Multisensory stimulation in stroke rehabilitation

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

Volumn , Issue APRIL 2012, 2012, Pages

  Johansson, Barbro Birgitta ^a  

^a LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Motor imagery; Virtual reality

Indexed keywords

AGE; APHASIA; ARTICLE; BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HUMAN; IMAGERY; INFORMATION PROCESSING; INTERVENTION STUDY; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MIRROR NEURON; MUSIC THERAPY; NEGLECT; NEUROIMAGING; NONHUMAN; PATIENT SELECTION; REHABILITATION CARE; SENSORY STIMULATION; STROKE; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION; VIRTUAL REALITY;

EID: 84933679299     PISSN: 16625161     EISSN: 16625161     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (170)

1. Adamovich, S. V., Fluet, G. G., Merians, A. S., and Tunik, E. (2009). A virtual reality-based system integrated with fMRI to study neural mechanisms of action observation-execution: a proof of concept study. Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. 27, 209-923.
2. Altenmüller, E., Marco-Pallares, J., and Münte, T. F. (2009). Neural reorganization underlies improvement in stroke-induced motor dysfunction by music-supported therapy. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1169, 395-405.
3. Altschuler, E. L., Wisdom, S. B., Stone, L., Foster, C., Galasko, D., Llewellyn, D. M. E., and Ramachandran, V. S. (1999). Rehabilitation of hemipares after stroke with a mirror. Lancet 353, 2035-2036.
4. Ansuini, C., Pierno, A. C., Lusher, D., and Castiello, U. (2006). Virtual reality applications for the remapping of space in neglect patients. Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. 24, 431-441.
5. Baker, J. M., Rorden, C., and Fridriks-son, J. (2010). Using transcranial direct-current stimulation to treat stroke patients with aphasia. Stroke 41, 1229-1236.
6. Barclay-Goddard, R. E., Stevenson, T. J., Poluha, W., and Thalman, L. (2011) Mental practice for treating upper extremity deficits in individuals with hemiparesis after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 5, CD005950.
7. Barker-Collo, S. L., Feigin, V. L., Lawes, C. M., Parag, V., Senior, H., and Rodgers, A. (2009). Reducing attention deficits after stroke using attention process training: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke 40, 3293-3298.
8. Barwood, C. H., Murdoch, B. E., Whe-lan, B. M., Lloyd, D., Riek, S., O'Sullivan, J. D., Coulthard, A., and Wong, A., Aiken, P., and Hall, G. (2011a). The effects of low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and sham condition rTMS on behavioral language in chronic non-fluent aphasia. Short term outcomes. Neuro Rehabilitation 28, 113-128.
9. Barwood, C. H., Murdoch, B. E., Whe-lan, B. M., Lloyd, D., Riek, S., O'Sullivan, J. D., Coulthard, A., and Wong, A. (2011b). Improved language performance subsequent to low-frequency rTMS in patients with chronic nonfluent aphasia post-stroke. Eur. J. Neurol. 18, 935-943.
10. Barwood, C. H., Murdoch, B. E., Whe-lan, B. M., Lloyd, D., Riek, S., O'Sullivan, J. D., Coulthard, A., and Wong, A. (2011c). Modulation of N400 in chronic non-fluenct aphasia using low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Brain Lang. 116, 125-135.
11. Beck, L., Wolter, M., Mungard, N. F., Vohn, R., Staedtgen, M., Kuhlen, T., and Sturm, W. (2010). Evaluation of spatial processing in virtual reality using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 13, 211-215.
12. Bengtsson, S. L., Ullén, F., Ehrsson, H. H., Hashimoto, T., Kito, T., Naito, E., Forssberg, H., and Sadato, N. (2009). Listening to rhythms activate motor and premotor cortices. Cortex 45, 62-71.
13. Berchtold, M. C., Cribbs, D. H., Cole-man, P. D., Rogers, J., Head, E., Kim, R., Beach, T., Miller, C., Troncoso, J., Trojanowski, J. Q., Zielke, H. R., and Cotman, C. W. (2008). Gene expression changes in the course of normal brain aging are sexually dimorphic. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, 15605-15610.
14. Besson, M., Chobert, J., and Marie, C. (2011). Transfer of training between music and speech: common processing, attention, and memory. Front. Psychol. 2:94, 1-12.
15. Blankenburg, F., Ruff, C. C., Bestmann, S., Bjoertomt, O., Eshel, N., Josephs, O., Weiskopt, N., and Driver, J. (2008). Interhemispheric effect of parietal TMS on somatosensory response confirmed directly with concurrent TMS-fMRI. J. Neurosci. 28, 13202-13208.
