Human paraoxonase-1 (PON1): Gene structure and expression, promiscuous activities and multiple physiological roles

Gene

Volumn 567, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 12-21

  Mackness, Mike ^a   Mackness, Bharti ^a  

^a Miami Platja ^*  (Spain)

Author keywords

Ageing; Atherosclerosis; HDL; Inflammation; LDL; Oxidation; Paraoxonase 1; Paraoxonases; Quorum quenching; Toxicology

Indexed keywords

ARYLDIALKYLPHOSPHATASE 1; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; ARYLDIALKYLPHOSPHATASE; PON1 PROTEIN, HUMAN;

AGING; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ETHNICITY; GENE ACTIVITY; GENE CONTROL; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE FUNCTION; GENE STRUCTURE; HUMAN; INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; INTOXICATION; NEOPLASM; NONHUMAN; ORGANOPHOSPHATE TOXICITY; OXIDATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; QUORUM SENSING; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETICS; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY; PROTEIN CONFORMATION;

NEGIBACTERIA;

ARYLDIALKYLPHOSPHATASE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, ENZYMOLOGIC; HUMANS; POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE; PROTEIN CONFORMATION;

EID: 84930475213     PISSN: 03781119     EISSN: 18790038     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.04.088     Document Type: Review

References (142)

1. Aharoni S., Aviram M., Fuhrman B. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) reduces macrophage inflammatory responses. Atherosclerosis 2013, 228:353-361.
2. Ahmed Z., Ravandi A., Maguire G.F., Emili A., Draganov D., La Du B.N., et al. Apolipoprotein AI promotes the formation of phosphatidylcholine core aldehydes that are hydrolysed by paraoxonase (PON1) during high density lipoprotein oxidation with a peroxynitrite donor. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276:24473-24481.
3. Aldridge W.N. Serum esterases 2 - an enzyme hydrolysing diethyl p-nitrophenylphosphate (E600) and its identity with the A-esterase of mammalian sera. Biochem. J. 1953, 53:117-124.
4. Aviram M., Rosenblat M. Paraoxonases 1, 2, and 3, oxidative stress, and macrophage foam cell formation during atherosclerosis development. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2004, 37:1304-1316.
5. Aviram M., Billecke S., Sorenson R., Bisgaier C., Newton R., Rosenblat M., et al. Paraoxonase active site required for protection against LDL oxidation involves its free sulphydryl group and is different from that required for its arylesterase/paraoxonase activities: selective action of human paraoxonase alloenzymes Q and R. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 1998, 10:1617-1624.
6. Aviram M., Rosenblat M., Bisgaier C.L., Newton R.S., Primo-Parmo S.L., La Du B.N. Paraoxonase inhibits high-density lipoprotein oxidation and preserves its functions. J. Clin. Invest. 1998, 101:1581-1590.
7. Berkowitz G.S., Wetmur J.G., Birman-Deych E., Obel J., Lapinski R.H., Godbold J.H., et al. In utero pesticide exposure, maternal paraoxonase activity and head circumference. Environ. Health Perspect. 2004, 112:388-391.
8. Berrougui H., Loued S., Khalil A. Purified human paraoxonase-1 interacts with plasma membrane lipid rafts and mediates cholesterol efflux from macrophages. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2012, 52:1372-1381.
9. Besler C., Heinrich K., Rohrer L., Doerries C., Riwanto M., Shih D.M., et al. Mechanisms underlying adverse effects of HDL on eNOS-activating pathways in patients with coronary artery disease. J. Clin. Invest. 2011, 121:2693-2708.
10. Bhattacharyya T., Nicholls S.J., Topol E.J., Zhang R., Yang X., Schmitt D., et al. Relationship of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) gene polymorphisms and functional activity with systemic oxidative stress and cardiovascular risk. JAMA 2008, 299:1265-1276.
11. Birjmohun R.S., Vergeer M., Stroes E.S., Sandhu M.S., Ricketts S.L., Tanck M.W., et al. Both paraoxonase-1 genotype and activity do not predict the risk of future coronary artery disease; the EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study. PLoS One 2009, 4:e6809.
