Cyanophages

Ecology of Cyanobacteria II: Their Diversity in Space and Time

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 535-557

  Mann, Nicholas H ^a   Clokie, Martha R J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84931450996     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-3855-3_21     Document Type: Chapter

References (221)

1. Abedon ST (2009) Disambiguating bacteriophage pseudolysogeny. In: Adams HT (ed) Contemporary trends in bacteriophage research. Nova Science Publishers, Inc, New York, pp 285-307, 447 pp
2. Abedon ST, Yin J (2008) Impact of spatial structure on phage population growth. In: Abedon ST (ed) Bacteriophage ecology: population growth, evolution, and impact of bacterial viruses. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 94-112, 508 pp
3. Ackermann HW (2005) Bacteriophage classification. In: Kutter E, Sulakvelidze A (eds) Bacteriophages: biology and applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 67-89, 510 pp
4. Ackermann HW (2007) 5500 Phages examined in the electron microscope. Arch Virol 152:227-242
5. Ackermann HW, DuBow MS (1987) Bacteriophage taxonomy. In: Ackermann HW, DuBow MS (eds) Viruses of prokaryotes, vol 1. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 13-44, 480 pp
6. Alperovitch-Lavy A, Sharon I, Rohwer F, Aro E-M, Glaser F, Milo R, Nelson N, Beja O (2011) Reconstructing a puzzle: existence of cyanophages containing both photosystem I and photosystem II gene suites inferred from oceanic metagenomic datasets. Environ Microbiol 13:24-32
7. Avrani S, Wurtzel O, Sharon I, Sorek R, Lindell D (2011) Genomic island variability facilitates Prochlorococcus -virus coexistence. Nature 474:604-608
8. Bailey S, Melis A, Mackey KRM, Cardol P, Finazzi G, van Dijken G, Berg GM, Arrigo K, Shrager J, Grossman A (2008) Alternative photosynthetic electronflow to oxygen in marine Synechococcus . Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg 1777:269-276
9. Barondess JJ, Beckwith J (1995) Bor gene of phage Lambda, involved in serum resistance, encodes a widely conserved outer-membrane lipoprotein. J Bacteriol 177:1247-1252
10. Baudoux AC, Veldhuis MJW, Noordeloos AAM, van Noort G, Brussaard CPD (2008) Estimates of virus- vs. grazing induced mortality of picophytoplankton in the North Sea during summer. Aquat Microb Ecol 52:69-82
11. Bergh O, Borsheim KY, Bratbak G, Heldal M (1989) High abundance of viruses found in aquatic environments. Nature 340(6233):467-468
12. Binder B (1999) Reconsidering the relationship between virally induced bacterial mortality and frequency of infected cells. Aquat Microb Ecol 18:207-215
13. Bisen PS, Audholia S, Bhatnagar AK (1985) Mutation to resistance for virus AS-1 in the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans . Microbios 29:7-12
14. Bograh A, Gingras Y, TajmirRiahi HA, Carpentier R (1997) The effects of spermine and spermidine on the structure of photosystem II proteins in relation to inhibition of electron transport. FEBS Lett 402:41-44
15. Bohannan BJM, Lenski RE (1997) Effect of resource enrichment on a chemostat community of bacteria and bacteriophage. Ecology 78:2303-2315
16. Bohannan BJM, Lenski RE (2000) Linking genetic change to community evolution: insights from studies of bacteria and bacteriophage. Ecol Lett 3:362-377
17. Borbely G, Kari C, Gulyas A, Farkas GL (1980) Bacteriophage infection interferes with guanosine 3 ¢ -diphosphate-5 ¢ -diphosphate accumulation induced by energy and nitrogen starvation in the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans . J Bacteriol 144:859-864
18. Bragg JG, Chisholm SW (2008) Modeling thefitness consequences of a cyanophage-encoded photosynthesis gene. PLoS One 3:e3550
19. Broom JES, Hart DR, Farr TJ, Nelson WA, Neill KF, Harvey AS, Woelkerling WJ (2008) Utility of psbA and nSSU for phylogenetic reconstruction in the Corallinales based on New Zealand taxa. Mol Phylogenet Evol 46:958-972
20. Brussow H (2007) Bacteria between protists and phages: from antipredation strategies to the evolution of pathogenicity. Mol Microbiol 65:583-589
21. Brussow H, Kutter E (2005) Phage ecology. In: Kutter E, Sulakvelidze A (eds) Bacteriophages: biology and applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 129-162, 510 pp
22. Bryan MJ, Burroughs NJ, Spence EM, Clokie MRJ, Mann NH, Bryan SJ (2008) Evidence for the intense exchange of mazG in marine cyanophages by horizontal gene transfer. PLoS One 3:e2048
23. Buckling A, Rainey PB (2002) Antagonistic coevolution between a bacterium and a bacteriophage. Proc R Soc Biol Sci Ser B 269:931-936
24. Cannon RE, Shane MS, Demichel E (1974) Ecology of blue-green algal viruses. J Environ Eng Div 100:1205-1211
25. Carlson K (2005) Working with bacteriophages: common techniques and methodological approaches. In: Kutter E, Sulakvelidze A (eds) Bacteriophages: biology and applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 437-494, 510 pp
26. Caron DA, Lim EL, Miceli G, Waterbury JB, Valois FW (1991) Grazing and utilization of chroococcoid cyanobacteria and heterotrphic bacteria by protozoa in laboratory cultures and a coastal plankton community. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 76:205-217
27. Chan YF, Tsai AY, Chiang KP, Hsieh CH (2009) Pigmented nanoflagellates grazing on Synechococcus: seasonal variations and effect offlagellate size in the coastal ecosystem of subtropical Western Pacific. Microb Ecol 58:548-557