16. Blankenburg, F., Ruff, C. C., Bestmann, S., Bjoertomt, O., Josephs, O., Deich-mann, R., and Driver, J. (2010). Studying the role of human parietal cortex in visuospatial attention with concurrent TMS-fMRI. Cereb. Cortex 20, 2702-2711.
17. Bolognini, N., and Maravita, A. (2011). Uncovering multisensory processing through non-invasive brain stimulation. Front. Psychol. 2:46. doi:10.3389/fpysg2011.00046
18. Broeren, J., Claesson, L., Goude, D., Rydmark, K., and Stibrant-Sunnerhagen, K. S., and Rydmark, M. (2007). Neglect assessment as an application of virtual reality. Acta Neurol. Scand. 116, 157-163.
19. Broeren, J., Samuelsson, H., Stibrant-Sunnerhagen, K., Blomstrand, C., and Rydmark, M. (2008). Virtual activity in an activity centre for community dwelling persons with stroke; the possibility of 3D computer games. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 26, 289-296.
20. Bullmore, E., and Sporns, O. (2009). Complex brain networks; graph theoretical analysis of structural and functional systems. Nat. Rev. Neu-rosci. 10, 186-198.
21. Buxbaum, L. J., Palermo, M. A., Mastro-giovanni, D., Read, M.S., Rosenberg-Pitonyak, E., Rizzo, A. A., and Coslett, H. B. (2008). Assessment of spatial attention and neglect with a virtual wheelchair navigation task. J. Clin. Exp. Neurosphychol. 30, 650-660.
22. Catmur, C., Mars, R. B., Rushworth, M. F., and Heyes, C. (2011). Making mirrors: premotor cortex stimulation enhances mirror and counter-mirror facilitation. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 23, 2352-2362.
23. Catmur, C., Walsh, V., and Heyes, C. (2009). Associative sequence learning: the role of experience in the development of imitation and the mirror system. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 364, 2369-2380.
24. Cattaneo, Z., Pizoni, A., and Papagno, C. (2011). Transcranial direct current stimulation over Broca's region improves phonemic and semantic fluency in healthy individuals. Neu-roscience 183, 64-70.
25. Cazzoli, D., Muri, R. M., Hess, C. W., and Nyffeler, T. (2010). Treatment of hemispatial neglect by means of rTMS - a review. Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. 28, 499-510.
26. Celnik, P., Webster, B., Glasser, D. M., and Cohen, L. G. (2008). Effects of action observation on physical training after stroke. Stroke 39, 1814-1820.
27. Cheeran, B., Tallelli, P., Mori, F., Koch, G., Suppa, A., Edwards, M., Houlden, H., Bhatia, K., Greenwood, R., and Rothwell, J. C. (2008). A common polymorphism in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene (BDNF) modulates human cortical plasticity and the response to rTMS. J. Physiol. 586, 5717-5725.
28. Chen, J. L., Penhune, V. B., and Zatorre, R. J. (2008). Listening to musical rhythms recruits motor regions of the brain. Cereb. Cortex 18, 2844-2854.
29. Ciccarelli, O., Catani, M., Johansen-Berg, H., Clark, C., and Thompson, A. (2008). Diffusion-based tractography in neurological disorders: concepts, applications, and future deveopments. Lancet Neurol. 7, 715-727.
30. Corballis, M. C. (2009). Language as gesture. Hum. Mov. Sci. 28, 556-565.
31. Corbetta, M., Kincade, M. J., Lewis, C., Snyder, A. Z., and Sapir, A. (2005). Neural basis and recovery of spatialattention deficits in spatial neglect. Nat. Neurosci. 8, 1603-1610.
32. Corbetta, M., and Shulman, G. L. (2011). Spatial neglect and attention networks. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 34, 569-599.
33. Da Silva Cameirao, M., Bermúdez, I., Badia, S., Duarte, E., and Verschure, P. F. (2011). Virtual reality based rehabilitation speeds up functional recovery of the upper extremities after stroke: a randomized controlled pilot study in the acute phase of stroke using the rehabilitation gaming system. Restor. Neurol. Neu-rosci. 29, 287-298.
34. Dewey, H. M., Sherry, L. J., and Coller, M. E. (2007). Stroke rehabilitation 2007: what should it be? Int. J. Stroke 2, 191-200.
35. Dick, A. S., Goldin-Medow, S., Hasson, U., and Skipper, J. L., and Small, S. L. (2009). Co-speech gestures influence neural activity in brain regions associated with processing semantic information. Hum. Brain Mapp. 30, 3509-3526.
36. Dick, A. S., Solodkin, A., and Small, S. L. (2010). Neural development for audiovisual speech comprehension. Brain Lang. 114, 101-114.
