Transfer of training between music and speech: Common processing, attention, and memory

Frontiers in Psychology

Volumn 2, Issue MAY, 2011, Pages

  Besson, Mireille ^a   Chobert, Julie ^a   Marie, Céline ^b  

^a CNRS   (France)

^b MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Active discrimination; Attention; Mismatch negativity; Music training; Passive listening; Speech processing; Transfer effects; Working memory

Indexed keywords

EID: 84859072985     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16641078     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00094     Document Type: Review

References (150)

1. Abrams, D. A., Bhatara, A., Ryali, S., Balaban, E., Levitin, D. J., and Menon, V. (2010). Decoding temporal structure in music and speech relies on shared brain resources but elicits different fine-scale spatial patterns. Cereb. Cortex. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhq198. [Epub ahead of print].
2. Amunts, K., Schlaug, G., Jancke, L., Steinmetz, H., Schleicher, A., and Zilles, K. (1997). Hand skills covary with the size of motor cortex: a macrostructural adaptation. Hum. Brain Mapp. 5, 206-215.
3. Anvari, S. H., Trainor, L. J., Woodside, J., and Levy, B. A. (2002). Relations among musical skills, phonological processing, and early reading ability in preschool children. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 83, 111-130.
4. Atienza, M., Cantero, J. L., and Dominguez-Marin, E. (2002). The time course of neural changes underlying auditory perceptual learning. Learn. Mem. 9, 138-150.
5. Baumann, S., Meyer, M., and Jäncke, L. (2008). Enhancement of auditoryevoked potentials in musicians reflects an influence of expertise but not selective attention. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 20, 1-12.
6. Bengtsson, S. L., Nagy, Z., Skare, S., Forsman, L., Forssberg, H., and Ullén, F. (2005). Extensive piano practicing has regionally specific effects on white matter development. Nat. Neurosci. 8, 1148-1150.
7. Bermudez, P., Lerch, J. P., Evans, A.C., and Zatorre, R. J. (2009). Neuroanatomical correlates of musicianship as revealed by cortical thickness and voxel-based morphometry. Cereb. Cortex 19, 1583-1596.
8. Besson, M., and Faïta, F. (1995). An event-related potential (ERP) study of musical expectancy: comparison of musicians with non-musicians. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 21, 1278-1296.
9. Bidelman, G. M., Gandour, J. T., and Krishnan, A. (2009). Cross-domain effects of music and language experience on the representation of pitch in the human auditory brainstem. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 29, 13165-13171.
10. Bidelman, G. M., Gandour, J. T., and Krishnan, A. (2011). Cross-domain effects of music and language experience on the representation of pitch in the human auditory brainstem. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 23, 425-434.
11. Bidelman, G. M., and Krishnan, A. (2010). Effects of reverberation on brainstem representation of speech in musicians and non-musicians. Brain Res. 1355, 112-125.
12. Bidelman, G. M., Krishnan, A., and Gandour, J. T. (2010).Enhanced brainstem encoding predicts musicians' perceptual advantages with pitch. Eur. J. Neurosci. 33, 530-538.
13. Bigand, E., Tillmann, B., Poulin, B., D'Adamo, D. A., and Madurell, F. (2001). The effect of harmonic context on phoneme monitoring in vocal music. Cognition 81, 11-20.
14. Bosnyak, D. J., Gander, P. E., and Roberts, L. E. (2007). Does auditory discrimination training modify representations in both primary and secondary auditory cortex? Int. Congr. Ser. 1300, 25-28.
15. Boucourechliev, A. (1993). Le Langage Musical. Collections Les Chemins de la Musique. Paris: Fayard.
16. Brandler, S., and Rammsayer, T. H. (2003). Differences in mental abilities between musicians and non-musicians. Psychol. Music 31, 123-138.
17. Brown, S. (2003) Biomusicology and three biological paradoxes about music. Bull. Psychol. Arts 4, 15-17.
18. Brown, S., and Martinez, M. J. (2007). Activation of premotor vocal areas during musical discrimination. Brain Cogn.63, 59-69.