28. Chen F, Lu J (2002) Genomic sequence and evolution of marine cyanophage P60: A new insight on lytic and lysogenic phages. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:2589-2594
29. Chen F, Wang K, Huang S, Cai H, Zhao M, Jiao N, Wommack KE (2009) Diverse and dynamic populations of cyanobacterial podoviruses in the Chesapeake Bay unveiled through DNA polymerase gene sequences. Environ Microbiol 11:2884-2892
30. Chenard C, Suttle CA (2008) Phylogenetic diversity of sequences of cyanophage photosynthetic gene psbA in marine and freshwaters. Appl Environ Microbiol 74:5317-5324
31. Chisholm SW, Olson RJ, Zettler ER, Goericke R, Waterbury JB, Welschmeyer NA (1988) A novel free-living prochlorophyte abundant in the oceanic euphotic zone. Nature 334:340-342
32. Christaki U, Courties C, Karayanni H, Giannakourou A, Maravelias C, Kormas KA, Lebaron P (2002) Dynamic characteristics of Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus consumption by bacterivorous nanoflagellates. Microb Ecol 43:341-352
33. Chu T-C, Murray SR, Hsu S-F, Vega Q, Lee LH (2011) Temperatureinduced activation of freshwater cyanophage AS-1 prophage. Acta Histochem 113:294-299
34. Clarke KJ (1998) Virus particle production in lysogenic bacteria exposed to protozoan grazing. FEMS Microbiol Lett 166:177-180
35. Clokie MRJ, Mann NH (2006) Marine cyanophages and light. Environ Microbiol 8:2074-2082
36. Clokie MRJ, Millard AD, Mehta JY, Mann NH (2006a) Virus isolation studies suggest short-term variations in abundance in natural cyanophage populations of the Indian Ocean. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 86:499-505
37. Clokie MRJ, Shan JY, Bailey S, Jia Y, Krisch HM, West S, Mann NH (2006b) Transcription of a 'photosynthetic' T4-type phage during infection of a marine cyanobacterium. Environ Microbiol 8:827-835
38. Clokie MRJ, Millard AD, Metha JY, Mann NH (2006c) Virus isolation studies suggest diel cycles in viral abundance in natural cyanophage populations of the Indian Ocean. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 86:499-505
39. Coleman M, Sullivan MB, Martiny AC, Steglich C, Barry K, DeLong EF, Chisholm SW (2006) Genomic islands and the ecology of Prochlorococcus . Science 311:1768-1770
40. Comeau AM, Arbiol C, Krisch HM (2010) Gene network visualization and quantitative synteny analysis of more than 300 marine T4-Like phage scaffolds from the GOS metagenome. Mol Biol Evol 27:1935-1944
41. Coulombe AM, Robinson GGC (1981) Collapsing Aphanizomenonflos-aquae blooms: possible contributions of photo-oxidation, O 2 toxicity, and cyanophages. Can J Bot 59:1277-1284
42. Cseke CS, Farkas GL (1979) Effect of light on the attachment of cyanophage AS-1 to Anacystis nidulans . J Bacteriol 137:667-669
43. Currier TC, Wolk CP (1979) Characteristics of Anabaena variabilis influencing plaque formation by cyanophage N-1. J Bacteriol 139:88-92
44. Dammeyer T, Bagby SC, Sullivan MB, Chisholm SW, Frankenberg-Dinkel N (2008) Efficient phage-mediated pigment biosynthesis in oceanic cyanabacteria. Curr Biol 18:442-448
45. Debelius B, Forja JM, DelValls TA, Lubian LM (2009) Toxicity of copper in natural marine picoplankton populations. Ecotoxicology 18:1095-1102
46. Delbrück M (1940) Adsorption of bacteriophage under various physiological conditions of the host. J Gen Physiol 23:631-642
47. DeLong EF, Preston CM, Mincer T, Rich V, Hallam SJ, Frigaard N-U, Martinez A, Sullivan MB, Edwards R, Brito BR, Chisholm SW, Karl DM (2006) Community genomics among stratified microbial assemblages in the ocean's interior. Science 311:496-502
48. Deng L, Hayes PK (2008) Evidence for cyanophages active against bloom-forming freshwater cyanobacteria. Freshw Biol 53: 1240-1252
49. Desjardins PR, Olsen GB (1983) Viral control of nuisance cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). California Water Resources Center Contribution No. 185. California Water Resources Center, University of California, Davis, pp 1-35
50. Desnues C, Rodriguez-Brito B, Rayhawk S, Kelley S, Tran T, Haynes M, Liu H, Furlan M, Wegley L, Chau B, Ruan YJ, Hall D, Angly FE, Edwards RA, Li LL, Thurber RV, Reid RP, Siefert J, Souza V, Valentine DL, Swan BK, Breitbart M, Rohwer F (2008) Biodiversity and biogeography of phages in modern stromatolites and thrombolites. Nature 452:340-342
51. Dillon A, Parry JD (2008) Characterization of temperate cyanophages active against freshwater phycocyanin-rich Synechococcus species. Freshw Biol 53:1253-1261
52. Dillon A, Parry JD (2009) Amoebic grazing of freshwater Synechococcus strains rich in phycocyanin. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 69:106-112
53. Dorigo U, Jacquet S, Humbert JF (2004) Cyanophage diversity, inferred from g20 gene analyses, in the largest natural lake in France, Lake Bourget. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:1017-1022
54. Dreher TW, Brown N, Bozarth CS, Schwartz AD, Riscoe E, Thrash C, Bennett SE, Tzeng S-C, Maier CS (2011) A freshwater cyanophage whose genome indicates close relationships tophotosynthetic marine cyanomyophages. Environ Microbiol 13:1858-1874
55. Dufresne A, Ostrowski M, Scanlan DJ, Garczarek L, Mazard S, Palenik BP, Paulsen IT, Tandeau de Marsac N, Wincker P, Dossat C, Ferriera S, Johnson J, Post AF, Hess WR, Partensky F (2008) Unraveling the genomic mosaic of a ubiquitous genus of marine cyanobacteria. Genome Biol 9:R90