37. Dinse, H. R. (2005). Treating the aging brain: cortical reorganization and behavior. Acta Neurochir. Suppl. 93, 79-84.
38. Dohle, C., Püllen, J., Nakaten, A., Küst, J., Riezt, C., and Karbe, H. (2009). Mirror therapy promotes recovery from severe hemiparesis: a randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabil. Neural Repair 23, 209-217.
39. Driver, J., Blankenburg, F., Bestmann, S., Vanduffel, W., and Ruff, C. C. (2009). Concurrent brain-stimulation and neuroimaging for studies of cognition. Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.) 13, 319-327.
40. Driver, J., and Noesselt, T. (2008). Multi-sensory interplay reveals crossmodel influences on sensory-specific brain regions, neural responses, and judgments. Review. Neuron 57, 11-23.
41. Dunsky, A., Dickstein, R., Marcovitz, E., Levy, S., Deutsch, J. E. (2008). Home-based motor imagery training for gait rehabilitation of people with chronic poststroke hemi-paresis. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 89, 1580-1588.
42. Ertelt, D., Small, S., Solodkin, A., Dettmers, S., McNamara, A., Binkof-ski, F., and Buccino, G. (2007). Action observation has a positive impact on rehabilitation of motor deficits after stroke. Neuroimage 36, T164-T173.
43. Fadiga, L., Craighero, L., and D'Ausilio, A. (2009). Broca's area in languageaction and music. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1169, 448-458.
44. Fierro, B., Brighina, F., and Bisiach, E. (2006). Improving neglect with TMS. Behav. Neurol. 17, 169-176.
45. Fontana, A. P., Kilner, J. M., Rodrigues, E. C., Joffily, M., Nighoghossian, N., Vargas, C. D., and Sirigu, A. (2012). Role of the parietal cortex in predicting incoming actions. Neuroimage 59, 556-564.
46. Gallese, V., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., and Rizzolatti, G. (1996). Action recognition in the premotor cortex. Brain 119, 593-609.
47. Garry, M. I., Loftus, A., and Summers, J. J. (2005). Mirror, mirror on the wall: viewing a mirror reflection of unilateral hand movements facilitates ipsilateral M1 excitability. Exp. Brain Res. 163, 118-122.
48. Gentile, G., Petkola, V. I., and Ehrsson, H. H. (2011). Integration of visual and tactile signals from the hand in the human brain: an FMRI study. J. Neurophysiol. 105, 910-922.
49. Gentilucci, M., and Corballis, M. C. (2006). From manual gestures to speech: a gradual transition. Neu-rosci. Biobehav. Rev. 30, 949-960.
50. Ghazanfar, A. A., and Schroeder, C. E. (2006). Is neocortex essentially mul-tisensory? Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.) 10, 278-285.
51. Gong, G., He, Y., and Evans, A. C. (2011). Brain connectivity: gender makes a difference. Age- and gender-related differences in the cortical anatomical network. Neuroscientist 17, 575-591.
52. Gong, G., Rosa-Neto, P., Carbonell, F., Chen, Z. J., He, Y., and Evens, A. C. (2009). Age- and gender-related differences in the cortical anatomical network. J. Neurosci. 29, 15684-15693.
53. Gordon, R. L., Schön, D., Magne, C., Astésano, C., and Besson, M. (2010). Words and melody are intertwined in perception of sung words: EEG and behavioral evidence. PLoS ONE 5, e9889. doi:10.1371/jour-nal.pone.0009889
54. Grefkes, C., and Fink, G. R. (2011). Reorganization of cerebral networks after stroke: new insights from neuroimaging with connectivity approaches. Brain 134, 1264-1276.
55. Hamilton, R. H., Chrysikou, E. G., and Coslett, B. (2011). Mechanisms of aphasia recovery after stroke and the role of noninvasive brain stimulation. Brain Lang. 118, 40-50.
56. Hari, R., Fross, N., Avikainen, S., Kirveskari, E., Salenius, S., and Rizzolatti, G. (1998). Activation of human primary motor cortex during action observation: aneuromagnetic study. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 15061-15065.
57. He, B. J., Snyder, A. Z., Vincent, J. L., Epstein, A., Shulman, G. L., and Corbetta, M. (2007). Breakdown of functional connectivity in fron-toparietal networks underlies behavioral deficits in spatial neglect. Neuron 53, 905-918.
58. Hesse, M.D., Sparing, R., and Fink, G.R. (2011). Ameliorating spatial neglect with noninvasive brain stimulation: from pathophysiological concepts to novel treatment strategies. Neuropsychol. Rehabil. 21, 676-702.