19. Brown, S., Martinez, M. J., and Parsons, L. M. (2004). Passive music listening spontaneously engages limbic and paralimbic systems. Neuroreport 15, 2033-2037.
20. Chan, A. S., Ho, Y. C., and Cheung, M. C. (1998). Music training improves verbal memory. Nature 396, 128.
21. Courchesne, E., Hilliard, S. A., and Galambos, R. (1975) Stimulus novelty, task relevance and the visual evoked potential in man. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 39, 131-143.
22. Cross, I. (2001). Music, cognition, culture, and evolution. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 930, 28-42.
23. Darwin, C. (1871/1981). "The descent of man and selection in relation to sex," in Facsimile of the First Edition, Original Edn. (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press). [John Murray, London].
24. Delogu, F., Lampis, G., and Olivetti Belardinelli, M. (2006). Music-tolanguage transfer effect: may melodic ability improve learning of tonal languages by native nontonal speakers? Cogn. Process. 7, 203-207.
25. Delogu, F., Lampis, G., and Olivetti Belardinelli, M. (2010). From melody to lexical tone: musical ability enhances specific aspects of foreign language perception. Eur. J. Cogn. Psychol. 22, 46-61.
26. Descartes. (1618/1987). Abrégé de Musique. Compenduim musicae. Épiméthée. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
27. Donchin, E., and Coles, M. G. H. (1988). Is the P300 component a manifestation of context updating? Behav. Brain Sci. 11, 357-374.
28. Duncan-Johnson, C., and Donchin, E. (1977). On quantifying surprise, the variation of event-related potentials with subjective probability. Psychophysiology 14, 456-467.
29. Eggermont, J., and Ponton, C. (2002). The neurophysiology of auditory perception: from single-units to evoked potentials. Audiol. Neurootol. 7, 71-99.
30. Elbert, T., Pantev, C., Wienbruc, C., Rockstroh, B., and Taub, E. (1995). Increased cortical representation of the fingers of the left hand in string players. Science 270, 305-307.
31. Escera, C., Alho, K., Schröger, E., and Winkler, I. (2000). Involuntary attention and distractibility as evaluated with event-related brain potentials. Audiol. Neurootol. 5, 151-166.
32. Federmeier, K. D., Wlotko, E. W., and Meyer, A. M. (2008). What's "right" in language comprehension: eventrelated potentials reveal right hemisphere language capabilities. Lang. Linguist. Compass 2, 1-17.
33. Fedorenko, E., Patel, A. D., Casasanto, D., Winawer, J., and Gibson, E. (2009). Structural integration in language and music: evidence for a shared system. Mem. Cogn. 37, 1-9.
34. Foxton, J. M., Talcott, J. B., Witton, C., Brace, H., McIntyre, F., and Griffiths, T. D. (2003). Reading skills are related to global, but not local, acoustic pattern perception. Brief communication. Nat Neurosci. 6, 343-344.
35. François, C., and Schön, D. (in press). Musical expertise boosts implicit learning of both musical and linguistic structures. Cereb. Cortex. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhr022 [Epub ahead of print].
36. Franklin, M. S., Rattray, K., Moore, K. S., Moher, J., Yip, C., and Jonides, J. (2008). The effects of musical training on verbal memory. Psychol. Music 36, 353-365.
37. Fritz, J. B., Elhilali, M., and Shamma, S. A. (2007). Adaptive changes in cortical receptive fields induced by attention to complex sounds. J. Neurophysio. 98, 2337-2346.
38. Fujioka, T., Ross, B., Kakigi, R., Pantev, C., and Trainor, L. (2006).One year of musical training affects development of auditory cortical-evoked fields in young children. Brain 129, 2593-2608.
39. Fujioka, T., Trainor, L. J., Ross, B., Kakigi, R., and Pantev, C. (2004). Musical training enhances automatic encoding of melodic contour and interval structure. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 16, 1010-1021.
40. Gaab, N., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Deutsch, G. K., Tallal, P., and Temple, E. (2007). Neural correlates of rapid auditory processing are disrupted in children with developmental dyslexia and ameliorated with training: an fMRI study. Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. 25, 295-310.
41. Gaab, N., and Schlaug, G. (2003). The effect of musicianship on pitch memory in performance matched groups. Neuroimage 14, 2291-2295.
