Stroke rehabilitation 2007: What should it be?

International Journal of Stroke

Volumn 2, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 191-200

  Dewey, Helen M ^a,b,c   Sherry, Lisa J ^b,c   Collier, Janice M ^a  

^a FLOREY INSTITUTE OF NEUROSCIENCE AND MENTAL HEALTH   (Australia)

^b AUSTIN HEALTH   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Evidence based medicine; Rehabilitation; Stroke; Stroke units

Indexed keywords

ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; AMITRIPTYLINE; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; ESTROGEN; LAMOTRIGINE; LEVODOPA; METHYLPHENIDATE;

ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; BRAIN FUNCTION; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL RESEARCH; CLINICAL TRIAL; DAILY LIFE ACTIVITY; DEATH; DEPRESSION; ENTERIC FEEDING; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HEALTH CARE ACCESS; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HOME CARE; HOSPITAL PATIENT; HUMAN; INDEPENDENCE; MEMORY DISORDER; NEGLECT; OUTPATIENT; PAIN; PELVIC FLOOR MUSCLE TRAINING; PHYSICAL DISABILITY; PHYSIOTHERAPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOTHERAPY; QUALITY CONTROL; REHABILITATION CARE; REVIEW; SPEECH THERAPY; STROKE; URINE INCONTINENCE; WALKING;

EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; PHYSICAL THERAPY MODALITIES; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; STROKE;

EID: 34547134720     PISSN: 17474930     EISSN: 17474949     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4949.2007.00146.x     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. Strong K, MatSers C, Bonita R: Preventing stroke: saving lives around the world. Lancet Neurol 2007; 6: 182-7.
2. Evers SM, Struijs JN, Ament AJ, van Genugten ML, Jager J, van den Bos GA: International comparison of stroke cost studies. Stroke 2004; 35: 1209-15.
3. Dewey H, Thrift A, Mihalopoulos C et al. The cost of stroke in Australia from a societal perspective: Results from the North East Melbourne Stroke Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Stroke 2001; 32: 2409-16.
4. Murakami M, Inouye M: Stroke reAabilitation outcome study: a comparison of Japan with the United States. Am J Phys Med Rehab 2002; 81: 279-82.
5. Beech R, Ratcliffe M, Tilling K, Wolfe C: Hospital services of stroke care: A European perspective. Stroke 1996; 27: 1958-64.
6. Cadilhac D, Moodie ML, Lalor EE, Bilney LE, Donnan GA, on behalf of the National Stroke Foundation: Improving access to evidence-based acute stroke services: Development and evaluation of a health systems model to address equity of access issues. Aust Health Rev 2006; 30: 109-18.
7. Stroke Unit Trialists' Collaboration: Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001: Art. No.: CD000197. DOI:.
8. Brainin M, Olsen T, Chamorro A et al. Organization of stroke care: education, referral, emergency management and imaging, stroke units and rehabilitation. European stroke initiative. Cerebrovasc Dis 2004; 17: 1-14.
9. National Audit Office: Reducing brain damage: Faster access to better stroke care [online]. 2005. Available from URL: http://www.nao.org.uk (accessed on 15/12/2006).
10. Bersano A, Candelise L, the PROSIT Study Group et al. Stroke unit care in Italy. Results from PROSIT (Project On Stroke Services in Italy). A nationwide study. Neurol Sci 2006; 27: 332-9.
11. Kwakkel G: Impact of intensity of practiIe after stroke: issues for consideration. Disabil Rehabil 2006; 28: 823-30.
12. Wade DT, Skilbeck CE, Langton Hewer R, Wood VA: Therapy after stroke: amounts, determinants and effects. Int Rehabil Med 1984; 6: 105-10.
13. Bernhardt J, DPwey H, Thrift A, Donnan G: Inactive and alone: physical activity within the first 14 days of acute stroke unit care. Stroke 2004; 35: 1005-9.
14. Brandstater ME: Stroke rehabilitation. In De Lisa JA, Gans BM, Walsh NE (eds): Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: Principles and Practice. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2005: 1655-1676.
15. Stroke Unit Trialists' Collaboration: Collaborative systematic review of the randomised trials of organised inpatient (stroke unit) care after stroke. BMJ 1997; 314: 1151-9.