59. Heyes, C. (2010). Where do mirror neurons come from? Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 34, 575-583.
60. Honey, C. J., Sporns, O., Cammoun, L., Gigandet, X., Thiran, J. P., Meuli, R., and Hagmann, P. (2009). Predicting human resting-state functional connectivity from structural connectivity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 2035-2040.
61. Huang, V. S., and Krakauer, J. W. (2009). Robotic neurorehabilitation: a computational motor learning perspective. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 25, 6, 5.
62. Indredavik, B. (2009). Stroke unit care is beneficial both for the patient and for the health service and should be widely implemented. Stroke 40, 1-2.
63. Järveläinen, J., Schürmann, M., Avikainen, S., and Hari, R. (2001). Stronger reactivity of the human primary motor cortex during observation of live rather than video motor acts. Neuroreport 12, 3493-3495.
64. Jeong, S., and Kim, M. T. (2007). Effects of a theory-driven music and movement program for stroke survivors in a community setting. Appl. Nurs. Res. 20. 125-131.
65. Jo, J. M., Kim, Y. H., Ko, M. H., Ohn, S. H., Joen, B., and Lee, K. H. (2009). Enhancing the working memory of stroke patients using tDCS. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 88, 404-409.
66. Johansen-Berg, H. (2010). Behavioral relevance of variation in white matter microstructure. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 23, 351-358.
67. Johansson, B. B. (2000). Brain plasticity and stroke rehabilitation. the Willis lecture. Stroke 31, 223-230.
68. Johansson, B. B. (2004). Functional and cellular effects of environmental enrichment after experimental brain infarcts. Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. 22, 163-174.
69. Johansson, B. B. (2011). Current trends in stroke rehabilitation. A review with focus on brain plasticity. Acta Neurol. Scand. 123, 147-159.
70. Johansson, B. B., and Belichenko, P. V. (2002). Neuronal plasticity and dendritic spines: effect of environmental enrichment on intact and post-ischemic rat brain. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 22, 89-96.
71. Kanai, R., and Rees, G. (2011). The structural basis of inter-individual differences in human behaviour and cognition. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 12, 231-242.
72. Kang, E. K., Baek, M. J., Kim, S., and Paik, N. J. (2009). Non-invasive cortical stimulation improves post-stroke attention decline. Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. 27, 645-650.
73. Kang, E. K., Kim, Y. K., Sohn, H. M., Cohen, L. G., and Paik, N. J. (2011). Improved picture naming in aphasia patients treated with cathodal tDCS to inhibit the right Broca's homo-logue area. Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. 29, 141-152.
74. Kattenstroth, J.-C., Kolankowska, I., Kalisch, T., and Dinse, H. R. (2010). Superior sensory, motor, and cognitive performance in elderly individuals with multi-year dancing activities. Front. Aging Neurosci. 2:31. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2010.00031
75. Kilner, J. M. (2011). More than one pathway to action understanding. Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.) 15, 352-357.
76. Kilner, J. M., Marchant, J. L., and Frith, C. D. (2009a). Relationship between activity in human primary motor cortex during action observation and the mirror neuron system. PLoS ONE 4, e4925. doi:10.1371/jour-nal.pone.0004925
77. Kilner, J. M., Neal, A., Weiskopf, N., Friston, K. J., and Frith, C. D. (2009b). Evidence for mirror neurons in human inferior frontal gyrus. J. Neurosci. 29, 10153-10159.
78. Kilner, J. M.,Vargas, C., Duval, S., Blake-more, S. J., and Sirigu, A. (2004). Motor activation prior to observation of a predicted movement. Nat. Neurosci. 7, 1299-1301.
79. Kim, D. Y., Ku, J., Chang, W. H., Park, T. H., Lim, J. Y., Han, K., Kim, I. Y., and Kim, S. I. (2010). Assessment of post-stroke extrapersonal neglect using a three-dimensional immersive program. Acta Neurol. Scand. 121, 171-177.
80. Kleim, J. A., Cham, S., Pringle, E., Schallert, K., Procaccio, V., Jimenez, R., and Cramer, S. C. (2006). BDNF val66met polymorphism is associated with modified experience-dependent plasticity in human motor cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 7, 735-737.
81. Koch, G., Bonni, S., Giacobbe, V., Bucci, G., Basile, B., Lupo, F., Versace, V., Bozzali, M., and Caltagirone, C. (2012). Theta-burst stimulation of the left hemisphere accelerates recovery of hemispatial neglect Neurology 78, 24-30.
82. Koelsch, S. (2009). A neuroscientific perspective on music therapy. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1169, 406-416.