12. Bouman H.J., Schomig E., van Werkum J.W., Velder J., Hackeng C.M., Hirschhauser C., et al. Paraoxonase-1 is a major determinant of clopidogrel efficacy. Nat. Med. 2011, 17:110-116.
13. Caliebe A., Kleindorp R., Blanche H., Christiansen L., Puca A.A., Rea I.M., et al. No or only population-specific effect of PON1 on human longevity: a comprehensive meta-analysis. Ageing Res. Rev. 2010, 9:238-244.
14. Camps J., Marsillach J., Joven J. Pharmacological and lifestyle factors modulating serum paraoxonase-1 activity. Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 2009, 9:911-920.
15. Camps J., Mackness M., Mackness B., Marsillach J., Joven J. Serum paraoxonase-1 activity and genetic polymorphisms: common errors in measurement and interpretation of results. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2010, 48:893-894.
16. Camps J., Joven J., Mackness B., Mackness M., et al. Paraoxonase-1 and clopidogrel efficacy. Clarifications needed. Nat. Med. 2011, 17:1041-1042.
17. Camps J., Pujol I., Ballester F., Joven J., Simo J.M. Paraoxonases as potential antibiofilm agents: their relationship with quorum-sensing signals in gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2011, 55:1325-1331.
18. Cherry N., Mackness M., Mackness B., Dippnall M., Povey A. "Dippers' flu" and its relationship to PON1 polymorphisms. Occup. Environ. Med. 2011, 68:211-217.
19. Chisholm G.M., Penn M.S. Oxidised lipoproteins and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Disease 1996, 129-149. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia. V. Fuster, R. Ross, E.J. Topol (Eds.).
20. Clendenning J.B., Humbert R., Green E.D., Wood C., Traver D., Furlong C.E. Structural organisation of the human PON1 gene. Genomics 1996, 35:586-589.
21. Cole T.B., Jampsa R.L., Walter B.J., Arndt T.L., Richter R.J., Shih D.M., et al. Expression of human paraoxonase (PON1) during development. Pharmacogenetics 2003, 13:357-364.
22. Coombes R.H., Meek E.C., Dail M.B., Chambers H.W., Chambers J.E. Human paraoxonase 1 hydrolysis of nanomolar chlorpyrifos-oxon concentrations is unaffected by phenotype or Q192R genotype. Toxicol. Lett. 2014, 230:57-61.
23. Costa L.G., Cole T.B., Jarvik G.P., Furlong C.E. Functional genomics of the paraoxonase (PON1) polymorphisms: effect on pesticide sensitivity, cardiovascular disease and drug metabolism. Annu. Rev. Med. 2003, 54:371-392.
24. Costa L.G., Vitalone A., Cole T.B., Furlong C.E. Modulation of paraoxonase activity. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2005, 69:541-550.
25. Costa L.G., Giordano G., Furlong C.E. Pharmacological and dietary modulators of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity and expression: the hunt goes on. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2011, 81:337-344.
26. Costa L.G., Giordano G., Cole T.B., Marsillach J., Furlong C.E. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) as a genetic determinant of susceptibility to organophosphate toxicity. Toxicology 2013, 307:115-122.
27. da Silva J., Moraes C.R., Heuser V.D., Andrade V.M., Silva F.R., Kvitko K., et al. Evaluation of genetic damage in a Brazilian population occupationally exposed to pesticides and its correlation with polymorphisms in metabolising genes. Mutagenesis 2008, 23:415-422.
28. Dansette P.M., Rosi J., Bertho G., Mansuy D. Cytochromes P450 catalyze both steps of the major pathway of clopidogrel bioactivation, whereas paraoxonase catalyzes the formation of a minor thiol metabolite isomer. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2012, 25:348-356.
29. Davidson W.S., Silva R.A.G.D., Chantepie S., Lagor W.R., Chapman M.J., Kontush A. Proteomic analysis of defined HDL subpopulations reveals particle-specific protein clusters - relevance to antioxidative function. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2009, 29:870-876.
30. Deakin S.P., James R.W. Genetic and environmental factors modulating serum concentrations and activities of the antioxidant enzyme paraoxonase-1. Clin. Sci. 2004, 107:435-447.