56. Ernst A, Postius C, Böger P (1996) Glycosylated surface proteins reflect genetic diversity among Synechococcus species of Lake Constance. In: Simon M, Güde H, Weisse T (eds) Aquatic microbial ecology. Proceedings of the 6th international workshop on the measurement of microbial activities in the cycling of matter in aquatic environments, Konstanz, Germany, 17-22 April 1995. Advances in limnology (Ergebnisse Limnologie), vol 48. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, pp 1-6, 276 pp
57. Fallon RD, Brock TD (1979) Lytic organisms and photooxidative effects: influence on blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) in Lake Mendota, Wisconsin. Appl Environ Microbiol 38:499-505
58. Filee J, Tetart F, Suttle CA, Krisch HM (2005) Marine T4-type bacteriophages, a ubiquitous component of the dark matter of the biosphere. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:12471-12476
59. Friga GM, Borbely G, Farkas GL (1981) Accumulation of guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) under nitrogen starvation conditions in Anacystis nidulans , a cyanobacterium. Arch Microbiol 129:341-342
60. Fuller NJ, Wilson WH, Joint IR, Mann NH (1998) Occurrence of a sequence in marine cyanophages similar to that of T4 g20 and its application to PCR-based detection and quantification techniques. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:2051-2060
61. Garza DR, Suttle CA (1998) The effect of cyanophages on the mortality of Synechococcus spp. and selection for UV-resistant viral communities. Microb Ecol 36:281-292
62. Gefen O, Balaban NQ (2009) The importance of being persistent: heterogeneity of bacterial populations under antibiotic stress. FEMS Microbiol Rev 33:704-717
63. Ghai R, Martin-Cuadrado A-B, Molto AG, Heredia IG, Cabrera R, Martin J, Verdu M, Deschamps P, Moreira D, Lopez-Garcia P, Mira A, Rodriguez-Valera F (2010) Metagenome of the Mediterranean deep chlorophyll maximum studied by direct and fosmid library 454 pyrosequencing. ISME J 4:1154-1166
64. Gons HJ, Ebert J, Hoogveld HL, van den Hove L, Pel R, Takkenberg W, Woldringh CJ (2002) Observations on cyanobacterial population collapse in eutrophic lake water. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 81:319-326
65. Gons HJ, Hoogveld HL, Simis SGH, Tijdens M (2006) Dynamic modelling of viral impact on cyanobacterial populations in shallow lakes: implications of burst size. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 86:537-542
66. Gross M, Marianovsky I, Glaser G (2006) MazG - a regulator of programmed cell death in Escherichia coli . Mol Microbiol 59:590-601
67. Guillou L, Jacquet S, Chretiennot-Dinet MJ, Vaulot D (2001) Grazing impact of two small heterotrophicflagellates on Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus . Aquat Microb Ecol 26:201-207
68. Guttman B, Raya P, Kutter E (2005) Basic phage biology. In: Kutter E, Sulakvelidze A (eds) Bacteriophages: biology and applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 29-66, 510 pp
69. Guyader S, Burch CL (2008) Optimal foraging predicts the ecology but not the evolution of host specialization in bacteriophages. PLoS One 3:e1946
70. Hall BG (2004) Phylogenetic trees made easy: A how-to manual. Sinauer Associates, Inc, Sunderland
71. Heidelberg JF, Nelson WC, Schoenfeld T, Bhaya D (2009) Germ warfare in a microbial mat community: CRISPRs provide insights into the co-evolution of host and viral genomes. PLoS One 4:e4169
72. Hellweger FL (2009) Carrying photosynthesis genes increases ecologicalfitness of cyanophage in silico . Environ Microbiol 11:1386-1394
73. Hennes KP, Suttle CA, Chan AM (1995) Fluorescently labeled virus probes show that natural virus populations can control the structure of marine microbial communities. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:3623-3627
74. Hewson I, Fuhrman JA (2007) Characterization of lysogens in bacterioplankton assemblages of the Southern California Borderland. Microb Ecol 53:631-638
75. Hewson I, O'Neil JM, Dennison WC (2001) Virus-like particles associated with Lyngbya majuscula (Cyanophyta; Oscillatoriaceae) bloom decline in Moreton Bay, Australia. Aquat Microb Ecol 25:207-212
76. Hewson I, Govil SR, Capone DG, Carpenter EJ, Fuhrman JA (2004) Evidence of Trichodesmium viral lysis and potential significance for biogeochemical cycling in the oligotrophic ocean. Aquat Microb Ecol 36:1-8
77. Hoskisson PA, Smith MCM (2007) Hypervariation and phase variation in the bacteriophage 'resistome'. Curr Opin Microbiol 10:396-400
78. Huang S, Wilhelm SW, Jiao N, Chen F (2010) Ubiquitous cyanobacterial podoviruses in the global oceans unveiled through viral DNA polymerase gene sequences. ISME J 4:1243-1251
79. Jenkins CA, Hayes PK (2006) Diversity of cyanophages infecting the heterocystousfilamentous cyanobacterium Nodularia isolated from the brackish Baltic Sea. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 86:529-536
80. Jeong HJ, Park JY, Nho JH, Park MO, Ha JH, Seong KA, Jeng C, Seong CN, Lee KY, Yih WH (2005) Feeding by red-tide dinoflagellates on the cyanobacterium Synechococcus . Aquat Microb Ecol 41:131-142
81. Jia Y, Shan J, Millard A, Clokie MR, Mann NH (2010) Light-dependent adsorption of photosynthetic cyanophages to Synechococcus sp. WH7802. FEMS Microbiol Lett 310:120-126