83. Koelsch, S., Kasper, E., Sammler, K., Schutze, T., Gunder, T., and Friederici, A. D. (2004). Music, language and meaning: brain signatures of semantic processing. Nat. Neurosci. 7, 302-307.
84. Komitova, M., Mattsson, B., Johansson, B. B., and Eriksson, P. S. (2005). Enriched environment increases neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the sub-ventricular zone of stroke-lesioned adult rats. Stroke 36, 1278-1282.
85. Kramer, A. F., and Erickson, K. I. (2007). Capitalizing on cortical plasticity: influence of physical activity on cognition and brain function. Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.) 11, 342-348.
86. Kwakkel, G., Kollen, B., and Twisk, J. (2006). Impact of time on improvement of outcome after stroke. Stroke 37, 2348-2353.
87. Lee, J., Fowler, R., Rodney, D., Cher-ney, L., and Small, S. L. (2010). IMITATE. An intensive computer-based treatment for aphasia based on action observation and imitation. Aphasiology 244, 449-465.
88. Lewis, G. N., and Perreault, E. J. (2007). Side of lesion influences interhemi-spheric inhibition in subjects with post-stroke hemiparesis. Clin. Neurophysiol. 118, 2656-2663.
89. Lindenberger, U., Nagel, I. E., Chicherio, C., Li, S.-C., Heekeren, H. R., and Bäckman, L. (2008). Age-related decline in brain resources modulates genetic effects on cognitive functioning. Front. Neurosci. 2:2. doi:10.3389/neuro.01.039.2008
90. Lotze, M., and Cohen, L. G. (2006). Volition and imagery in neuroreha-bilitation. Cogn. Behav. Neurol. 19, 135-140.
91. Malykhin, N., Vahidy, S., Michielse, S., Coupland, N., Camicioli, R., Seres, P., and Carter, R. (2011). Structural organization of the prefrontal white matter pathways in the adult and aging brain measured by diffusion tensor imaging. Brain Struct. Funct. 216, 417-431.
92. Mattsson, B., Sørensen, J. C., Zimmer, Z., and Johansson, B. B. (1997). Neural grafting to experimental cortical infarcts improves behavioral outcome and reduces thalamic atrophy in rats housed in an enriched but not in standard environments. Stroke 28, 1225-1232.
93. McHughen, S. A., Rodrigues, P. F., Kleim, J. A., Kleim, E. D., Marchal-Crespo, L., Procaccio, V., and Cramer, S. C. (2010). BDNF Val66Met polymorphism influences motor system function in the human brain. Cereb. Cortex 20, 1254-1262.
94. Michielsen, M. E., Selles, R. W., van der Geest, J. N., Eckhardt, M., Yavuzer, G., Stam, H. J., Smits, M., Rib-bers, G. M., and Bussmann, J. B. (2011). Motor recovery and cortical reorganization after mirror therapy in chronic stroke patients: a phase II randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabil. Neural Repair 25, 223-233.
95. Mirelman, A., Bonato, P., and Deutsch, J. E. (2008). Effects of training with a robot-virtual reality system compared with a robot alone on the gait of individuals after stroke. Stroke 40, 169-174.
96. Miyajima, F., Oller, W., Mayes, A., Jackson, A., Thacker, N., Rabbitt, P., Pendleton, N., Horan, M., and Payton, A. (2008). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor polymorphism Val66Met influences cognitive abilities in the elderly. Genes Brain Behav. 7, 411-417.
97. Molenberghs, S., Hayward, L., Mat-tingly, J. B., and Cunnington, R. (2012a). Activation patterns during action observation are modulated by context in mirror system areas. Neuroimage 59, 608-615.
98. Molenberghs, S., Cunnington, R., and Mattingly, J. B. (2012b). Brain regions with mirror properties: a meta-analysis of 125 human fMRI studies. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 36, 341-349.
99. Musacchia, G., Arum, L., Nicol, T., Garstecki, D., and Kraus, N. (2009). Audiovisual deficits in older adults with hearing loss: biological evidence. Ear Hear. 30, 505-514.
100. Musacchia, G., Sams, M., Skoe, E., and Kraus, N. M. (2007). Musicians have enhanced subcortical auditory and audiovisual processing of speech and music. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 15894-15898.
101. Nishitani, N., and Hari, R. (2000). Temporal dynamics of cortical representation for action. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97, 913-918.
102. Nishitani, N., Schürmann, M., Amunts, K., and Hari, R. (2005). Broca's region: from action to language. Physiology 20, 60-69
103. Noesselt, T., Tyll, S., Boehler, C. N., Budinger, E., Heinze, H.-J., and Driver, J. (2010). Sound-induced enhancement of low-intensityvision: multisensory influences on human sensory-specific cortices and thalamic bodies relate perceptual enhancement of visual detection sensitivity. J. Neurosci. 30, 12609-13623.