42. Gaab, N., Tallal, P., Kim, H., Lakshminarayanan, K., Archie, J. J., Glover, G. H., and Gabrieli, J. D. (2005). Neural correlates of rapid spectrotemporal processing in musicians and nonmusicians. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1060, 82-88.
43. Galbraith, G. C., Bhuta, S. M., Choate, A. K., Kitahara, J. M., and Mullen, T. A. Jr. (1998). Brain stem frequency-following response to dichotic vowels during attention. Neuroreport 9, 1889-1893.
44. Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. New York: Basic Books.
45. Gaser, C., and Schlaug, G. (2003). Brain structures differ between musicians and non-musicians. J. Neurosci. 23, 9240-9245.
46. George, E. M., and Coch, D. (2011). Music training and working memory: an ERP study. Neuropsychologia 49, 1083-1094.
47. Gordon, R., Schön, D., Magne, C., Astésano, C., and Besson, M. (2010). Words and melody are intertwined in perception of sung words: EEG and behavioral evidence. PLoS ONE 5, 9889. doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0009889 ONE
48. Gottfried, T. L., Staby, A. M., and Ziemer, C. J. (2004). Musical experience and mandarin tone discrimination and imitation. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 115, 2545.
49. Grassi, M., and Soranzo, A. (2009). MLP: a MATLAB toolbox for rapid and reliable auditory threshold estimations. Behav. Res. Methods 41, 20-28.
50. Griffiths, T. D., and Warren, J. D. (2002) The planum temporale as a computational hub. Trends Neurosci 25, 348-353.
51. Groussard, M., La Joie, R., Rauchs, G., Landeau, B., Chételat, G., Viader, F., Desgranges, B., Eustache, F., and Platel, H. (2010). When music and long-term memory interact: effects of musical expertise on functional and structural plasticity in the hippocampus. PLoS ONE 5, 10: e13225. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0013225
52. Helmbold, N., Rammsayer, T., and Altenmüller, E. (2005). Differences in primary mental abilities between musicians and non-musicians. J. Individ. Diff. 26, 74-85.
53. Herdener, M., Esposito, F., di Salle, F., Boller, C., Hilti, C. C., Habermeyer, B., Scheffler, K., Wetzel, S., Seifritz, E., and Cattapan-Ludewig, K. (2010) Musical training induces functional plasticity in human hippocampus. J. Neurosci. 30, 1377-1384.
54. Hickok, G., Buchsbaum, B., Humphries, C., and Muftuler, T. (2003). Auditory-motor interaction revealed by fMRI: speech, music, and working memory in area Spt. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 15, 673-682.
55. Hickok, G., and Poeppel, D. (2007). The cortical organization of speech processing. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8, 393-402
56. Hillyard, S. A., Hink, R. F., Schwent, V. L., and Picton, T. W. (1973). Electrical signs of selective attention in the human brain. Science 182, 177-180.
57. Hutchinson, S., Lee, L. H. L., Gaab, N., and Schlaug, G. (2003). Cerebellar volume: gender and musicianship effects. Cereb. Cortex 13, 943-949.
58. Hyde, K. L., Lerch, J., Norton, A., Forgeard, M., Winner, E., Evans, A. C., and Schlaug, G. (2009) Musical training shapes structural brain development. J. Neurosci. 29, 3019-3025.
59. Imfeld, A., Oechslin, M. S., Meyer, M., Loenneker, T., and Jancke, L. (2009). White matter plasticity in the corticospinal tract of musicians: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Neuroimage 46, 600-607.
60. Jacquier-Roux, M., Valdois, S., and Zorman, M. (2005). Odédys. Outil de dé Pistage des Dyslexies. Grenoble: Cogni-Sciences.
61. Jakobson, L. S., Cuddy, L. L., and Kilgour, A. R. (2003). Time tagging: a key to musicians' superior memory. Music Percept. 20, 307-313.
62. Janata, P., Tillman, B., and Bharucha, J. J. (2002). Listening to polyphonic music recruits domain-general attention and working memory circuits. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 2, 121-140.
