Triggering faultline effects in teams: The importance of bridging friendship ties and breaching animosity ties

Organization Science

Volumn 26, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 390-404

  Ren, Hong ^a   Gray, Barbara ^b   Harrison, David A ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MILWAUKEE   (United States)

^b PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

Author keywords

Diversity; Faultlines; Networks

Indexed keywords

EID: 84930442826     PISSN: 10477039     EISSN: 15265455     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1287/orsc.2014.0944     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Aiken LS, West SG (1991) Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions (Sage, Newbury Park, CA).
2. Allen NJ, Stanley DJ, Williams HM, Ross SJ (2007) Assessing the impact of nonresponse on work group diversity effects. Organ. Res. Methods 10:262-286.
3. Balkundi P, Harrison DA (2006) Ties, leaders and time in teams: Strong influence about network structure's effects on team viability and performance. Acad. Management J. 49:49-68.
4. Bell ST (2007) Deep-level composition variables as predictors of team performance: A meta-analysis. Acad. Management J. 92:595-615.
5. Bell ST, Villado AJ, Lukasik MA, Belau L, Briggs AL (2011) Getting specific about demographic diversity variable and team performance relationships: A meta-analysis. J. Management 37:709-743.
6. Bezrukova K, Jehn KA, Zanutto EL, Thatcher SMB (2009) Do workgroup faultlines help or hurt? A moderated model of faultlines, team identification, and group performance. Organ. Sci. 20:35-50.
7. Blau PM (1977) Inequality and Heterogeneity: A Primitive Theory and Social Structure (Free Press, New York).
8. Borgatti SP, Everett MG, Freeman LC (1992) UCINET IV: Network analysis software. Connections 15:12-15.
9. Boyacigiller NA, Adler NJ (1991) The parochial dinosaur: The organizational sciences in a global context. Acad. Management Rev. 16:262-290.
10. Brass DJ (1995) A social network perspective on human resources management. Ferris GR, ed. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, Vol. 13 (JAI Press, Greenwich, CT), 39-79.
11. Brewer MB (1991) The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. Personality Soc. Psych. Bull. 17:475-482.
12. Burt RS, Knez M (1996) Trust and third-party gossip. Kramer RM, Tyler TR, eds. Trust in Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research (Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA), 68-69.
13. Cox T Jr (1991) The multicultural organization. Acad. Management Executive 5:34-47.
14. Cronin MA, Bezrukova K, Weingart LR, Tinsley CH (2011) Subgroup within a team: The role of cognitive and affective integration. J. Organ. Behav. 32:831-849.
15. Dahlin KB, Weingart LR, Hinds PJ (2005) Team diversity and information use. Acad. Management J. 48:1107-1123.
16. Earley PC, Mosakowski E (2000) Creating hybrid team cultures: An empirical test of transnational team functioning. Acad. Management J. 43:26-49.
17. Friedkin N (1980) A test of structural features of Granovetter's strength of weak ties theory. Soc. Networks 2:411-422.
18. Gaertner SL, Dovidio JF (2000) Reducing intergroup bias. Reducing Intergroup Bias: The Common Ingroup Identity Model (Psychology Press, Philadelphia).
19. Gersick GJG (1989) Marking time: Predictable transitions in work groups. Acad. Management J. 32:274-309.
20. Giambatista RC, Bhappu AD (2010) Diversity's harvest: Interactions of diversity sources and communication technology on creative group performance. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 111:116-126.
21. Gibson C, Vermeulen F (2003) A healthy divide: Subgroups as a stimulus for team learning behavior. Admin. Sci. Quart. 48:202-239.
22. Granovetter MS (1973) The strength of weak ties. Amer. J. Sociol. 78:360-1380.
23. Gray B, Susman G, Ren H (2005) Brokers' roles in knowledge management in teams: Expertise, influence and schema conflicts. Acad. Management Proc. 2005(Meeting abstract supplement):1-5.
24. Greer LL, Jehn KA (2007) Where perception meets reality: The effects of different types of faultline perceptions, asymmetries, and realities on intersubgroup conflict and workgroup outcomes. Acad. Management Proc. 2007(Meeting abstract supplement):1-6.