31. Deakin S., Leviev I., Gomaraschi M., Calabresi L., Francesshini G., James R.W. Enzymatically active paraoxonase-1 is located at the external membrane of producing cells and released by a high affinity, saturable, desorption mechanism. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277:4301-4308.
32. Deakin S.P., Bioletto S., Bochaton-Piallat M.L., James R.W. HDL-associated paraoxonase-1 can redistribute to cell membranes and influence sensitivity to oxidative stress. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2011, 50:102-109.
33. Dowling P., Hayes C., Ting K.R., Hameed A., Meiller J., Mitsiades C., et al. Identification of proteins found to be significantly altered when comparing the serum proteome from multiple myeloma patients with varying degrees of bone disease. BMC Genomics 2014, 15:904.
34. Draganov D.I., La Du B.N. Pharmacogenetics of paraoxonase: a brief review. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 2004, 369:78-88.
35. Draganov D.I., Teiber J.F., Speelman A., Osawa Y., Sunahara R., La Du B.N. Human paraoxonases (PON1, PON2 and PON3 are lactonases with overlapping and distinct substrate specificities. J. Lipid Res. 2005, 46:1239-1247.
36. Durrington P.N. Hyperlipidaemia. Diagnosis and Management 1995, Butterworth Heinemann, London. 2nd edition.
37. Durrington P.N., Mackness B., Mackness M.I. The hunt for nutritional and pharmacological modulators of paraoxonase. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2002, 22:1248-1250.
38. Engel S.M., Wetmur J., Chen J., Zhu C., Barr D.B., Canfield R.L., Wolff S.M. Prenatal exposure to organophosphates, paraoxonase 1 and cognitive development in childhood. Environ. Health Perspect. 2011, 119:1182-1188.
39. Eskenazi B., Huen K., Marks A., Harley K.G., Bradman A., Barr D.B., Holland N.T. PON1 and neurodevelopment in children from the CHAMACOS study exposed to organophosphate pesticides in utero. Environ. Health Perspect. 2010, 118:1775-1781.
40. Fisher E.A., Feig J.E., Hewing B., Hazen S.L., Smith J.D. High-density lipoprotein function, dysfunction and reverse cholesterol transport. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2012, 32:2813-2820.
41. Garcia-Heredia A., Marsillach J., Rull A., Triguero I., Fort I., Mackness B., et al. Paraoxonase-1 inhibits oxidised low-density lipoprotein-induced metabolic alterations and apoptosis in endothelial cells: a nondirected metabolomics study. Mediat. Inflamm. 2013, (ID 156053, 9 pages).
42. Garliardi S., Abel K., Bianchi M., et al. Regulation of FMO and PON detoxication systems in ALS human tissues. Neurotox. Res. 2012, 23:370-377.
43. Gordon D.J., Probstfield J.L., Garrison R.J., et al. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease. Four prospective American studies. Circulation 1989, 79:8-15.
44. Goswami B., Tayal D., Gupta N., Mallika V. Paraoxonase: a multifaceted biomolecule. Clin. Chim. Acta 2009, 410:1-12.
45. Guns P.-J., Van Assche T., Verreth W., Fransen P., Mackness B., Mackness M., Holvoet P., Bull H. Paraoxonase 1 gene transfer lowers vascular oxidative stress and improves vasomotor function in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice with pre-existing atherosclerosis. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2008, 153:508-516.
46. Haley R.W., Billecke S., La Du B.N. Association of low PON1 type Q (type A) arylesterase activity with neurologic symptom complexes in Gulf War veterans. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2000, 157:227-233.
47. Harel M., Aharoni, Gaidukov L., Brumshtein B., Khersonsky O., Mayeb R., et al. Structure and evolution of the serum paraoxonase family of detoxifying and anti-atherosclerotic enzymes. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 2004, 11:412-419.
48. Harel M., Brumshtein B., Meged R., Dvir H., Ravelli R.B.G., McCarthy A., et al. 3-D structure of serum paraoxonase 1 sheds light on its activity, stability, solubility and crystalizability. Arh. Hig. Rada Toksikol. 2007, 347-353.
49. Harley K.G., Huen K., Schall R.A., Holland N.T., Bradman A., Barr D.B., Eskenazi B. Association of organophosphate pesticide exposure and paraoxonase with birth outcome in Mexican American Women. PLoS One 2011, 6:e23923.
