2002.
96. I. Sugawara, H. Yamada, S. Mizuno, K. Takeda, and S. Akira, "Mycobacterial infection in MyD88-deficient mice, " Microbiology and Immunology, vol. 47, no. 11, pp. 841-847, 2003.
97. I. Sugawara, H. Yamada, C. Li, S. Mizuno, O. Takeuchi, and S. Akira, "Mycobacterial infection in TLR2 and TLR6 knockout mice, "Microbiology and Immunology, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 327-336, 2003.
98. C. A. Scanga, A. Bafica, C. G. Feng, A. W. Cheever, S. Hieny, and A. Sher, "MyD88-deficient mice display a profound loss in resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis associated with partially impaired Th1 cytokine and nitric oxide synthase 2 expression, " Infection and Immunity, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 2400-2404, 2004.
99. B. Ryffel, C. Fremond, M. Jacobs et al. , "Innate immunity to mycobacterial infection in mice: critical role for toll-like receptors, " Tuberculosis, vol. 85, no. 5-6, pp. 395-405, 2005.
100. A. McBride, K. Bhatt, and P. Salgame, "Development of a secondary immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis is independent of Toll-like receptor 2, " Infection and Immunity, vol. 79, no. 3, pp. 1118-1123, 2011.
101. D. Eklund, A. Welin, H. Andersson et al. , "Human gene variants linked to enhanced nlrp3 activity limit intramacrophage growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, " Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 209, no. 5, pp. 749-753, 2014.
102. R. Bellamy, C. Ruwende, T. Corrah, K. P. W. J. McAdam, H. C. Whittle, and A. V. S. Hill, "Assessment of the interleukin 1 gene cluster and other candidate gene polymorphisms in host susceptibility to tuberculosis, " Tubercle and Lung Disease, vol. 79, no. 2, pp. 83-89, 1998.
103. R. J. Wilkinson, P. Patel, M. Llewelyn et al. , "Influence of polymorphism in the genes for the interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist and IL-1 on tuberculosis, " The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 189, no. 12, pp. 1863-1874, 1999.
104. P. O. Flores-Villanueva, J. A. Ruiz-Morales, C. H. Song et al. , "A functional promoter polymorphism in monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 is associated with increased susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis, "The Journal of ExperimentalMedicine, vol. 202, no. 12, pp. 1649-1658, 2005.
105. K. D. Mayer-Barber, B. B. Andrade, S. D. Oland et al. , "Hostdirected therapy of tuberculosis based on interleukin-1 and type i interferon crosstalk, " Nature, vol. 511, no. 7507, pp. 99-103, 2014.
106. R. J. Wilkinson, M. Llewelyn, Z. Toossi et al. , "Influence of vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D receptor polymorphisms on tuberculosis among Gujarati Asians in west London: a casecontrol study, " The Lancet, vol. 355, no. 9204, pp. 618-621, 2000.