16. LanghornT P, Dennis MS: Stroke units: the next 10 years. Lancet 2004; 363: 834-5.
17. Langhorne P, Duncan P: Does the organization of postacute stroke care really matter? Stroke 2001; 32: 268-74.
18. Kalra L, Evans A, Perez I et al. Training carers of stroke patients: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2004; 328: 1099.
19. Patel A, Knapp M, Evans A, Perez I, Kalra L: Training care givers of stroke patients: Economic evaluation. BMJ 2004; 726: 1102.
20. Bowen A, Lincoln NB, Dewey M: Cognitive rehabilitation for spatial neglect following stroke. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews: Reviews 2002 Issue 2. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. DOI:.
21. Kwakkel G, van Peppen R, Wagenaar RC et al. Effects of augmented exercise therapy time after stroke. A meta-analysis. Stroke 2004; 35: 2529-36.
22. Horn SD, DeJong G, Smout RJ, Gassaway J, James R, Conroy B: Stroke rehabilitation patients, practice, and outcomes: Is earlier and more aggressive therapy better? Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005; 86: S101-14.
23. Blennerhassett J, Dite W: Additional task-related practice improves mobility and upper limb function early after stroke: A randomised controlled trial. Aust J Physiother 2004; 50: 219-24.
24. Melvin JL: Interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary activities and the ACRM. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1980; 61: 379-80.
25. Warren ML, Houston S, LuFuire R: Collaborative practice teams: from multidisciplinary to interdisciplinary. Outcomes Manag Nurs Pract 1998; 2: 95-98.
26. Langhorne P, Dennis M: Stroke Units: An Evidence Based Approach. London: BMJ books, 1998.
27. Outpatient Service Trialists: Therapy-based rehabilitation services for stroke patients at home. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003: Art. No.: CD002925. DOI:.
28. Moodie M, Cadilhac D, Pearce D et al. Economic evaluation of Australian stroke services. A prospective, multicentre study comparing dedicated stroke units with other care modalities. Stroke 2006; 37: 2790-5.
29. Patel A, Knapp M, Perez I, Evans A, Kalra L: Alternative strategies for stroke care. Cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analyses from a prospective randomized controlled trial. Stroke 2004; 35: 196-204.
30. Brady BK, McGahan L, Skidmore B: Sytematic review of economic evidence on stroke rehabilitation services. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2005; 21: 15-21.
31. Indredavik B, Slørdahl S, Bakke F, Rokseth R, Håheim L: Stroke unit treatment, long-term effects. Stroke 1997; 28: 1861-6.
32. Lincoln N, Husbands S, Trescoli C, Drummond A, Gladman J, Berman P: Five year follow up of a randomised controlled trial of a stroke rehabilitation unit. BMJ 2000; 320: 549.
33. Fuentes B, Diez-Tejedor E, Ortega-Casarrubios MA, Martinez P, Lara M, Frank A: Consistency of the benefits of stroke units over years of operation: An 8-year effectivenss analysis. Cerebrovasc Dis 2006; 21: 173-9.
34. Early Supported Discharge Trialists: Services for reducing duration of hospital care for acute stroke patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005: Art. No.: CD000443. DOI:.
35. Teasell RW, Foley NC, Bhogal SK, Speechley MR: Early supported discharge in stroke rehabilitation. Topics in Stroke Rehabil 2003; 10: 19-33.
36. Larsen T, Olsen T, Sorensen J: Early home-supported discharge of stroke patients: A health technology assessment. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2006; 22: 313-20.
37. Anderson C, Mhurchu CN, Brown PM, Carter K: Stroke rehabilitation services to accelerate hospital discharge and provided home-based care. An overview and cost analysis. Pharmacoeconomics 2002; 20: 537-52.
38. Anderson C, Rubenach S, Mhurchu C, Clark M, Spencer C, Winsor A: Hospital or home for stroke rehabilitation? Results of a randomised controlled trial -I, health outcomes at 6 months. Stroke 2000; 31: 1024-31.
39. Anderson C, Mhurchu C, Rubenach S, Clark M, Spencer C, Winsor A: Hospital or home for stroke rehabilitation? Results of a randomised controlled trial-ii, cost minimization analysis at 6 months. Stroke 2000; 31: 1032-37.
40. Langhorne P, Stott D, Robertson L et al. Medical complications after stroke: A multicenter study. Stroke 2000; 31: 1223-9.