50. Hernández A.F., Mackness B., Rodrigo L., López O., Pla A., Gil F., et al. Paraoxonase activity and genetic polymorphisms in greenhouse workers with long term pesticide exposure. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 2003, 22:565-574.
51. Hine D., Mackness B., Mackness M. Co-incubation of PON1, APO A1 and LCAT increases the time HDL is able to prevent LDL oxidation. IUBMB Life 2012, 64:157-161.
52. Hotopf M., Mackness M.I., Nikolau V., Collier D.A., Curtis C., David A., et al. Paraoxonase in Gulf War veterans. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2003, 45:668-675.
53. Ikeda Y., Suehiro T., Itahara T., Inui Y., Chikazawa H., Inoue M., et al. Human serum paraoxonase concentration predicts cardiovascular mortality in haemodialysis patients. Clin. Nephrol. 2007, 67:358-365.
54. Ikeda Y., Inoue M., Suehiro T., Arii K., Kumon Y., Hashimoto K. Low human paraoxonase predicts cardiovascular events in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Acta Diabetol. 2009, 46:239-242.
55. Jakubowski H. Protein homocysteinylation: possible mechanisms underlying pathological consequences of elevated homocysteine levels. FASEB J. 1999, 13:2277-2283.
56. Jakubowski H. Homocysteine thiolactone: metabolic origin and protein homocysteinylation in humans. J. Nutr. 2000, 130:377S-381S.
57. Jakubowski H. Calcium-dependent human serum homocysteine thiolactone hydrolase - a protective mechanism against protein s-homocysteinylation. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275:3957-3962.
58. Jaouad L., de Guise C., Berrougui H., Cloutier M., Isabelle M., Fulop T., et al. Age related decrease in high-density lipoproteins antioxidant activity is due to alteration in the PON1's free sulphydryl groups. Atherosclerosis 2006, 185:191-200.
59. 55 genotype. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2000, 20:2441-2447.
60. Khersonsky O., Tawfik D.S. Structure-reactivity studies of serum paraoxonase PON1 suggest that its true native activity is lactonase. Biochemistry 2005, 44:6371-6382.
61. Khersonsky O., Tawfik D.S. The histidine 115-histidine 134 dyad mediates the lactonase activity of mammalian serum paraoxonases. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281:7649-7656.
62. Kim D.S., Burt A.A., Ranchalis J.E., Richter R.J., Marshall J.K., Eintracht J.F., et al. Additional common polymorphisms in the PON gene cluster predict PON1 activity but not vascular disease. J. Lipids 2012, 2012:476316.
63. Koren-Gluzer M., Aviram M., Meilin E., Hayek T. The antioxidant HDL-associated paraoxonase-1 (PON1) attenuates diabetes development and stimulates β-cell insulin release. Atherosclerosis 2011, 219:532-537.
64. La Du B.N. Human serum paraoxonase/arylesterase. Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism 1992, 51-91. Pergamon Press, New York. W. Kalow (Ed.).
65. Lacasana M., Lopez-Flores I., Rodriguez-Barranco M., Aguilar-Garduno C., Blanco-Munoz J., Perez-Mendez O., et al. Interaction between organophosphate pesticide exposure and PON1 activity on thyroid function. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2010, 249:16-24.
66. Lee B.W., London L., Poulauskis J., Myers J., Christiani D.C. Association between human paraoxonase gene polymorphism and chronic symptoms in pesticide-exposed workers. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2003, 45:118-122.
67. Lee Y.S., Park C.O., Noh J.Y., Jin S., Lee N.R., Noh S., et al. Knockdown of paraoxonase 1 expression influences ageing of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells. Exp. Dermatol. 2012, 21:682-687.
68. Lescai F., Marchegiani F., Franceschi C. PON1 is a longevity gene: results of a meta-analysis. Ageing Res. Rev. 2009, 8:277-284.
69. Leviev I., James R.W. Promoter polymorphisms of human paraoxonase PON1 gene and serum paraoxonase activities and concentrations. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2000, 20:516-521.
70. Leviev I., Negro F., James R.W. Two alleles of the human paraoxonase gene produce different amounts of mRNA. An explanation for differences in serum concentrations of paraoxonase associated with the (Leu-Met54) polymorphism. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 1997, 17:2935-2939.