104. Norton, A., Zipse, L., Marchina, S., and Schlaug, G. (2009). Melodic intonation therapy: shared insights on how it is done and why it might help. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1169, 431-436.
105. Nyberg, L., Eriksson, J., Larsson, A., and Marklund, P. (2006). Learning by doing versus learning by thinking: an MRI study of motor and mental training. Neuropsychologia 44, 711-717.
106. Olsson, C.-J., Jonsson, B., and Nyberg, L. (2008). Learning by doing and learning by thinking: an fMRI study of combining motor and mental training. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2:5. doi:10.3389/neuro.09.005.2008
107. Ortique, S., Sinigaglia, C., Rizzolatti, G., and Grafton, S. G. (2010). Understanding action of others: the electrodynamics of the left and right hemispheres. A high-density EEG neuroimaging study. PLoS ONE 5, e12160. doi:10.1371/jour-nal.pone.0012160
108. Ozdemis, E., Norton, A., and Schlaug, G. (2006). Shared and distinct neural correlates of singing and speaking. Neuroimage 628-635.
109. Page, S. J., and Harnich, S. (2012). Thinking about better speech: mental practice for stroke-induced motor speech impairments. Aphasiology 26, 127-142.
110. Page, S. J., Levine, P., Sisto, S., and Johnston, M. V. (2001a). A randomized efficacy and feasibility study of imagery in acute stroke. Clin. Rehabil. 15, 233-240.
111. Page, S. J., Levine, P., Sisto, S. A., and Johnston, M. V. (2001b). Mental practice combined with physical practice for upper-limb motor deficit in subacute stroke. Phys. Ther. 81, 1455-1462.
112. Page, S. J., Murray, C., Hermann, V., and Levine, P. (2011). Retention of motor changes in chronic stroke survivors who were administered mental practice. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 92, 1741-1745.
113. Page, S. J., Szaflarski, J. P., Eliassen, J. C., Pan, H., and Cramer, S. C. (2009). Cortical plasticity following motor skill learning during mental practice in stroke. Neurorehabil. Neural Repair 23, 382-388.
114. Parbery-Clark, A., Skoe, E., and Kraus, N. (2009). Musical experience limits the degradative effects of background noise on neuralprocessing of sound, J. Neurosci. 29, 14100-14107.
115. Pascual-Leone, A., Amedi, A., Fregni, F., and Merabet, L. B. (2005). The plastic human brain cortex. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 28, 377-401.
116. Patel, A. D. (2003). Language, music, syntax and the brain. Nat. Neurosci. 6, 674-681.
117. Patel, A. D. (2008). Music, Language, and The Brain. New York: Oxford University Press.
118. Patel, A. D., and Iversen, J. R. (2007). The linguistic benefits of musical abilities. Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.) 11, 369-372.
119. Persson, J., Nyberg, L., Lind, J., Lars-son, A., Nilsson, L.-G., Ingvar, M., and Buchner, R. I. (2006). Structure-function correlates of cognitive decline in aging. Cereb. Cortex 16, 907-915.
120. Press, C., Weiskopf, N., and Kliner, J. M. (2012). Dissociable roles of human inferior frontal gyrus during action execution and observation. Neuroimage 60, 1671-1677.
121. Przybyla, A., Good, D. C., and Sains-burg, R. L. (2012). Dynamic dominance varies with handedness: reduced interlimb asymmetries in left-handers. Exp. Brain Res. 216, 419-431.
122. Przybyla, A., Haaland, K. Y., Bagesteiro, L. B., and Sainsburg, R. L. (2011). Motor asymmetry reduction in older adults. Neurosci. Lett. 489, 99-104.
123. Racette, A., Bard, C., and Peretz, I. (2006). Making non-fluent aphasics speak: sing along! Brain 129, 1571-1584.
124. Rand, D., Katz, N., and Weiss, P. L. (2009). Intervention using the V Mall for improving motor and functional activity of the upper extremity in post stroke participants. Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med. 45, 113-121.
125. Raymer, A. M., Singletary, F., Rodriguez, A., Ciampitti, M., Heilman, K. M., and Rothi, L. J. (2006). Effect of gesture + verbal treatment for noun and word retrieval in aphasia. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 12, 867-882.
126. Rengachary, J., He, B. J., Shulman, G. L., and Corbetta, M. (2011). A behavioral analysis of spatial neglect and its recovery after stroke. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 5:29. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2011.00029
127. Rinehart, J. K., Singleton, R. E., Adair, J. C., Sadek, J. R., and Haaland, K. Y. (2008). Arm use after left or right hemiparesis is influenced by hand preference. Stroke 28, 1667-1673.