41. European society of cardiology: The task force on the management of acute myocardial infarction of the European society of cardiology. Acute myocardial infarction: Pre-hospital and in-hospital management. Eur Heart J 1996; 17: 43-63.
42. Indredavik B, Bakke F, Slordahl S, Rokseth R, Haheim L, Holme I: Treatment in a combined acute and rehabilitation stroke unit: Which aspects are most important? Stroke 1999; 30: 917-23.
43. Risedal A, Zeng J, Johansson BB: Early training may excerbate brain damage after focal brain ischaemia in the rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1999; 19: 997-1003.
44. Diserens K, Michel P, Bogousslavsky J: Early mobilisation after stroke: review of the literature. Cerebrovasc Dis 2006; 22: 183-90.
45. Bernhardt J, Dewey H, Collier J et al. A very early rehabilitation trial (AVERT). Int J Stroke 2006; 1: 169-71.
46. Maulden SA, Gassaway J, Horn SD, Smout RJ, DeJong G: Timing of initiation of rehabilitation after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005; 86: S34-40.
47. McClellan R, Ada L: A six-week, resource-efficient mobility program after discharge from rehabilitation improves standing in people affected by stroke: Placebo-controlled, randomised trial. Aust J Physiother 2004; 50: 163-7.
48. Langhorne P, Wagenaar M, Partridge C: Physiotherapy after stroke: more is better? Physiother Res Int 1996; 1: 75-88.
49. Alexander H, Bugge C, Hagen S: What is the asssociation between the different components of stroke rehabilitation and health outcomes? Clin Rehabil 2001; 15: 207-15.
50. Winstein CJ, Rose DK, Tan SM, Lewthwaite R, Chui HC, Azen SP: A randomized controlled comparison of upper-extremity rehabilitation strategies in acute stroke: A pilot study of immediate and long-term outcomes. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004; 85: 620-8.
51. Wolf SL, Winstein CJ, Miller JP et al. Effect of constraint-induced movement therapy on upper extremity function 3 to 9 months after stroke: the EXCITE randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2006; 296: 2095-104.
52. Van Peppen RPS, Kwakkel G, Wood-Dauphinee S, Hendricks MJM, Van der Wees P-HJ, Dekker J: The impact of physical therapy on functional outcomes after stroke: What's the evidence? Clin Rehabil 2004; 18: 833-62.
53. Salbach NM, Mayo NE, Wood-Dauphinee S, Hanley JA, Richards CL, Côté R: A task-orientated intervention enhances walking distance and speed in the first year post stroke: A randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 2004; 18: 509-19.
54. Legg LA, Drummond AE, Langhorne P: Occupational therapy for patients with problems in activities of daily living after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006: Art. No.: CD003585. DOI:.
55. Walker M, Leonardi-Bee J, Bath P et al. Individual patient data meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of community occupational therapy for stroke patients. Stroke 2004; 35: 2226-32.
56. Ada L, Dean CM, Hall JM, Bampton J, Crompton S: A treadmill and overground walking program improves walking in persons residing in the community after stroke: A placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003; 84: 1486-91.
57. National Stroke Foundation: Clinical Guidelines for Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery. Melbourne, Australia: NSF, 2005.
58. Moseley AM, Stark A, Cameron ID, Pollock A: Treadmill training and body weight support for walking after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005: Art. No.: CD002840. DOI:.
59. Basmajian J, Kukulka C, Narayan M, Takebe K: Biofeedback treatment of foot-drop after stroke compared with standard rehabilitation technique: effects on voluntary control and strength. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1975; 56: 231-6.
60. Inglis J, Donald M, Monga T, Sproule M, Young M: Electromyographic biofeedback and physical therapy of the hemiplegic upper limb. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1984; 65: 755-9.
61. Glanz M, Klawansky S, Stason W, Berkey C, Chalmers TC: Functional electrostimulation in poststroke rehabilitation: A meta-analysis of the randomized controlled trials. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996; 77: 549-53.
62. Morris S, Dodd K, Morris M: Outcomes of progressive resistance strength training following stroke: A systematic review. Clin Rehabil 2004; 18: 27-39.
63. Wu HM, Tang JL, Lin XP et al. Acupuncture for stroke rehabilitation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006: Art. No.: CD004131. DOI:.
64. Zhang SH, Liu M, Asplund K, Li L: Acupuncture for acute stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005: Art. No.: CD003317. DOI:.