82. Johnson DW, Potts M (1985) Host range of LPP cyanophages. Int J Syst Bacteriol 35:76-78
83. Johnson PW, Sieburth JM (1979) Chroococcoid cyanobacteria in the sea: A ubiquitous and diverse phototrophic biomass. Limnol Oceanogr 24:928-935
84. Kao CC, Green S, Stein B, Golden SS (2005) Diel infection of a cyanobacterium by a contractile bacteriophage. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:4276-4279
85. Kasman LM, Kasman A, Westwater C, Dolan J, Schmidt MG, Norris JS (2002) Overcoming the phage replication threshold: A mathematical model with implications for phage therapy. J Virol 76:5557-5564
86. Kettler GC, Martiny AC, Huang K, Zucker J, Coleman ML, Rodrigue S, Chen F, Lapidus A, Ferriera S, Johnson J, Steglich C, Church GM, Richardson P, Chisholm SW (2007) Patterns and implications of gene gain and loss in the evolution of Prochlorococcus . PLoS Genet 3:2515-2528
87. Kimmance SA, Wilson WH, Archer SD (2007) Modified dilution technique to estimate viral versus grazing mortality of phytoplankton: limitations associated with method sensitivity in natural waters. Aquat Microb Ecol 49:207-222
88. Kopylov AI, Kosolapov DB, Zabotkina EA, Straskrabova V (2010) Distribution of picocyanobacteria and virioplankton in mesotrophic and eutrophic reservoirs: The role of viruses in mortality of picocyanobacteria. Izv Akad Nauk Ser Biol/Rossiiskaia Akad Nauk 6:661-669
89. Labrie SJ, Samson JE, Moineau S (2010) Bacteriophage resistance mechanisms. Nat Rev Microbiol 8:317-327
90. Lavigne R, Darius P, Summer EJ, Seto D, Mahadevan P, Nilsson AS, Ackermann HW, Kropinski AM (2009) Classification of Myoviridae bacteriophages using protein sequence similarity. BMC Microbiol 9:224
91. Lawrence JG, Hatfull GF, Hendrix RW (2002) Imbroglios of viral taxonomy: genetic exchange and failings of phenetic approaches. J Bacteriol 184:4891-4905
92. Lee LH, Lui D, Platner PJ, Hsu SF, Chu TC, Gaynor JJ, Vega QC, Lustigman BK (2006) Induction of temperate cyanophage AS-1 by heavy metal-copper. BMC Microbiol 6:17
93. Lennon JT, Khatana SAM, Marston MF, Martiny JBH (2007) Is there a cost of virus resistance in marine cyanobacteria? ISME J 1:300-312
94. Levin BR, Bull JJ (2004) Population and evolutionary dynamics of phage therapy. Nat Rev Microbiol 2:166-172
95. Liao MJ, Cheng K, Yang JY, Zhao YJ, Shi ZL (2010) Assessment of UV-B damage in cyanophage PP. Aquat Microb Ecol 58:323-328
96. Limor-Waisberg K, Carmi A, Scherz A, Pilpel Y, Furman I (2011) Specialization versus adaptation: two strategies employed by cyanophages to enhance their translation efficiencies. Nucleic Acids Res 39:6016-6028
97. Lindell D, Sullivan MB, Johnson ZI, Tolonen AC, Rohwer F, Chisholm SW (2004) Transfer of photosynthesis genes to and from Prochlorococcus viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:11013-11018
98. Lindell D, Jaffe JD, Johnson ZI, Church GM, Chisholm SW (2005) Photosynthesis genes in marine viruses yield proteins during host infection. Nature 438:86-89
99. Liu XY, Shi M, Kong SL, Gao Y, An CC (2007) Cyanophage Pf-WMP4, a T7-like phage infecting the freshwater cyanobacterium Phormidium foveolarum: complete genome sequence and DNA translocation. Virology 366:28-39
100. Liu XY, Kong SL, Shi M, Fu LW, Gao Y, An CC (2008) Genomic analysis of freshwater cyanophage Pf-WMP3 infecting yanobacterium Phormidium foveolarum: The conserved elements for a phage. Microb Ecol 56:671-680
101. Long A, McDaniel LD, Mobberley J, Paul JH (2008) Comparison of lysogeny (prophage induction) in heterotrophic bacterial and Synechococcus populations in the Gulf of Mexico and Mississippi river plume. ISME J 2:132-144
102. Magnusson LU, Farewell A, Nystrom T (2005) ppGpp a global regulator in Escherichia coli. Trends Microbiol 13:236-242
103. Manage PM, Kawabata Z, Nakano S (1999) Seasonal changes in densities of cyanophage infectious to Microcystis aeruginosa in a hypereutrophic pond. Hydrobiologia 411:211-216
104. Mann NH (2003) Phages of the marine cyanobacterial picophytoplankton. FEMS Microbiol Rev 27:17-34
105. Mann NH (2006) Phages of cyanobacteria. In: Calendar R (ed) The bacteriophages. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 517-532, 746 pp
106. Mann NH, Carr NG, Midgley JEM (1975) RNA synthesis and accumulation of guanine nucleotides during growth shift down in the bluegreen alga Anacystis nidulans . Biochim Biophys Acta 402:41-50
107. Mann NH, Cook A, Millard A, Bailey S, Clokie M (2003) Marine ecosystems: bacterial photosynthesis genes in a virus. Nature 424:741
108. Mann NH, Clokie MRJ, Millard A, Cook A, Wilson WH, Wheatley PJ, Letarov A, Krisch HM (2005) The genome of S-PM2, a "photosynthetic" T4-type bacteriophage that infects marine Synechococcus strains. J Bacteriol 187:3188-3200
109. Marcia F, Marstona FJ, Pierciey Jra, Alicia S, Gary G, Ji Q, Chandri Y, Stephan CS, Matthew RH, Jennifer BHM (2012) 1 Rapid diversification of coevolving marine Synechococcus and a virus 109(12):4544-4549
110. Marhaver KL, Edwards RA, Rohwer F (2008) Viral communities associated with healthy and bleaching corals. Environ Microbiol 10:2277-2286
111. Marston MF, Amrich CG (2009) Recombination and microdiversity in coastal marine cyanophages. Environ Microbiol 11:2893-2902