128. Rizzolatti, G., and Arbid, M. A. (1998). Language within our grasp. Trends Neurosci. 21, 188-194.
129. Rizzolatti, G., and Craighero, L. (2004). The mirror-neuron system. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 27, 169-192.
130. Sainburg, R. L., and Duff, S. V. (2006). Does motor lateralization have implications for stroke rehabilitation? J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 43, 311-322.
131. Saposnik, G., Levin, M., and for the Stroke Outcome Research Canada (SORCan) Working Group. (2011). Virtual reality in stroke rehabilitation. a meta-analysis and implications for clinicians. Stroke 42, 1380-1386.
132. Särkämö, T., Tervaniemi, M., Laiti-nen, S., Forsblom, A., Soinila, S., Mikkonen, M., Autti, T., Silven-noinen, H. M., Erkkilä, J., Laine, M., Peretz, J., and Hietanen, M. (2008). Music listening enhances cognitive recovery and mood after middle cerebral artery stroke. Brain 131, 866-876.
133. Sathian, K., Greenspan, A., and Wolf, S. L. (2000). Doing it with mirrors: a case study of a novel approach to neurorehabilitation. Neurorehabil. Neural Repair 14, 73-76.
134. Schaefer, S. Y., Haaland, K. Y., and Sainburg, R. L. (2009). Dissociation of initial trajectory and final position errors during visuomotor adaptation following unilateral stroke. Brain Res. 1298, 78-91.
135. Schaefer, S. Y., Haaland, K. Y., and Sainsburg, R. L. (2007). Ipsilat-eral motor deficits following stroke reflect hemispheric specializations for movement control. Brain 130, 2146-2158.
136. Schaefer, S. Y., Mutha, P. K., Haaland, K. Y., and Sainburg, R.L. (2011). Hemispheric specialization for movement control produces dissociable differences in online corrections after stroke. Cereb. Cortex [Epub ahead of print].
137. Schauer, M., and Mauritz, K. M. (2003). Musical motor feedback (MMF) in walking hemiparetic stroke patients: randomized trials of gate improvement. Clin. Rehabil. 17, 713-722.
138. Schlaug, G., Marchina, S., and Norton, A. (2009). Evidence for plasticity in white-matter tracts of patients with chronic Broca's aphasia undergoing intense intonation-based speech therapy. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1169, 385-394.
139. Schlaug, G., Marchina, S., and Wan, C. Y. (2011). The use of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques to facilitate recovery from post-stroke aphasia. Neuropsychol. Rev. 21, 288-301.
140. Shahin, A. J. (2011). Neuro-physiological influence of musical training on speech perception. Front. Psychol. 2:126. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00126
141. Shams, L., and Seitz, A. R. (2008). Benefits of multisensory learning. Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.) 12, 411-416.
142. Skipper, J. I., Goldin-Meadow, S., Nusbaum, H. C., and Small, S. L. (2007a). Speech associated gestures, Broca's area, and the human mirror system. Brain Lang. 101, 260-277.
143. Skipper, J. I., van Wassenhove, V., Nus-baum, H. C., and Small, S. L. (2007b). Hearing lips and seeing voices: how cortical areas supporting speech production mediate audiovisual speech perception. Cereb. Cortex 17, 2387-2399.
144. Skipper, J. I., Goldin-Meadow, S., Nus-baum, H. C., and Small, S. L. (2009). Gestures orchestrate brain networks for language understanding. Curr. Biol. 19, 661-667.
145. Song, J. H., Skoe, E., Banai, K., and Kraus, N. (2011). Training to improve hearing speech in noise: biological mechanism. Cereb. Cortex. [Epub ahead of print].
146. Soto, D., Funes, M. J., Guzmán-Garcia, A., Warbrick, T., Rotshtein, P., and Humphrey, G. W. (2009). Pleasant music overcomes the loss of awareness in patients with visual neglect. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 6011-6016.
147. Sparing, R., Thimm, M., Hesse, M. D., Küst, J., Karbe, H., and Fink, G. R. (2009). Bidirectional alterations of interhemispheric parietal balance by non-invasive cortical stimulation. Brain 132, 3011-3020.
148. Sporns, O. (2011). Networks of the Brain. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
149. Sporns, O., Chialvo, D. R., Kaiser, M., and Hilgetag, C.-C. (2004). Organization, development and function of complex brain networks. Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.) 8, 418-425.