71. Li W.F., Costa L.G., Richter R.J., Hagen T., Shih D.M., Tward A., et al. Catalytic efficiency determines the in vivo efficacy of PON1 for detoxifying organophosphates. Pharmacogenetics 2000, 10:767-779.
72. Liu M.-L., Scalia R., Mehta J.L., Williams K.J. Cholesterol-induced membrane microvesicles as novel carriers of damage-associated molecular patterns. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2012, 32:2113-2121.
73. Liu M.-U., Liao Y.-C., Lin R.-T., Wang Y.-S., Hsi E., Lin H.-F., et al. A functional polymorphism of PON1 interferes with microRNA binding to increase the risk of ischemic stroke and carotid atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2013, 228:161-167.
74. Lusis A.J. Atherosclerosis. Nature 2000, 407:233-241.
75. Mackenzie Ross S.J., Brewin C.R., Curran H.V., Furlong C.E., Abraham-Smith K.M., Harrison V. Neuropsychological and psychiatric functioning in sheep farmers exposed to low levels of organophosphate pesticides. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 2010, 32:452-459.
76. Mackness M.I., Durrington P.N. High density lipoprotein, its enzymes and its potential to influence lipid peroxidation. Atherosclerosis 1995, 115:243-253.
77. Mackness B., Mackness M. The antioxidant properties of high-density lipoproteins in atherosclerosis. Panminerva Med. 2012, 54:83-90.
78. Mackness M., Mackness B. Current aspects of paraoxonase-1 research. The HDL Handbook - Biological Functions and Clinical Implications 2014, 273-291. Academic Press, London. 2nd edition. T. Komoda (Ed.).
79. Mackness M.I., Arrol S., Durrington P.N. Paraoxonase prevents accumulation of lipoperoxides in low-density lipoprotein. FEBS Lett. 1991, 286:152-154.
80. Mackness M.I., Abbott C.A., Arrol S., Durrington P.N. The role of high density lipoprotein and lipid-soluble antioxidant vitamins in inhibiting low-density lipoprotein oxidation. Biochem. J. 1993, 294:829-835.
81. Mackness M.I., Arrol S., Abbott C.A., Durrington P.N. Protection of low-density lipoprotein against oxidative modification by high-density lipoprotein associated paraoxonase. Atherosclerosis 1993, 104:129-135.
82. Mackness B., Hunt R., Durrington P.N., Mackness M.I. Increased immunolocalisation of paraoxonase, clusterin and apolipoprotein AI in the human artery wall with progression of atherosclerosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 1997, 17:1233-1238.
83. Mackness B., Durrington P.N., Mackness M.I. Human serum paraoxonase. Gen. Pharmacol. 1998, 31:329-336.
84. Mackness B., Mackness M.I., Arrol S., Turkie W., Durrington P.N. Effect of the human serum paraoxonase 55 and 192 genetic polymorphisms on the protection by high density lipoprotein against low density lipoprotein oxidative modification. FEBS Lett. 1998, 423:57-60.
85. Mackness B., Davies G.K., Turkie W., Lee E., Roberts D.H., Hill E., et al. Paraoxonase status in coronary heart disease. Are activity and concentration more important than genotype?. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2001, 21:1451-1457.
86. Mackness B., Durrington P., McElduff P., Yarnell J., Azam N., Watt M., Mackness M. Low paraoxonase activity predicts coronary events in the Caerphilly Prospective Study. Circulation 2003, 107:2775-2779.
87. Mackness B., Durrington P., Povey A., Thomson S., Dippnall M., Mackness M., et al. Paraoxonase and susceptibility to organophosphorus poisoning in farmers dipping sheep. Pharmacogenetics 2003, 13:81-88.
88. Mackness B., Hine D., Liu Y., Mastorikou M., Mackness M. Paraoxonase 1 inhibits oxidised LDL-induced MCP-1 production by endothelial cells. BBRC 2004, 318:680-683.
89. Mackness B., Quarck R., Verreth W., Mackness M., Holvoet P. Human paraoxonase-1 overexpression inhibits atherosclerosis in a mouse model of metabolic syndrome. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2006, 26:1545-1550.