112. Marston MF, Sallee JL (2003) Genetic diversity and temporal variation in the cyanophage community infecting marine Synechococcus species in Rhode Island's coastal waters. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:4639-4647
113. Martin EL (1982) The biological regulation of bloom-causing bluegreen algae: A feasible alternative. Nebraska Water Resources Center Project completion report A-056, pp 1-36
114. Martin E, Benson R (1988) Phages of cyanobacteria. In: Calendar R (ed) The bacteriophages, vol 2. Plenum Press, New York, pp 607-645
115. Martin EL, Leach JE, Kuo KJ (1978) The biological regulation of bloom-causing blue-green algae. In: Louitit MW, Miles JAR (eds) Microbial ecology. Springer, Berlin, pp 62-67
116. McDaniel L, Paul JH (2005) Effect of nutrient addition and environmental factors on prophage induction in natural populations of marine Synechococcus species. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:842-850
117. McDaniel L, Houchin LA, Williamson SJ, Paul JH (2002) Plankton blooms - Lysogeny in marine Synechococcus . Nature 415:496
118. McDaniel LD, delaRosa M, Paul JH (2006) Temperate and lytic cyanophages from the Gulf of Mexico. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 86:517-527
119. Millard AD (2009) Isolation of cyanophages from aquatic environments. In: Clokie MRJ, Kropinski AM (eds) Bacteriophages: methods and protocols, vol 1. Humana Press, New York, pp 33-42, 307 pp
120. Millard AD, Mann NH (2006) A temporal and spatial investigation of cyanophage abundance in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 86:507-515
121. Millard A, Clokie MRJ, Shub DA, Mann NH (2004) Genetic organization of the psbAD region in phages infecting marine Synechococcus strains. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:11007-11012
122. Millard AD, Zwirglmaier K, Downey MJ, Mann NH, Scanlan DJ (2009) Comparative genomics of marine cyanomyoviruses reveals the widespread occurrence of Synechococcus host genes localized to a hyperplastic region: implications for mechanisms of cyanophage evolution. Environ Microbiol 11:2370-2387
123. Millard AD, Gierga G, Clokie MRJ, Evans DJ, Hess WR, Scanlan DJ (2010) An antisense RNA in a lytic cyanophage links psbA to a gene encoding a homing endonuclease. ISME J 4:1121-1135
124. Mole R, Meredith D, Adams DG (1997) Growth and phage resistance of Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 in the presence of cyanophage AN-15. J Appl Phycol 9:339-345
125. Monger BC, Landry MR, Brown SL (1999) Feeding selection of heterotrophic marine nanoflagellates based on the surface hydrophobicity of their picoplankton prey. Limnol Oceanogr 44:1917-1927
126. Mühling M, Fuller NJ, Millard A, Somerfield PJ, Marie D, Wilson WH, Scanlan DJ, Post AF, Joint I, Mann NH (2005) Genetic diversity of marine Synechococcus and co-occurring cyanophage communities: evidence for viral control of phytoplankton. Environ Microbiol 7:499-508
127. Mulo P, Eloranta T, Aro EM, Maenpaa P (1998) Disruption of a spe -like open reading frame alters polyamine content and psbA -2 mRNA stability in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6802. Bot Acta 111:71-76
128. Murray AG, Jackson AJ (1992) Viral dynamics: A model of the effects of size, shape, motion and abundance of single-celled planktonic organisms and other particles. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 89:103-116
129. Ohki K (1999) A possible role of temperate phage in the regulation of Trichodesmium biomass. Bull d l'Inst Oceanogr Monaco 19:287-291
130. Ohki K, Fujita Y (1996) Occurrence of a temperate cyanophage lysogenizing the marine cyanophyte Phormidium persicinum . J Phycol 32:365-370
131. Ortmann AC, Lawrence JE, Suttle CA (2002) Lysogeny and lytic viral production during a bloom of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus spp. Microb Ecol 43:225-231
132. Pacheco SV, Gonzalez OG, Contreras GLP (1997) The lom gene of bacteriophage lambda is involved in Escherichia coli K12 adhesion to human buccal epithelial cells. FEMS Microbiol Lett 156:129-132
133. Padan E, Shilo M (1969) Distribution of cyanophages in natural habitats. Verh Int Verein Limnol 17:747-751
134. Padan E, Shilo M (1973) Cyanophages - viruses attacking blue-green algae. Bacteriol Rev 37:343-370
135. Padan E, Shilo M, Oppenheim AB (1972) Lysogeny of the blue-green alga Plectonema boryanum by LPP2-SPI cyanophage. Virology 47:525-526
136. Paul JH (2008) Prophages in marine bacteria: dangerous molecular time bombs or the key to survival in the seas? ISME J 2:579-589
137. Paul JH, Sullivan MB, Segall AM, Rohwer F (2002) Marine phage genomics. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 133:463-476
138. Payne RJH, Jansen VAA (2000) Phage therapy: The peculiar kinetics of self-replicating pharmaceuticals. Clin Pharmacol Ther 68:225-230
139. Payne RJH, Jansen VAA (2002) Evidence for a phage proliferation threshold? J Virol 76:13123-13124
140. Paytan A, Mackey KRM, Chen Y, Lima ID, Doney SC, Mahowald N, Labiosa R, Postf AF (2009) Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine phytoplankton. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:4601-4605
141. Pearl S, Gabay C, Kishony R, Oppenheim A, Balaban NQ (2008) Nongenetic individuality in the host-phage interaction. PLoS Biol 6:957-964