63. Jancke, L., Wustenberg, T., Scheich, H., and Heinze, H. J. (2002). Phonetic perception and the temporal cortex. Neuroimage 15, 733-746.
64. Jones, J. L., Lucker, J., Zalewski, C., Brewer, C., and Drayna, D. (2009). Phonological processing in adults with deficits in musical pitch recognition. J. Commun. Disord. 42, 226-234.
65. Keenan, J. P., Halpern, A. R., Thangaraj, V., Chen, C., Edelman, R. R., and Schlaug, G. (2001). Absolute pitch and planum temporale. Neuroimage 14, 1402-1408.
66. Kishon-Rabin, L., Amir, O., Vexler, Y., and Zaltz, Y. (2001). Pitch discrimination: are professional musicians better than non-musicians? J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol. 12, 125-143.
67. Koelsch, S., Gunter, T. C., Wittfoth, M., and Sammler, D. (2005). Interaction between syntax processing in language and in music: an ERP study. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 17, 1565-1579.
68. Koelsch, S., Kasper, E., Sammler, D., Schulze, K., Gunter, T., and Friederici, A. D. (2004). Music, language and meaning: brain signatures of semantic processing. Nat. Neurosci. 7, 302-327.
69. Koelsch, S., Schmidt, B. H., and Kansok, J. (2002) Influences of musical expertise on the ERAN: an ERP-study. Psychophysiology 39, 657-663.
70. Koelsch, S., Schröger, E., and Tervaniemi, M. (1999). Superior pre-attentive auditory processing in musicians. Neuroreport, 10, 1309-1313.
71. Koelsch, S., Schulze, K., Sammler, D., Fritz, T., Muller, K., and Gruber, O. (2009). Functional architecture of verbal and tonal working memory: an FMRI study. Hum. Brain Mapp. 30, 859-873.
72. Korkman, M., Kirk, U., and Kemp, S. (1998). Manual for the NEPSY: A Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Testing Corporation.
73. Kraus, N., and Chandrasekaran, B. (2010). Music training for the development of auditory skills. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11, 599-605.
74. Lahav, A., Saltzman, E., and Schlaug, G. (2007). Action representation of sound: audiomotor recognition network while listening to newly acquired actions. J. Neurosci. 27, 308-314.
75. Lee, C. H., and Hung, T. H. (2008). Identification of Mandarin tones by English speaking musicians and nonmusicians. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 124, 3235-3248.
76. Lefavrais, P. (1967). Le Test de l_Alouette. Paris: Evangelical Christian Publishers Association.
77. Levitin, D. J., and Menon, V. (2003). Musical structure is processed in "language" areas of the brain: a possible role for Brodmann area 47 in temporal coherence. Neuroimage 20, 2142-2152.
78. Levman, B. (1992). The genesis of music and language. Ethnomusicology 36, 147-170.
79. Loui, P., Grent-'t-Jong, T., Torpey, D., and Woldorff, M. (2005). Effects of attention on the neural processing of harmonic syntax in Western music. Cogn. Brain Res. 25, 678-87.
80. Luders, E., Gaser, C., Jancke, L., and Schlaug, G. (2004). A voxel-based approach to gray-matter asymmetries. Neuroimage 22, 656-664.
81. Maess, B., Koelsch, S., Gunter, T. C., and Friederici, A. D. (2001). Musical syntax is processed in broca's area: an MEG study. Nat. Neurosci. 4, 540-545.
82. Magne, C., Astésano, C., Aramaki, M., Ystad, S., Kronland-Martinet, R., and Besson, M. (2007). Influence of syllabic lengthening on semantic processing in spoken french: behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. Cereb. Cortex 17, 2659-2668.
83. Marie, C., Delogu, F., Lampis, G., Olivetti Belardinelli, M., and Besson, M. (in press a). Influence of musical expertise on segmental and tonal processing in Mandarin Chinese. J. Cogn. Neurosci. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2010.21585
84. Marie, C., Kujala, T., and Besson, M. (in press b). Musical and linguistic expertise influence preattentive and attentive processing of non-speech sounds. Cortex doi: 10.1016/j.cortex. 2010.11.006
85. Marie, C., Magne, C., and Besson, M. (2011). Musicians and the metric structure of words. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 23, 294-305.