25. Hansen MT (1999) The search-transfer problem: The role of weak ties in sharing knowledge across organization subunits. Admin. Sci. Quart. 44:82-111.
26. Harrison DA, Klein KJ (2007) What's the difference? Diversity constructs as separation, variety, or disparity in organizations. Acad. Management Rev. 32:1199-1228.
27. Harrison DA, Price KH, Bell MP (1998) Beyond relational demography: Time and the effects of surface- and deep-level diversity on work group cohesion. Acad. Management J. 41:96-107.
28. Harrison DA, Price KH, Gavin JH, Florey AT (2002) Time, teams, and task performance: Changing effects of surface- and deeplevel diversity on group functioning. Acad. Management J. 45:1029-1045.
29. Harrison DA, Mohammed S, McGrath JE, Florey AT, Vanderstoep S (2003) Time matters in team task performance: Effects of member familiarity, entrainment, and task discontinuity on speed and quality. Personnel Psych. 56:633-669.
30. Jehn KA, Bezrukova K (2010) The faultline activation process and the effects of activated faultlines on coalition formation, conflict, and group outcomes. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Process 112:24-42.
31. Joshi A, Roh HH (2009) The role of context in work team diversity research: A meta-analytic review. Acad. Management J. 52:599-627.
32. Katz N, Lazer D, Arrow H, Contractor N (2004) Network theory and small groups. Small Group Res. 35:307-332.
33. Krackhardt D (1992) The strength of strong ties: The importance of philos. Nohria N, Eccles R, eds. Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form and Action (Harvard University Press, Boston), 216-239.
34. Labianca G (2014) Negative ties in organizational networks. Brass DJ, Labianca G, Mehra A, Halgin DS, Borgatti SP, eds. Contemporary Perspectives on Organizational Social Networks, Research in the Sociology of Organizations, Vol. 40 (Emerald Group Publishing, Bingley, UK), 239-259.
35. Labianca G, Brass D (2006) Exploring the social ledger: Negative relationships and negative asymmetry in social networks in organizations. Acad. Management Rev. 31:596-614.
36. Labianca G, Brass DJ, Gray B (1998) Social networks and perceptions of intergroup conflict: The role of negative relationships and third parties. Acad. Management J. 41:55-67.
37. Lau DC, Murnighan JK (1998) Demographic diversity and faultlines: The compositional dynamics of organizational groups. Acad. Management Rev. 23:325-340.
38. Lau DC, Murnighan JK (2005) Interactions within groups and subgroups: The effects of demographic faultlines. Acad. Management J. 48:645-659.
39. Lawrence BS (1997) The black box of organizational demography. Organ. Sci. 8:1-22.
40. Lazarsfeld PF, Merton RK (1954) Friendship as a social process: A substantive and methodological analysis. Berger M, Abel T, Page CH, eds. Freedom and Control in Modern Society (D. Van Nostrand Company, Toronto), 18-66.
41. Leonard D, Straus S (1997) Putting your company's whole brain to work. Harvard Bus. Rev. 75(4):110-121.
42. Li J, Hambrick DC (2005) Factional groups: A new vantage on demographic faultlines, conflict, and disintegration in work teams. Acad. Management J. 48:794-813.
43. Mannix E, Neale M (2005) What differences make a difference? Psych. Sci. 6:31-55.
44. Martins LL, Gilson LL, Maynard MT (2004) Virtual teams: What do we know and where do we go from here? J. Management 30:805-835.
45. Martins LL, Milliken FJ, Wiesenfeld BM, Salgado SR (2003) Racioethnic diversity and group members' experiences: The role of the racioethnic diversity of the organizational context. Group Organ. Management 28:75-106.
46. Maznevski ML (1994) Understanding our differences: Performance in decision-making groups with diverse members. Human Relations 47:531-552.
47. McGrath JE, Berdahl JL, Arrow H (1995) Traits, expectations, culture, and clout: The dynamics of diversity in work groups. Jackson SE, Ruderman MN, eds. Diversity in Work Teams: Research Paradigms for a Changing Workplace (American Psychological Association, Washington, DC), 17-46.
48. McPherson JM, Smith-Lovin L (1987) Homophily in voluntary organizations: Status distance and the composition of face-to-face groups. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 52:370-379.