142. Pedulla ML, Ford ME, Houtz JM, Karthikeyan T, Wadsworth C, Lewis JA, Jacobs-Sera D, Falbo J, Gross J, Pannunzio NR, Brucker W, Kumar V, Kandasamy J, Keenan L, Bardarov S, Kriakov J, Lawrence JG, Jacobs WR, Hendrix RW, Hatfull GF (2003) Origins of highly mosaic mycobacteriophage genomes. Cell 113:171-182
143. Penno S, Lindell D, Post AF (2006) Diversity of Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus populations determined from DNA sequences of the N-regulatory gene ntcA . Environ Microbiol 8:1200-1211
144. Philips EJ, Monegue RL, Aldridge FJ (1990) Cynophages which impact bloom-forming cyanobacteria. J Aquat Plant Manage 28:92-97
145. Pollard PC, Young LM (2010) Lake viruses lyse cyanobacteria, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii , enhancesfilamentous-host dispersal in Australia. Acta Oecol 36:114-119
146. Pope WH, Weigele PR, Chang J, Pedulla ML, Ford ME, Houtz JM, Jiang W, ChiuW HGF, Hendrix RW, King J (2007) Genome sequence, structural proteins, and capsid organization of the cyanophage Syn5: A "horned" bacteriophage of marine Synechococcus . J Mol Biol 368:966-981
147. Proctor LM, Fuhrman JA (1990) Viral mortality of marine bacteria and cyanobacteria. Nature 343:60-62
148. Rodda KM (1996) Temporal and spatial dynamics of Synechococcus spp. and Micromonas pusilla host-viral systems. Marine Science, University of Texas at Austin, Austin
149. Rodriguez-Valera F, Martin-Cuadrado A-B, Rodriguez-Brito B, Pasic L, Thingstad TF, Rohwer F, Mira A (2009) Explaining microbial population genomics through phage predation. Nat Rev Microbiol 7:828-836
150. Rohwer F, Edwards R (2002) The phage proteomic tree: A genomebased taxonomy for phage. J Bacteriol 184:4529-4535
151. Rohwer F, Prangishvili D, Lindell D (2009) Roles of viruses in the environment. Environ Microbiol 11:2771-2774
152. Safferman RS (1973) Phycoviruses. In: Carr NG, Whitton BA (eds) The biology of blue-green algae. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, pp 214-237, 676 pp
153. Safferman RS, Morris ME (1963) Algal virus isolation. Science 140:679-680
154. Safferman RS, Morris ME (1967) Observations on the occurrence, distribution, and seasonal incidence of blue-green algal viruses. Appl Microbiol 15:1219-1222
155. Samimi B, Drews G (1978) Adsorption of cyanophage AS-1 to unicellular cyanobacteria and isolation of receptor material from Anacystis nidulans . J Virol 25:164-174
156. Sandaa RA, Larsen A (2006) Seasonal variations in virus-host populations in Norwegian coastal waters: focusing on the cyanophage community infecting marine Synechococcus spp. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:4610-4618
157. Sarma TA, Kaur B (1997) Characterization of host-range mutants of cyanophage N-1. Acta Virol 41:245-250
158. Scanlan DJ, Ostrowski M, Mazard S, Dufresne A, Garczarek L, Hess WR, Post AF, Hagemann M, Paulsen I, Partensky F (2009) Ecological genomics of marine picocyanobacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 73:249-299
159. Sedmak B, Carmeli S, Elersek T (2008) "Non-Toxic" cyclic peptides induce lysis of cyanobacteria - An effective cell population density control mechanism in cyanobacterial blooms. Microb Ecol 56:201-209
160. Sedmak B, Carmeli S, Pompe-Novak M, Tusek-Znidaric M, Grach-Pogrebinsky O, Elersek T, Zuzek MC, Bubik A, Frangez R (2009) Cyanobacterial cytoskeleton immunostaining: The detection of cyanobacterial cell lysis induced by planktopeptin BL1125. J Plankton Res 31:1321-1330
161. Shan J, Jia Y, Clokie MRJ, Mann NH (2008) Infection by the 'photosynthetic' phage S-PM2 induces increased synthesis of phycoerythrin in Synechococcus sp. WH7802. FEMS Microbiol Lett 283:154-161
162. Shane MS (1971) Distribution of blue-green algal viruses in various types of natural waters. Water Res 5:711-716
163. Shane MS, Cannon RE, DeMichele E (1972) Pollution effects on phycovirus and host algae ecology. J Water Pollut Control Fed 44:2294-2302
164. Sharon I, Alperovitch A, Rohwer F, Haynes M, Glaser F, Atamna-Ismaeel N, Pinter RY, Partensky F, Koonin EV, Wolf YI, Nelson N, Beja O (2009) Photosystem I gene cassettes are present in marine virus genomes. Nature 461:258-262
165. Sherman LA, Brown RM Jr (1978) Cyanophages and viruses of eukaryotic algae. In: Fraenkel-Conrat H, Wagner RR (eds) Comprehensive virology, vol 12. Plenum Press, New York, pp 145-234
166. Sigee DC, Glenn R, Andrews MJ, Bellinger EG, Butler RD, Epton HAS, Hendry RD (1999) Biological control of cyanobacteria: principles and possibilities. Hydrobiologia 395:161-172
167. Singh PK (1973) Occurrence and distribution of cyanophages in ponds, sewage and ricefields. Arch Microbiol 89:169-172
168. Sode K, Oozeki M, Asakawa K, Burgess JG, Matsunaga T (1994) Isolation of a marine cyanophage infecting the marine unicellular cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. NKBG 0429002. J Mar Biotechnol 1:189-192
169. Sode K, Oonari R, Oozeki M (1997) Induction of a temperate marine cyanophage by heavy metal. J Mar Biotechnol 5:178-180
170. Stewart FM, Levin BR (1984) The population biology of bacterial viruses: why be temperate? Theor Popul Biol 26:93-117
171. Stoddard LI, Martiny JBH, Marston MF (2007) Selection and characterization of cyanophage resistance in marine Synechococcus strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:5516-5522
172. Strom SL (1991) Growth and grazing rates of the herbiverous dinoflagellate Gymnodinium sp. from the open sub-arctic Pacific Ocean. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 78:103-112