86. Marques, C., Moreno, S., Castro, S. L., and Besson, M. (2007). Musicians detect pitch violation in a foreign language better than non-musicians: behavioural and electrophysiological evidence. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 19, 1453-1463.
87. Micheyl, C., Delhommeau, K., Perrot, X., and Oxenham, A. J. (2006). Influence of musical learning and psychoacoustical training on pitch discrimination. Hear. Res. 219, 36-47.
88. Moreno, S., Marques, C., Santos, A., Santos, M., Castro S. L., and Besson, - M. (2009). Musical training influ ences linguistic abilities in 8-year-old children: more evidence for brain plasticity. Cereb. Cortex 19, 712-723.
89. Musacchia, G., Sams, M., Skoe, E., and Kraus, N. (2007). Musicians have enhanced subcortical auditory and audiovisual processing of speech and music. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 104, 15894-15898.
90. Musacchia, G., Strait, D., and Kraus, N. (2008). Relationships between behavior, brainstem and cortical encoding of seen and heard speech in musicians and nonmusicians. Hear. Res. 241, 34-42.
91. Näätänen, R., Gaillard, A. W. K., and Mäntysalo, S. (1978). Early selective attention effect on evoked potential reinterpretes. Acta Psychol. (Amst.) 42, 312-329.
92. Näätänen, R., Paavilainen, P., Tiitinen, H., Jiang, D., and Alho, K. (1993). Attention andmismatch negativity. Psychophysiology 30, 436-450.
93. Nadel, S. (1930). The origin of music. Music. Q. 16, 531-546.
94. Nager, W., Kohlmetz, C., Altenmüller, E., Rodriguez-Fornells, A., and Münte, T. F. (2003). The fate of sounds in conductor's brains: an ERP study. Cogn. Brain Res. 17, 83-93.
95. Newman, E. (1905/1969). "Herbert Spencer and the origin of music," in Musical Studies, ed. Newman (New York: Haskell House Publishers), 189-216.
96. Ohnishi, T., Matsuda, H., Asada, T., Aruga, M., Hirakata, M., Nishikawa, M., Katoh, A., and Imabayashi, E. (2001). Functional anatomy of musical perception in musicians. Cereb. Cortex 11, 754-760
97. Overy, K. (2000). Dyslexia, temporal processing and music: the potential of music as an early learning aid for dyslexic children. Psychol. Music 28, 218-229.
98. Overy, K., Nicolson, R. I., Fawcett, A. J., and Clarke, E. F. (2003). Dyslexia and music: measuring musical timing skills. Dyslexia 9, 18-36.
99. Pallone, G., Boussard, P., Daudet, L., Guillemain, P., and Kronland-Martinet, R. (1999). "A wavelet based method for audio-video synchronization in broadcasting applications," in Proceedings of the Conference on Digital Audio Effects DAFx-99 1999, Trondheim, 59-62.
100. Pantev, C., Oostenveld, R., Engelien, A., Ross, B., Roberts, L.E., and Hoke, M. (1998). Increased auditory cortical representation in musicians. Nature 392, 811-814
101. Parbery-Clark, A., Skoe, E., Lam, C., and Kraus, N. (2009a). Musician enhancement for speech in noise. Ear. Hear. 30, 653-661.
102. Parbery-Clark, A., Skoe, E., and Kraus, N. (2009b). Musical experience limits the degradative effects of background noise on the neural processing of sound. J. Neurosci. 25, 14100-14107.
103. Patel, A. D. (2003). Language, music, syntax and the brain. Nat. Neurosci. 6, 674-681.
104. Patel, A. D. (2008). Music Language and the Brain. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press.
105. Phillips, C., Pellathy, T., Marantz, A., Yellin, E., Wexler, K., Poeppel, D., McGinnis, M., and Roberts, T. (2000). Auditory cortex accesses phonological categories: an MEG mismatch study. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 12, 1038-1055.
106. Picton, T. W. (1992). The P300 wave of the human event-related potential. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 9, 456-479.
107. Poulin-Charronnat, B., Bigand, E., Madurell, F., and Peereman, R. (2005). Musical structure modulates semantic priming in vocal music. Cognition 94, B67-B78.