150. Sporns, O., Honey, C. J., and Kötter, R. (2007). Identification and classification of hubs in brain networks. PLoS ONE 10, e1049. doi:10.1371/journl.pone.0001049
151. Strait, D. L., and Kraus, N. (2011). Can you hear me now? musical training shapes functional brain networks for selective auditory attention and hearing speech in noise. Front. Psy-chol. 2:113, 1-10.
152. Straube, T., Schultz, A., Geipel, K., Mentzel, H.-J., and Miltner, W. H. R. (2008). Dissociation betweensinging and speaking in expressive aphasia: the role of song familiarity. Neuropsychologia 46, 1505-1512.
153. Stroke Unit Trialists' Collaboration. (2007). Organized inpatients stroke unit care for stroke. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2007, CD000197.
154. Takahashi, C. D., Der-Yeghiaian, L., Le, V., Motiwala, R. R., and Cramer, S. C. (2008). Robot-based therapy after stroke. Brain 131, 425-437.
155. Tessari, A., Canessa, N., Ukmar, M., and Rumiati, R. I. (2007). Neuropsychological evidence for a strategic control of multiple routes in imitation. Brain 130, 1111-1126.
156. Thaut, M. H., Gardner, J. C., Holm-berg, D., Horwitz, J., Kent, L., Andrews, G., Donelan, B., and McIntosh, G. R. (2009). Neurologic music therapy improves executive function and emotional adjustment in traumatic brain injury rehabilitation. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 131, 866-876.
157. Thaut, M. H., Leins, A. K., Rice, R. R., Argstatter, H., Kenyon, G. P., McIntosh, G. C., Bolay, H. V., and Fetter, M. (2007). Bobath training in near-ambulatory patients early post-stroke: a single-blind, randomized trial. Neurorehabil. Neural Repair 21, 455-459.
158. Tsirlin, I., Dupierrix, E., Chokron, S., Coquillart, S., and Ohlmann, T. (2009). Uses of virtual reality for diagnosis, rehabilitation and study of unilateral spatial neglect: review and analysis. Cyberpsychol. Behav. 12, 175-181.
159. Urbanski, M., Thiebaut de Schotten, M., Rodrigo, S., Oppeheim, C., Touzé, E., Méder, J.-F., Moreau, K., Loeper-Jeny, C., Dubois, B., and Bartolomeo, P. (2011). DTI-MR tractography of white matter damage in stroke patients with neglect. Exp. Brain Res. 208, 491-505.
160. Vines, B. W., Norton, A. C., and Schlaug, G. (2011). Non-invasive brain stimulation enhances the effects of melodic intonation therapy. Front. Psychol. 2:230. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00230
161. Wang, J., and Sainburg, R. L. (2007). The dominant and non-dominant arms are specialized for stabilizing different features of task performance. Exp. Brain Res. 178, 565-570.
162. Wang, L., Yu, C., Chen, H., Qin, W., He, Y., Fan, F., Zhang, Y., Wang, M., Li, K., Zang, Y., Woodwaard, T. S., andZhu, C. (2010). Dynamic functional reorganization of the motor execution network after stroke. Brain 133, 1224-1238.
163. Westlake, K. P., and Nagarajan, S. S. (2011). Functional connectivity in relation to motor performance and recovery after stroke. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 5:8. doi:10.3389/fnsys.2011.00008
164. Wong, P. C., Skoe, E., Russo, N. M., Dees, T., and Kraus, N. (2007). Musical experience shapes human brainstem encoding of linguistic pitch patterns. Nat. Neurosci. 10, 420-422.
165. Xu, J., Gannon, P. J., Emmorey, K., Smith, J. F., and Braun, A. R. (2009). Symbolic gestures and spoken language are processed by a common neural system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 20664-20669.
166. Yavuzer, G., Selles, P., Sezer, N., Sütbeyaz, S., Bussmann, J. B., Köseoglu, F., Atay, M. B., and Stam, H. J. (2008). Mirror therapy improves hand function in subacute stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 89, 393-398.
167. You, D. S., Kim, D. Y., Chun, M. H., Jung, S. E., and Park, S. J. (2011). Cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the right Wernicke's area improves comprehension in subacute stroke patients. Brain Lang. 119, 1-5.
168. Zamora-López, G., Zhou, C., and Kurths, J. (2011). Exploring brain function from anatomical connectivity. Front. Neurosci. 5:83. doi:10.3389/fnins.2011.00083
169. Zamora-López, G., Zhou, C., Musac-chia, G., Arum, L., Nicol, T., Garstecki, D., and Kraus, N. (2009). Audiovisual deficits in older adults with hearing loss; biological evidence. Ear Hear. 30, 505-514.
170. Zatorre, R. J., Chen, J. L., and Penhune, V. A. (2007). When the brain plays music: auditory-motor interactions in music perception andproduction. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8, 547-558.