173. Stuart RK, Dupont CL, Johnson DA, Paulsen IT, Palenik B (2009) Coastal strains of marine Synechococcus species exhibit increased tolerance to copper shock and a distinctive transcriptional response relative to those of open-ocean strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 75:5047-5057
174. Sullivan MB, Waterbury JB, Chisholm SW (2003) Cyanophages infecting the oceanic cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus . Nature 424:1047-1051
175. Sullivan MB, Coleman M, Weigele P, Rohwer F, Chisholm SW (2005) Three Prochlorococcus cyanophage genomes: signature features and ecological interpretations. PLoS Biol 3:e144
176. Sullivan MB, Lindell D, Lee JA, Thompson LR, Bielawski JP, Chisholm SW (2006) Prevalence and evolution of core photosystem II genes in marine cyanobacterial viruses and their hosts. PLoS Biol 4:e234
177. Sullivan MB, Coleman ML, Quinlivan V, Rosenkrantz JE, DeFrancesco AS, Tan G, Fu R, Lee JA, Waterbury JB, Bielawski JP, Chisholm SW (2008) Portal protein diversity and phage ecology. Environ Microbiol 10:2810-2822
178. Sullivan MB, Krastins B, Hughes JL, Kelly L, Chase M, Sarracino D, Chisholm SW (2009) The genome and structural proteome of an ocean siphovirus: A new window into the cyanobacterial 'mobilome'. Environ Microbiol 11:2935-2951
179. Sullivan MB, Huang KH, Ignacio-Espinoza JC, Berlin AM, Kelly L, Weigele PR, DeFrancesco AS, Kern SE, Thompson LR, Young S, Yandava C, Fu R, Krastins B, Chase M, Sarracino D, Osburne MS, Henn MR, Chisholm SW (2010) Genomic analysis of oceanic cyanobacterial myoviruses compared with T4-like myoviruses from diverse hosts and environments. Environ Microbiol 12: 3035-3056
180. Suttle CA (2000) Cyanophages and their role in the ecology of cyanobacteria. In: Whitton BA, Potts M (eds) The ecology of cyanobacteria. Their diversity in time and space. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 563-589, 669 pp
181. Suttle CA, Chan AM (1993) Marine cyanophages infecting oceanic and coastal strains of Synechococcus - abundance, morphology, crossinfectivity and growth-characteristics. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 92:99-109
182. Suttle CA, Chan AM (1994) Dynamics and distribution of cyanophages and their effect on marine Synechococcus spp. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:3167-3174
183. Tai V, Palenik B (2009) Temporal variation of Synechococcus clades at a coastal Pacific Ocean monitoring site. ISME J 3:903-915
184. Tarao M, Jezbera J, Hahn MW (2009) Involvement of cell surface structures in size-independent grazing resistance of freshwater Actinobacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 75:4720-4726
185. Thingstad TF (2000) Elements of a theory for the mechanisms controlling abundance, diversity, and biogeochemical role of lytic bacterial viruses in aquatic systems. Limnol Oceanogr 45:1320-1328
186. Thompson LR, Zeng Q, Kelly L, Huang KH, Singer AU, Stubbe JA, Chisholm SW (2011) Phage auxiliary metabolic genes and the redirection of cyanobacterial host carbon metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108(39):E757-E764
187. Tijdens M, Hoogveld HL, Kamst-van Agterveld MP, Simis SGH, Baudoux AC, Laanbroek HJ, Gons HJ (2008a) Population dynamics and diversity of viruses, bacteria and phytoplankton in a shallow eutrophic lake. Microb Ecol 56:29-42
188. Tijdens M, van de Waal DB, Slovackova H, Hoogveld HL, Gons HJ (2008b) Estimates of bacterial and phytoplankton mortality caused by viral lysis and microzooplankton grazing in a shallow eutrophic lake. Freshw Biol 53:1126-1141
189. Tucker S, Pollard P (2005) Identification of cyanophage Ma-LBP and infection of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa from an Australian subtropical lake by the virus. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:629-635
190. van der Oost J, Jore MM, Westra ER, Lundgren M, Brouns SJJ (2009) CRISPR-based adaptive and heritable immunity in prokaryotes. Trends Biochem Sci 34:401-407
191. van Hannen EJ, Zwart G, van Agterveld MP, Gons HJ, Ebert J, Laanbroek HJ (1999) Changes in bacterial and eukaryotic community structure after mass lysis offilamentous cyanobacteria associated with viruses. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:795-801
192. Van Wichelen J, van Gremberghe I, Vanormelingen P, Debeer AE, Leporcq B, Menzel D, Codd GA, Descy JP, Vyverman W (2010) Strong effects of amoebae grazing on the biomass and genetic structure of a Microcystis bloom (Cyanobacteria). Environ Microbiol 12(10):2797-2813
193. Waldor MK, Mekalanos JJ (1996) Lysogenic conversion by afilamentous phage encoding cholera toxin. Science 272:1910-1914
194. Wang K, Chen F (2008) Prevalence of highly host-specific cyanophages in the estuarine environment. Environ Microbiol 10:300-312
195. Wang JD, Sanders GM, Grossman AD (2007) Nutritional control of elongation of DNA replication by (p)ppGpp. Cell 128:865-875
196. Wang GH, Murase J, Asakawa S, Kimura M (2009a) Unique viral capsid assembly protein gene ( g20 ) of cyanophages in thefloodwater of a Japanese paddyfield. Biol Fertil Soils 46:93-102
197. Wang GH, Murase J, Asakawa S, Kimura M (2009b) Novel cyanophage photosynthetic gene psbA in thefloodwater of a Japanese ricefield. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 70:79-86