108. Raven, J. C. (1962). Coloured Progressive Matrices, Sets A, AB, B. London: H. K. Lewis.
109. Renault, B., Ragot, R., Lesevre, N., and Remond, A. (1982). Onset and offset of brain events as indices of mental chronometry. Science 215, 1413-1415.
110. Reynolds, C. R., and Voress, J. (2007). Test of Memory and Learning (TOMAL-2), 2nd Edn, Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
111. Rousseau, J. J. (1781/1993). Essai Sur L'origine des Langues. Paris: Flammarion.
112. Rugg, M. D., and Coles, M. G. H. (1995). "The ERP and cognitive psychology: conceptual issues," in Electrophysiology of Mind: Event Related Brain Potentials and Cognition, eds M. D. Rugg and M. G. H. Coles (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 27-39.
113. Sadakata, M., van der Zanden, L., and Sekiyama, K. (2010). "Influence of musical training on perception of L2 speech," in 11th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, Makuhari, 118-121
114. Santos, A., Joly-Pottuz, B., Moreno, S., Habib, M., and Besson, M. (2007). Behavioural and event-related potential evidence for pitch discrimination deficit in dyslexic children: improvement after intensive phonic intervention. Neuropsychologia 45, 1080-1090
115. Schellenberg, E. G. (2001). Music and nonmusical abilities. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 930, 355-371.
116. Schellenberg, E. G., and Peretz, I. (2008). Music, language and cognition: Unresolved issues. Trends Cogn. Sci. 12, 45-46.
117. Schlaug, G., Jäncke, L., Huang, Y., Staiger, J. F., and Steinmetz, H. (1995a). Increased corpus callosum size in musicians. Neuropsychologia 33, 1047-1055.
118. Schlaug, G., Jäncke, L., Huang, Y., and Steinmetz, H. (1995b). In vivo evidence of structural brain asymmetry in musicians. Science 267, 699-671.
119. Schmithorst, V. J., and Wilke, M. (2002). Differences in white matter architecture between musicians and nonmusicians: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Neurosci. Lett. 321, 57-60.
120. Schneider, P., Scherg, M., Dosch, H. G., Specht, H. J., Gutschalk, A., and Rupp, A. (2002). Morphology of Heschl's gyrus reflects enhanced activation in the auditory cortex of musicians. Nat. Neurosci. 5, 688-694.
121. Schneider, P., Sluming, V., Roberts, N., Scherg, M., Goebel, R., Specht, H. J., Dosch, H. G., Bleeck, S., Stippich, C., Rupp, A. (2005). Structural and functional asymmetry of lateral Heschl's gyrus reflects pitch perception preference. Nat. Neurosci. 8, 1241-1247.
122. Schön, D., Gordon, R., Campagne, A., Magne, C., Astesano, C., Anton, J. L., and Besson, M. (2010). More evidence for similar cerebral networks in language, music and song perception. Neuroimage 51, 450-461.
123. Schön, D., Magne, C., and Besson, M. (2004). The music of speech: music facilitates pitch processing in language. Psychophysiology 41, 341-349.
124. Schulze, K., Gaab, N., and Schlaug, G. (2009). Perceiving pitch absolutely: comparing absolute and relative pitch possessors in a pitch memory task. BMC Neurosci. 10, 106. doi: 10.1186/1471-2202-10-106
125. Semal, C., Demany, L., Ueda, K., and Halle, P. A. (1996). Speech versus nonspeech in pitch memory. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 100, 1132-1140.
126. Shahin, A., Bosnyak, D. J., Trainor, L. J., and Roberts, L. E. (2003). Enhancement of neuroplastic P2 and N1c auditory evoked potentials in musicians. J. Neurosci. 23, 5545-5552.
127. Slevc, L. R., and Miyake, A. (2006). Individual differences in second-language proficiency: does musical ability matter? Psychol. Sci. 17, 675-681.
128. Spencer, H. (1857). The origin and function of music. Fraser's Mag. 56, 396-408.
129. Spiegel, M. F., and Watson, C. S. (1984). Performance on frequency discrimination tasks by musicians and nonmusicians. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 76, 1690-1695.