49. Mesmer-Magnus JR, DeChurch LA (2009) Information sharing and team performance: A meta-analysis. J. Appl. Psych. 94:535-552.
50. Miller DJ, Fern MJ, Cardinal LB (2007) The use of knowledge for technological innovation within diversified firms. Acad. Management J. 50:308-326.
51. Molleman E (2005) Diversity in demographic characteristics, abilities and personality traits: Do faultlines affect team functioning? Group Decision Negotiation 14:173-193.
52. Mollica KA, Gray B, Treviño LK (2003) Racial homophily and its persistence in newcomers' social networks. Organ. Sci. 14:123-136.
53. Nelson RE (1989) The strength of strong ties: Social networks and intergroup conflict in organizations. Acad. Management J. 32:377-401.
54. Newcomb TM (1961) The Acquaintance Process (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York).
55. Pearsall MJ, Ellis AP, Evans JM (2008) Unlocking the effects of gender faultlines on team creativity: Is activation the key? J. Appl. Psych. 93:225-234.
56. Perry-Smith JE, Shalley CE (2003) The social side of creativity: A static and dynamic social network perspective. Acad. Management Rev. 28:89-106.
57. Pieterse N, van Knippenberg D, Van Dierendonck D (2013) Cultural diversity and team performance: The role of team member goal orientation. Acad. Management J. 56:782-804.
58. Polzer JT, Milton LP, Swann WB Jr (2002) Capitalizing on diversity: Congruence in small work groups. Admin. Sci. Quart. 47:296-324.
59. Price KH, Harrison DA, Gavin JH (2006) Withholding inputs in team contexts: Member composition, interaction processes, evaluation structure, and social loafing. J. Appl. Psych. 91:1375-1384.
60. Reagans R, Zuckerman EW (2001) Networks, diversity, and productivity: The social capital of corporate R&D teams. Organ. Sci. 12:502-517.
61. Reagans R, Zuckerman E, McEvily B (2004) How to make the team: Social networks vs. demography as criteria for designing effective teams. Admin. Sci. Quart. 49:101-133.
62. Rokeach M (1973) The Nature of Human Values (Free Press, New York).
63. Sawyer JE, Houlette MA, Yeagley EL (2006) Decision performance and diversity structure: Comparing faultlines in convergent, crosscut, and racially homogeneous groups. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 99:1-15.
64. Schulte M, Cohen NA, Klein KJ (2012) The coevolution of network ties and perceptions of team psychological safety. Organ. Sci. 23:564-581.
65. Shin SJ, Kim T, Lee J, Bian L (2012) Cognitive team diversity and individual team member creativity: A cross-level interaction. Acad. Management J. 55:197-212.
66. Smith KK (1989) The movement of conflict in organizations: The joint dynamics of splitting and triangulation. Admin. Sci. Quart. 34:1-20.
67. Stahl GK, Maznevski ML, Voigt A, Jonsen K (2010) Unraveling the effects of cultural diversity in teams: A meta-analysis of research on multicultural work groups. J. Internat. Bus. Stud. 41:690-709.
68. Tajfel H, Turner JC (1986) The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. Worchel S, Austineds WG, eds. Psychology of Intergroup Relations (Nelson-Hall, Chicago), 7-24.
69. Thatcher SMB, Patel PC (2011) Demographic faultlines: A metaanalysis of the literature. J. Appl. Psych. 96:1119-1139.
70. Thatcher SMB, Jehn KA, Zanutto E (2003) Cracks in diversity research: The effects of faultlines on conflict and performance. Group Decision Negotiation 12:217-241.
71. Turner JC, Oakes PJ, Haslam SA, McGarty C (1994) Self and collective: Cognition and social context. Personality Soc. Psych. Bull. 20:454-463.
72. van Knippenberg D, Schippers MC (2007) Work group diversity. Annual Rev. Psych. 58:515-541.
73. van Knippenberg D, De Dreu CKW, Homans AC (2004) Work group diversity and group performance: An integrative model and research agenda. J. Appl. Psych. 89:1008-22.
74. Watson WE, Kumar K, Michaelsen LK (1993) Cultural diversity's impact on interaction process and performance: Comparing homogeneous and diverse task groups. Acad. Management J. 36:590-602.
75. Wuchty S, Jones BF, Uzzi B (2007) The increasing dominance of teams in the production of knowledge. Science 316:1036-1039.