65. van Kuijk AA, Geurts AC, Bevaart BJ, van Limbeek J: Treatment of upper extremity spasticity in stroke patients by focal neuronal or neuromuscular blockade: A systematic review of the literature (structured abstract). J Rehabil Med 2002; 34: 51-61.
66. Garces K, McCormick A, McGahan L, Skidmore B: Botulinum Toxin a in the Treatment of Upper and Lower Limb Spasticity: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Ottawa: Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, 2006.
67. Meythaler J, Guin-Renfroe S, Brunner R, Hadley M: Intrathecal baclofen for spastic hypertonia from stroke. Stroke 2001; 32: 2099-109.
68. Creedon S, Dijkers M, Hinderer S: Intrathecal baclofen for severe spasticity: A meta-analysis. Int J Rehabil Health 1997; 3: 171-85.
69. Ageranioti SA, Hayes KC: Effects of vibration on hypertonia and hyperreflexia in the wrist joint of patients with spastic hemiparesis. Physiother Can 1990; 42: 24-33.
70. Carey JR: Eanual stretch: effect of finger movement control and force control in stroke subjects with spastic extrinsic finger flexor muscles. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1990; 71: 888-94.
71. Foley N, Bhogal S, Foley N: Painful hemiplegic shoulder. in: Canadian Stroke Network. Evidence-based reviews of stroke rehabilitation [Online], 2006:[Accessed 10/5/20H7] Available at URL: http://ebrsr.com/ index_home.html
72. Braus DF, Krauss JK, Strobel J: The shoulder-hand syndrome after stroke: a prospective clinical trial. Ann Neurol 1994; 36: 728-33.
73. Moseley GL: Graded motor imagery is effective for long-standing complex regional pain syndrome: A randomised controlled trial. Pain 2004; 108: 192-8.
74. Mortenson PA, Eng JJ: The use of casts in the management of joint mobility and hypertonia following brain injury in adults: A systematic review. Phys Ther 2003; 83: 648-58.
75. Gillespie LD, Gillespie WJ, Robertson MC, Lamb SE, Cumming RG, Rowe BH: Interventions for preventing falls in elderly people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003: Art. No.: CD000340. DOI:.
76. Lyons RA, Sander LV, Weightman AL et al. Modification of the home environment for the reduction of injuries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003: Art No.: CD003600 DOI:. 2003.
77. Lannin NA, Herbert RD: Is hand splinting effective for adults following stroke? A systematic review and methodological critique of published research. Clin Rehabil 2003; 17: 807-16.
78. Snels IAK, Beckerman H, Twisk JWR et al. Effect of triamcinolone acetonide injections on hemiplegic shoulder pain: A randomized clinical trial. Stroke 2000; 31: 2396-401.
79. Inaba M, Edberg E, Montgomery J, Gillis MK: Effectiveness of functional training, active exercise, and resistive exercise for patients with hemiplegia. Phys Ther 1973; 53: 28-35.
80. Kumar R, Metter EJ, MehTa AJ, Chew T: Shoulder pain in hemiplegia: the role of exercise. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1990; 69: 205-8.
81. Gustafsson L, McKenna K: A programme of static positional stretches does not reduce hemiplegic shoulder pain or maintain shoulder range of motion -a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 2006; 20: 277.
82. Weinberg J, Diller L, Gordon WA et al. Visual scanning training effect on reading-related tasks in acquired right brain damage. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1977; 58: 479-86.
83. Kalra L, Perez I, Gupta S, Wittink M: The influence of visual neglect on stroke rehabilitation. Stroke 1997; 28: 1386-91.
84. Robertson IH, Gray JM, Pentland B, Waite LJ: Microcomputer-based rehabilitation for unilateral left visual neglect: A randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1990; 71: 663-638.
85. Pizzamiglio L, Fasotti L, Jehkonen M et al. The use of optokinetic stimulation in rehabilitation of the hemineglect disorder. Cortex 2004; 40: 441-50.
86. Lincoln NB, Majid MJ, Weyman N: Cognitive rehabilitation for attention deficits following stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000: Art. No.: CD002842. DOI:.
87. Majid MJ, Lincoln NB, Weyman N: Cognitive rehabilitation for memory deficits following stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000: Art. No.: CD002293. DOI:.