198. Wang GH, Asakawa S, Kimura M (2011) Spatial and temporal changes of cyanophage communities in paddyfield soils as revealed by the capsid assembly protein gene g20. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 76: 352-359
199. Waterbury JB, Valois FW (1993) Resistance to co-occurring phages enables marine Synechococcus communities to coexist with cyanophages abundant in seawater. Appl Environ Microbiol 59: 3393-3399
200. Waterbury JB, Watson SW, Guillard RRL, Brand LE (1979) Widespread occurrence of a unicellular, marine, planktonic cyanobacterium. Nature 277:293-294
201. Weigele PR, Pope WH, Pedulla ML, Houtz JM, Smith AL, Conway JF, King J, Hatfull GF, Lawrence JG, Hendrix RW (2007) Genomic and structural analysis of Syn9, a cyanophage infecting marine Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus . Environ Microbiol 9: 1675-1695
202. Wiggins BA, Alexander M (1985) Minimum bacterial density for bacteriophage replication: implications for significance of bacteriophages in natural ecosystems. Appl Environ Microbiol 49:19-23
203. Wildschutte H, Wolfe DM, Tamewitz A, Lawrence JG (2004) Protozoan predation, diversifying selection, and the evolution of antigenic diversity in Salmonella. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 10644-10649
204. Wilhelm SW, Matteson AR (2008) Freshwater and marine virioplankton: A brief overview of commonalities and differences. Freshw Biol 53:1076-1089
205. Wilhelm SW, Carberry MJ, Eldridge ML, Poorvin L, Saxton MA, Doblin MA (2006) Marine and freshwater cyanophages in a Laurentian Great Lake: evidence from infectivity assays and molecular analyses of g20 genes. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:4957-4963
206. Williamson SJ, Paul JH (2004) Nutrient stimulation of lytic phage production in bacterial populations of the Gulf of Mexico. Aquat Microb Ecol 36:9-17
207. Williamson SJ, Rusch DB, Yooseph S, Halpern AL, Heidelberg KB, Glass JI, Andrews-Pfannkoch C, Fadrosh D, Miller CS, Sutton G, Frazier M, Venter JC (2008) The Sorcerer II global ocean sampling expedition: metagenomic characterization of viruses within aquatic microbial samples. PLoS One 3:e1456
208. Wilson WH, Joint IR, Carr NG, Mann NH (1993) Isolation and molecular characterization of 5 marine cyanophages propagated on Synechococcus sp. strain WH7803. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:3736-3743
209. Wilson WH, Carr NG, Mann NH (1996) The effect of phosphate status on the kinetics of cyanophage infection in the oceanic cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. WH7803. J Phycol 32:506-516
210. Winter C, Bouvier T, Weinbauer MG, Thingstad TF (2010) Trade-offs between competition and defense specialists among unicellular planktonic organisms: The "killing the winner" hypothesis revisited. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 74:42-57
211. Xu X, Khudyakov I, Wolk CP (1997) Lipopolysaccharide dependence of cyanophage sensitivity and aerobic nitrogenfixation in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. J Bacteriol 179:2884-2891
212. Yoshida M, Yoshida T, Kashima A, Takashima Y, Hosoda N, Nagasaki K, Hiroishi S (2008a) Ecological dynamics of the toxic bloom-forming cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa and its cyanophages in freshwater. Appl Environ Microbiol 74:3269-3273
213. Yoshida T, Nagasaki K, Takashima Y, Shirai Y, Tomaru Y, Takao Y, Sakamoto S, Hiroishi S, Ogata H (2008b) Ma-LMM01 infecting toxic Microcystis aeruginosa illuminates diverse cyanophage genome strategies. J Bacteriol 190:1762-1772
214. Yoshida M, Yoshida T, Yoshida-Takashima Y, Kashima A, Hiroishi S (2010) Real-time PCR detection of host-mediated cyanophage gene ranscripts during infection of a natural Microcystis aeruginosa population. Microbe Environ 25:211-215
215. Zeidner G, Bielawski JP, Shmoish M, Scanlan DJ, Sabehi G, Beja O (2005) Potential photosynthesis gene recombination between Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus via viral intermediates. Environ Microbiol 7:1505-1513
216. Zeng QL, Chisholm SW (2012) Marine viruses exploit their host's two-component regulatory system in response to resource limitation. Curr Biol 22(2):124-128
217. Zhao FQ, Zhang XW, Liang CW, Wu JY, Bao QY, Qin S (2006) Genomewide analysis of restriction-modification system in unicellular andfilamentous cyanobacteria. Physiol Genomics 24:181-190
218. Zhong Y, Chen F, Wilhelm SW, Poorvin L, Hodson RE (2002) Phylogenetic diversity of marine cyanophage isolates and natural virus communities as revealed by sequences of viral capsid assembly protein gene g20. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:1576-1584
219. Zwart G, Kamst-van Agterveld MP, van der Werff-Staverman I, Hagen F, Hoogveld HL, Gons HJ (2005) Molecular characterization of cyanobacterial diversity in a shallow eutrophic lake. Environ Microbiol 7:365-377
220. Zwirglmaier K, Jardillier L, Ostrowski M, Mazard S, Garczarek L, Vaulot D, Not F, Massana R, Ulloa O, Scanlan DJ (2008) Global phylogeography of marine Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus reveals a distinct partitioning of lineages among oceanic biomes. Environ Microbiol 10:147-161
221. Zwirglmaier K, Spence E, Zubkov MV, Scanlan DJ, Mann NH (2009) Differential grazing of two heterotrophic nanoflagellates on marine Synechococcus strains. Environ Microbiol 11:1767-1776