90. Mackness B., Marsillach J., Elkeles R.S., Godsland I.F., Feher M.D., Rubens M.B., et al. Paraoxonase-1 is not associated with coronary artery calcification in type 2 diabetes: results from the PREDICT study. Dis. Markers 2012, 33:101-112.
91. Manthripragada A.D., Costello S., Cokburn M.G., Bronstein J.M., Ritz B. Paraoxonase 1, agricultural organophosphate exposure and Parkinson disease. Epidemiology 2010, 21:87-94.
92. Marsillach J., Mackness B., Mackness M., Riu F., Beltran R., Joven J., Camps J. Immunohistochemical analysis of paraoxonases 1, 2 and 3 expression in normal mouse tissues. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2008, 45:146-157.
93. Marsillach J., Camps J., Beltran-Debon R., Rull A., Aragones G., Maestre-Martinez C., et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of paraoxonases 1 and 3 in human atheromatous plaques. Eur. J. Clin. Investig. 2011, 41:308-314.
94. Marsillach J., Suzuki S.M., Richter R.J., McDonald M.G., Rademacher P.M., MacCoss M.J., et al. Human valacyclovir hydrolase/biphenyl hydrolase-like protein is a highly efficient homocysteine thiolactonase. PLoS One 2014, 9:e110054.
95. Mazur A. An enzyme in the animal organism capable of hydrolysing the phosphorus-fluorine bond of alkyl fluorophosphates. J. Biol. Chem. 1946, 164:271-289.
96. McDaniel C.Y., Dail M.B., Wills R.W., Chambers H.W., Chambers J.E. Paraoxonase 1 polymorphisms within a Mississippi USA population as possible biomarkers of enzyme activities associated with disease susceptibility. Biochem. Genet. 2014, 52:509-523.
97. Navab M., Imes S.S., Hama S.Y., Hough G.P., Ross L.A., Bork R.W., et al. Monocyte transmigration induced by modification of low density lipoprotein in cocultures of human aortic wall cells is due to induction of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 synthesis and is abolished by high density lipoprotein. J. Clin. Invest. 1991, 88:2039-2046.
98. Navab M., Hama-Levy S., Van Lenten B.J., Fonarow G.C., Carelinez C.J., Castellani L.W., et al. Mildly oxidised LDL induces an increased apolipoprotein J/paraoxonase ratio. J. Clin. Invest. 1997, 99:2005-2019.
99. Navab M., Anantharamaiah G.M., Reddy S.T., Van Lenten B.J., Ansell B.J., Fogelman A.M. Mechanisms of disease: proatherogenic HDL - an evolving field. Nat. Clin. Pract. Endocrinol. Metab. 2006, 2:504-511.
100. Nolan D., Kraus W.E., Hauser E., Li Y.-J., Thompson D.K., Johnson J., et al. Genome-wide linkage analysis of cardiovascular disease biomarkers in a large, multigenerational family. PLoS One 2013, 8:e71779.
101. Ozer E.A., Pezzulo A., Shih D.M., Chun C., Furlong C., Lusis A.J., et al. Human and murine paraoxonase 1 are host modulators of Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-sensing. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2005, 253:29-37.
102. Parker-Katiraee L., Bousiaki E., Monk D., Moore G.E., Nakabayashi K., Scherer S.W. Dynamic variation in allele-specific gene expression of paraoxonase-1 in murine and human tissues. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2008, 17:3263-3270.
103. Pezzulo A.A., Hornick E.E., Rector M.V., Estin M., Reisetter A.C., Taft P.J., et al. Expression of human paraoxonase 1 decreases superoxide levels and alters bacterial colonisation in the gut of Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2012, 7:e43777.
104. Phuntuwate W., Suthisisang C., Koanantabul B., Mackness M.I., Mackness B. Paraoxonase 1 status in the Thai population. J. Hum. Genet. 2005, 50:293-300.
105. Precourt L.-P., Amre D., Denis M.-C., Lavoie J.-C., Delvin E., Seidman E., Levy E. The three-gene paraoxonase family: physiologic roles, actions and regulation. Atherosclerosis 2011, 214:20-36.
106. Primo-Parma S.L., Sorenson R.C., Teiber J., La Du B.N. The human serum paraoxonase/arylesterase gene (PON1) is one member of a multigene family. Genomics 1996, 33:498-509.