88. Park NW, Ingles JL: Effectiveness of attention rehabilitation after an acquired brain injury: A meta analysis. Neuropsychology 2001; 15: 199-210.
89. Wilson BA, Emslie HC, Quirk K, Evans JJ: Reducing everyday memory and planning problems by means of a paging system: A randomised control crossover study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 2001; 70: 477-82.
90. Hackett ML, Yapa C, Parag V, Anderson CS: Frequency of depression after stroke. A systematic review of observational studies. Stroke 2005; 36: 1330-40.
91. Gillen R, Tennen H, McKee TE, Gernert-Dott P, Affleck G: Depressive symptoms and history of depression predict rehabilitation efficiency in stroke patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001; 82: 1645-9.
92. Herrmann N, Black SE, Lawrence J, Szekely C, Szalai JP: The sunnybrook stroke study: A prospective study of depressive symptoms and functional outcome. Stroke 1998; 29: 618-24.
93. Pohjasvaara T, Vataja R, Leppavuori A, Kaste M, Erkinjuntti T: Depression is an independent predictor of poor long-term functional outcome post-stroke. Eur J Neurol 2001; 8: 315-9.
94. House A, Knapp P, Bamford J, Vail A: Mortality at 12 and 24 months after stroke may be associated with depressive symptoms at 1 month. Stroke 2001; 32: 696-701.
95. Morris PL, Robinson RG, Andrzejewski P, Samuels J, Price TR: Association of depression with 10-year poststroke mortality. Am J Psychiat 1993; 150: 124-9.
96. Williams LS, Ghose SS, Swindle RW: Depression and other mental health diagnoses increase mortality risk after ischemic stroke. Am J Psychiat 2004; 161: 1090-5.
97. Anderson CS, Hackett ML, House AO: Interventions for preventing depression after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004: Art. No.: CD003689. DOI:.
98. Almeida OP, Waterreus A, Hankey GJ: Preventing depression after stroke: results from a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiat 2006; 67: 1104-9.
99. Neumeyer-Gromen A, Lampert T, Stark K, Kallischnigg G: Disease management programs for depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (structured abstract). Med Care 2004; 42: 1211-21.
100. Joubert J, Reid C, Joubert L et al. Risk factor management and depression post-stroke: The value of an integrated model of care. J Clin Neurosci 2006; 13: 84-90.
101. Casacalenda N, Perry JC, Looper K: Remission in major depressive disorder: A comparison of pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and control conditions (structured abstract). Am J Psychiat 2002; 159: 1354-60.
102. Pampallona S, Bollini P, Tibaldi G, Kupelnick B, Munizza C: Combined pharmacotherapy and psychological treatment for depression: A systematic review (provisional record). Arch Gen Psychiat 2004; 61: 714-9.
103. Hackett ML, Anderson CS, House AO: Interventions for treating depression after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004: Art. No.: CD003437. DOI:.
104. The Food Trial Collaboration: Effect of timing and method of enteral tube feeding for dysphagic stroke patients (FOOD): A multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 365: 764-72.
105. Greener J, Enderby P, Whurr R: Speech and language therapy for aphasia following stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1999: Art. No.: CD000425. DOI:.
106. Bhogal S, Teasell R, Speechley M, Albert M: Intensity of aphasia therapy, impact on recovery. Stroke 2003; 34: 987-93.
107. Cappa SF, Benke T, Clarke S, Rossi B, Stemmer B, van Heugten CM: EFNS guidelines on cognitive rehabilitation: Report of an EFNS task force. Eur J Neurol 2005; 12: 665-80.
108. Kolominsky-Rabas PL, Hilz M-J, Neundoerfer B, Heuschmann PU: Impact of urinary incontinence after stroke: Results from a prospective population-based stroke register. Neurourol Urodyn 2003; 22: 322-7.
109. Brittain KRM, Perry SIP, Peet SMP et al. Prevalence and impact of urinary symptoms among community-dwelling stroke survivors. Stroke 2000; 31: 886-91.
110. Thomas LH, Barrett J, Cross S et al. Prevention and treatment of urinary incontinence after stroke in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005: Art. No.: CD004462. DOI:.
111. Tibaek S, Gard G, Jensen R: Pelvic floor muscle training is effective in women with urinary incontinence after stroke: A randomised, controlled and blinded study. Neurourol Urodyn 2005; 24: 348-57.