130. Squires, K. C., Squires, N. K., and Hillyard, S. A. (1975). Decision-related cortical potentials during an auditory signal detection task with cued observation intervals. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 1, 268-279
131. Steinbeis, N., and Koelsch, S. (2008). Comparing the processing of music and language meaning using EEG and fMRI provides evidence for similar and distinct neural representations. PLoS One 3, 2226. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002226
132. Strait, D. L., Kraus, N., Parbery-Clark, A., and Ashley, R. (2010). Musical experience shapes top-down auditory mechanisms: evidence from masking and auditory attention performance. Hear. Res. 261, 22-29.
133. Sussman, E., Kujala, T., Halmetoja, J., Lyytinen, H., Alku, P., and Näätänen, R. (2004). Automatic and controlled processing of acoustic and phonetic contrasts. Hear. Res. 190, 128-140.
134. Sussman, E., Winkler, I., and Wang, W. (2003). MMN and attention: competition for deviance detection. Psychophysiology 40, 430-435.
135. Swan, D., and Goswami, U. (1997). Phonological awareness deficits in developmental dyslexia and phonological representations hypothesis. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 66, 18-41.
136. Tallal, P., and Gaab, N. (2006). Dynamic auditory processing, musical experience and language development. Trends Neurosci. 29, 382-390.
137. Tervaniemi, M., Castaneda, A., Knoll, M., and Uther, M. (2006). Sound processing in amateur musicians and nonmusicians: event-related potential and behavioral indices. Neuroreport 17, 1225-1228.
138. Tervaniemi, M., Kruck, S., Baene, W. D., Schröger, E., Alter, K., and Friederici, A. D. (2009). Top-down modulation of auditory processing: effects of sound context, musical expertise and attentional focus. Eur. J. Neurosci. 30, 1636-1642.
139. Tierney, A., Bergeson, T. R., and Pisoni, D. B. (2008). Effecs of early musical experience on auditory sequence memory. Empir. Musicol. Rev. 3, 178-186.
140. Trainor, L. J., Desjardins, R. N., and Rockel, C. (1999). A comparison of contour and interval processing in musicians and nonmusicians using event-related potentials. Aust. J. Psychol. 51, 147-153.
141. Vigneau, M., Beaucousin, V., Herve, P. Y., Duffau, H., Crivello, F., Houde, O., Mazoyer, B., and Tzourio-Mazoyer, N. (2006). Meta-analyzing left hemisphere language areas: phonology, semantics, and sentence processing. Neuroimage 30, 1414-1432.
142. Vuust, P., Roepstorff, A., Wallentin, M., Mouridsen, K., and Ostergaard, L. (2006). It don't mean a thing. Keeping the rhythm during polyrhythmic tension, activates language areas (BA47). Neuroimage 31, 832-841.
143. Wallaschek, R. (1891). On the origins of music. Mind 16, 375-388.
144. Wallin, N. L., Merker, B., and Brown, S. (2000). The Origins of Music. Cambridge: MIT Press.
145. Wechsler, D. (2003). WISC-IV: Technical and Interpretive Manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
146. Williamson, V. J., Baddeley, A. D., and Hitch, G. J. (2010). Musicians' and nonmusicians' short-term memory for verbal and musical sequences: comparing phonological similarity and pitch proximity. Mem. Cognit. 38, 163-175.
147. Woldorff, M. G., and Hillyard, S. A. (1991). Modulation of early auditory processing during selective listening to rapidly presented tones. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 79, 170-191.
148. Wong, P. C. M., Skoe, E., Russo, N. M., Dees, T., and Kraus, N. (2007). Musical experience shapes human brainstem encoding of linguistic pitch patterns. Nat. Neurosci. 10, 420-422.
149. Zaehle, T., Geiser, E., Alter, K., Jancke, L., and Meyer, M. (2008). Segmental processing in the human auditory dorsal stream. Brain Res. 1220, 179-190.
150. Ziegler, J. C., Pech-Georgel, C., George, F., Alario, F.-X., and Lorenzi, C. (2005). Deficits in speech perception explain language learning Impairment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102, 14110-14115.