107. Rajkovic M.G., Rumora L., Barisic K. The paraoxonase 1, 2 and 3 in humans. Biochem. Med. 2011, 21:122-130.
108. Reddy S.T., Devarajan A., Bourquard N., Shih D., Fogelman A.M. Is it just paraoxonase 1 or are other members of the paraoxonase gene family implicated in atherosclerosis?. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 2008, 19:405-408.
109. Ricci C., Battistini S., Cozzi L. Lack of association of PON polymorphisms with sporadic ALS in an Italian population. Neurobiol. Aging 2011, 32:552.e7-552.e13.
110. Richter R.J., Jarvik G.P., Furlong C.E. Determination of paraoxonase 1 status without the use of toxic organophosphate substrates. Circ. Cardiovasc. Genet. 2008, 1:147-152.
111. Rodrigo L., Hernandez A., Lopez-Caballero J.J., Gil F., Pla A. Immunohistochemical evidence for the expression and induction of paraoxonase in rat liver, kidney, lung and brain tissue. Implications for its physiological role. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2001, 137:123-137.
112. Rodriguez-Sanabria F., Rull A., Beltran-Debon R., Aragones G., Camps J., Mackness B., et al. Tissue distribution and expression of paraoxonases and chemokines in the mouse: the ubiquitous and joint localisation suggest a systemic and coordinated role. J. Mol. Histol. 2010, 41:379-386.
113. Rosenblat M., Gaidukov L., Khersonsky O., Vaya J., Oren R., Tawfik D.S., Aviram M. The catalytic histidine dyad of high-density lipoprotein associated serum paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is essential for PON1-mediated inhibition of low density lipoprotein oxidation and stimulation of macrophage cholesterol efflux. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281:7657-7665.
114. Rosenblat M., Volkova N., Ward J., Aviram M. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) inhibits monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation. Atherosclerosis 2011, 219:49-56.
115. Rozenberg O., Shih D.M., Aviram M. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) attenuates macrophage oxidative status: studies in PON1 transfected cells and in PON1 transgenic mice. Atherosclerosis 2005, 181:9-18.
116. Rozenberg O., Shiner M., Aviram M., Hayek T. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) attenuates diabetes development in mice through its antioxidative properties. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2008, 44:1951-1959.
117. Saadat M. Paraoxonase 1 genetic polymorphisms and susceptibility to breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol. 2012, 36:e101-e103.
118. Schrader C., Rimbach G. Determinants of paraoxonase 1 status: genes, drugs and nutrition. Curr. Med. Chem. 2011, 18:5624-5643.
119. Searles Nielsen S., Mueller B.A., DeRoos A.J., et al. Risk of brain tumours in children and susceptibility to organophosphorus insecticide; the potential role of paraoxonase (PON1). Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113:909-913.
120. Searles Nielson S., Checkoway H., Zhang J., Hofmann J.N., Keifer M.C., Paulsen M., et al. Blood α-synuclein in agricultural pesticide handlers in central Washington State. Environ. Res. 2015, 136:75-81.
121. Seres I., Paragh G., Deschene E., Fulop T., Khalil A. Study of factors influencing the decreased HDL associated PON1 activity with aging. Exp. Gerontol. 2004, 39:59-66.
122. Shah P.K. Evolving concepts on benefits and risks associated with therapeutic strategies to raise HDL. Curr. Opin. Cardiol. 2010, 25:603-608.
123. Shih D.M., Gu L., Xia Y.-R., Navab M., Li W.-F., Hama S., Castellani L.W., Furlong C.E., Costa L.G., Fogelman A.M., Lusis A.J. Mice lacking serum paraoxonase are susceptible to organophosphate toxicity and atherosclerosis. Nature 1998, 394:284-287.
124. Simanski M., Babucke S., Eberl L., Harder J. Paraoxonase 2 acts as a quorum-quenching factor in human keratinocytes. J. Investig. Dermatol. 2012, 132:2296-2299.
125. Slowik A., Tomik B., Wolkow P.P., et al. Paraoxonase gene polymorphisms and sporadic ALS. Neurology 2006, 67:766-770.