112. Hay-Smith EJC, Dumoulin C: Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006: Art. No.: CD005654. DOI:.
113. Wallace SA, Roe B, Williams K, Palmer M: Bladder training for urinary incontinence in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004: Art. No.: CD001308. DOI:.
114. Nabi G, Cody JD, Ellis G, Herbison P, Hay-Smith J: Anticholinergic drugs versus placebo for overactive bladder syndrome in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006: Art. No.: CD003781. DOI:.
115. Alhasso AA, McKinlay J, Patrick K, Stewart L: Anticholinergic drugs versus non-drug active therapies for overactive bladder syndrome in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006: Art. No.: CD003193. DOI:.
116. Alhasso A, Glazener CMA, Pickard R, N'Dow J: Adrenergic drugs for urinary incontinence in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005: Art. No.: CD001842. DOI:.
117. Moehrer B, Hextall A, Jackson S: Oestrogens for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003: Art. No.: CD001405. DOI: 10.1002/ 14651858.CD001405gt;.
118. Brittain KR, Peet SM, Castleden CM: Stroke and incontinence. Stroke 1998; 29: 524-8.
119. Ontario Health Technology Advisory Committee: OHTAC recommendation portable bladder ultrasound [Online]. Ontario: Ministry of Health and Longterm Care; 2006 [accessed 11/5/2007]. Available at URL: http://www.health.gov.on.ca/english/providers/program/mas/tech/ technology/tech_pbu_040106.html
120. Nakayama H, Jorgensen H, Pedersen P, Raaschou H, Olsen T: Prevalence and risk factors of incontinence after stroke. The Copenhagen stroke study. Stroke 1997; 28: 58-62.
121. Harari D, Norton C, Lockwood L, Swift C: Treatment of constipation and fecal incontinence in stroke patients: Randomized controlled trial. Stroke 2004; 35: 2549-55.
122. Coggrave M, Wiesel PH, Norton C: Management of faecal incontinence and constipation in adults with central neurological diseases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006: Art. No.: CD002115. DOI:.
123. Gladstone DJ, Danells CJ, Armesto A et al. Subacute Therapy with Amphetamine and Rehabilitation for Stroke Study I. Physiotherapy coupled with dextroamphetamine for rehabilitation after hemiparetic stroke: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Stroke 2006; 37: 179-85.
124. Scheidtmann K, Fries W, Muller F, Koenig E: Effect of levodopa in combination with physiotherapy on functional motor recovery after stroke: A prospective, randomised, double-blind study. Lancet 2001; 358: 787-90.
125. Floel A, Hummel F, Breitenstein C, Knecht S, Cohen LG: Dopaminergic effects on encoding of a motor memory in chronic stroke. Neurology 2005; 65: 472-4.
126. Sonde L, Lokk J: Effects of amphetamine and/or l-dopa and physiotherapy after stroke -a blinded randomized study. Acta Neurol Scand 2007; 115: 55-59.
127. Grade C, Redford B, Chrostowski J, Toussaint L, Blackwell B: Methylphenidate in early poststroke recovery: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998; 79: 1047-50.
128. Hurford P, Stringer AY, Jann B: Neuropharmacologic treatment of hemineglect: A case report comparing bromocriptine and methylphenidate. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998; 79: 346-9.
129. Martinsson L, Hårdemark H, Eksborg S: Amphetamines for improving recovery after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007: Art. No.: CD002090. DOI:.
130. Jonsson AC, Lindgren I, Hallstrom B, Norrving B, Lindgren A: Prevalence and intensity of pain after stroke: A population based study focusing on patients' perspectives. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 2006; 77: 590-5.
131. Lindgren I, Jonsson AC, Norrving B, Lindgren A: Shoulder pain after stroke: A prospective population-based study. Stroke 2007; 38: 343-8.
132. Kong K-H, Woon V-C, Yang S-Y: Prevalence of chronic pain and its impact on health-related quality of life in stroke survivors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004; 85: 35-40.
133. Andersen G, Vestergaard K, Ingeman-Nielsen M, Jensen TS: Incidence of central post-stroke pain. Pain 1995; 61: 187-93.
134. Frese A, Husstedt IW, Ringelstein EB, Evers S: Pharmacologic treatment of central post-stroke pain. Clin J Pain 2006; 22: 252-60.
135. Bowsher D: The management of central post-stroke pain. Postgrad Med J 1995; 71: 598-604.