126. Steinberg D., Parthasarathy S., Carew T.E., Khoo J.C., Witztum J.L. Beyond cholesterol modifications of low-density lipoprotein that increase its atherogenicity. N. Engl. J. Med. 1989, 320:915-924.
127. Stoltz D.A., Ozer E.A., Taft P.J., Barry M., Liu L., Kiss P.J., et al. Drosophila are protected from Pseudomonas aeruginosa lethality by transgenic expression of paraoxonase-1. J. Clin. Invest. 2008, 118:3123-3131.
128. Syed F.A., Bett J., Walters D.L. Anti-platelet therapy for acute coronary syndrome: a review of currently available agents and what the future holds. Cardiovasc. Hematol. Disord. Drug Targets 2011, 11:79-86.
129. Tang W.H.W., Hartiala J., Fan Y., Wu Y., Stewart A.F.R., Erdmann J., et al. Clinical and genetic association of serum paraoxonase and arylesterase activities with cardiovascular risk. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2012, 32:2803-2812.
130. Tavori H., Aviram M., Khatib S., Musa R., Mannheim D., Karmeli R., Vaya J. Paraoxonase 1 protects macrophages from atherogenicity of a specific triglyceride isolated from human carotid lesion. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2011, 51:234-242.
131. Teiber J.F., Horke S., Haines D.C., Chowdhary P.K., Xiao J., Kramer J.K., et al. Dominant role of paraoxonases in inactivation of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-sensing signal N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone. Infect. Immun. 2008, 76:2512-2519.
132. Ticozzi N., LeClerc A.L., Keagle P.J., et al. Paraoxonase gene mutations in ALS. Ann. Neurol. 2010, 68:102-107.
133. Tresokosol D., Suktitipat B., Hunnangkul S., Kamkaew R., Poldee S., Tassaneetrithep B., Likidlilid A. Effects of cytochrome P450 2C19 and paraoxonase 1 polymorphisms on antiplatelet response to Clopidogrel therapy in patients with coronary artery disease. PLoS One 2014, 9. e110188.
134. Troughton J.A., Woodside J.V., Yarnell J.W.G., Arveiler D., Amouyel P., Ferrieres J., et al. Paraoxonase activity and coronary heart disease in healthy middle-aged males: the PRIME study. Atherosclerosis 2008, 197:556-563.
135. Tward A., Xia Y.R., Wang X.P., Shi Y.S., Park C., Castellani L.W., Lusis A., Shih D.H. Decreased atherosclerotic lesion formation in human serum paraoxonase transgenic mice. Circulation 2002, 106:484-490.
136. van Himbergen T.M., van der Schouw Y.T., Voorbij H.A.M., van Tits L.J.H., Stalenhoef A.F.H., et al. Paraoxonase (PON1) and the risk for coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction in a general population of Dutch women. Atherosclerosis 2008, 198:408-414.
137. Wang M., Lang X., Zou L., Huang S., Xu Z. Four genetic polymorphisms of the paraoxonase gene and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis based on 88 case-control studies. Atherosclerosis 2010, 214:377-385.
138. Wang M., Lang X., Cui S., Zou L., Wang S., Wu X. Quantitative assessment of the influence of paraoxonase 1 activity and coronary heart disease. DNA Cell Biol. 2012, 31:975-982.
139. Watson A.D., Berliner J.A., Hama S.Y., La Du B.N., Fault K.F., Fogelman A.M., Navab M. Protective effect of high density lipoprotein associated paraoxonase - inhibition of the biological activity of minimally oxidised low-density lipoprotein. J. Clin. Invest. 1995, 96:2882-2891.
140. Wheeler J.G., Keavney B.D., Watkins H., Collins R., Danesh J. Four paraoxonase gene polymorphisms in 11212 cases of coronary heart disease and 12786 controls: meta-analysis of 43 studies. Lancet 2004, 363:689-695.
141. Wills A.M., Landers J.E., Zhang H., et al. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) organophosphate hydrolysis is not reduced in ALS. Neurology 2008, 70:929-934.
142. Younis N.N., Soran H., Charlton-Menys V., Sharma R., Hama S., Pemberton P., Elseweidy M.M., Durrington P.N. High-density lipoprotein impedes glycation of low-density lipoprotein. Diabetes Vasc. Dis. Res. 2013, 10:152-160.