Solvent exfoliation of electronic-grade, two-dimensional black phosphorus

ACS Nano

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 3596-3604

  Kang, Joohoon ^a   Wood, Joshua D ^a   Wells, Spencer A ^a   Lee, Jae Hyeok ^a   Liu, Xiaolong ^b   Chen, Kan Sheng ^a   Hersam, Mark C ^a,b,c,d  

^a Northwestern University   (United States)

^b Graduate Program in Applied Physics   (United States)

^c Department of Chemistry ^*  (United States)

^d NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

anhydrous; centrifugation; degradation; field effect transistor; liquid phase; organic solvent; phosphorene

Indexed keywords

ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY; CENTRIFUGATION; DEGRADATION; DISPERSIONS; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; LIQUIDS; NANOSHEETS; ORGANIC SOLVENTS; PHOSPHORUS; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; SOLVENTS; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; X RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY;

ANHYDROUS; LIQUID PHASE; LIQUID-PHASE PROCESSING; N-METHYLPYRROLIDONE; PHOSPHORENE; SCANNING ELECTRONS; SOLVENT EXFOLIATIONS; TWO DIMENSIONAL (2 D);

FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS;

EID: 84928943632     PISSN: 19360851     EISSN: 1936086X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01143     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Brown, A.; Rundqvis, S. Refinement of Crystal Structure of Black Phosphorous Acta Crystallogr. 1965, 19, 684-685
2. Jamieson, J. C. Crystal Structures Adopted by Black Phosphorus at High Pressures Science 1963, 139, 1291-1292
3. Fei, R. X.; Yang, L. Strain-Engineering the Anisotropic Electrical Conductance of Few-Layer Black Phosphorus Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 2884-2889
4. Xia, F. N.; Wang, H.; Jia, Y. C. Rediscovering Black Phosphorus as an Anisotropic Layered Material for Optoelectronics and Electronics Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 4458
5. Novoselov, K. S.; Jiang, D.; Schedin, F.; Booth, T. J.; Khotkevich, V. V.; Morozov, S. V.; Geim, A. K. Two-Dimensional Atomic Crystals Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2005, 102, 10451-10453
6. Green, A. A.; Hersam, M. C. Solution Phase Production of Graphene with Controlled Thickness via Density Differentiation Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 4031-4036
7. Jariwala, D.; Sangwan, V. K.; Lauhon, L. J.; Marks, T. J.; Hersam, M. C. Emerging Device Applications for Semiconducting Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides ACS Nano 2014, 8, 1102-1120
8. Kang, J.; Seo, J. W.; Alducin, D.; Ponce, A.; Yacaman, M. J.; Hersam, M. C. Thickness Sorting of Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides via Copolymer-Assisted Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 5478
9. Kim, I. S.; Sangwan, V. K.; Jariwala, D.; Wood, J. D.; Park, S.; Chen, K. S.; Shi, F. Y.; Ruiz-Zepeda, F.; Ponce, A.; Jose-Yacaman, M. Influence of Stoichiometry on the Optical and Electrical Properties of Chemical Vapor Deposition Derived MoS2 ACS Nano 2014, 8, 10551-10558
10. Takao, Y.; Asahina, H.; Morita, A. Electronic-Structure of Black Phosphorus in Tight-Binding Approach J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 1981, 50, 3362-3369
11. Akahama, Y.; Endo, S.; Narita, S. Electrical-Properties of Black Phosphorus Single-Crystals J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 1983, 52, 2148-2155
12. Liu, H.; Neal, A. T.; Zhu, Z.; Luo, Z.; Xu, X. F.; Tomanek, D.; Ye, P. D. D. Phosphorene: An Unexplored 2D Semiconductor with a High Hole Mobility ACS Nano 2014, 8, 4033-4041
13. Dai, J.; Zeng, X. C. Bilayer Phosphorene: Effect of Stacking Order on Bandgap and Its Potential Applications in Thin-Film Solar Cells J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2014, 5, 1289-1293
14. Tran, V.; Soklaski, R.; Liang, Y. F.; Yang, L. Layer-Controlled Band Gap and Anisotropic Excitons in Few-Layer Black Phosphorus Phys. Rev. B 2014, 89, 235319
15. Li, L. K.; Yu, Y. J.; Ye, G. J.; Ge, Q. Q.; Ou, X. D.; Wu, H.; Feng, D. L.; Chen, X. H.; Zhang, Y. B. Black Phosphorus Field-Effect Transistors Nat. Nanotechnol. 2014, 9, 372-377
16. Appalakondaiah, S.; Vaitheeswaran, G.; Lebegue, S.; Christensen, N. E.; Svane, A. Effect of van der Waals Interactions on the Structural and Elastic Properties of Black Phosphorus Phys. Rev. B 2012, 86, 035105
17. Keyes, R. W. The Electrical Properties of Black Phosphorus Phys. Rev. 1953, 92, 580-584
18. Wood, J. D.; Wells, S. A.; Jariwala, D.; Chen, K. S.; Cho, E.; Sangwan, V. K.; Liu, X.; Lauhon, L. J.; Marks, T. J.; Hersam, M. C. Effective Passivation of Exfoliated Black Phosphorus Transistors against Ambient Degradation Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 6964-6970
19. Jariwala, D.; Sangwan, V. K.; Wu, C. C.; Prabhumirashi, P. L.; Geier, M. L.; Marks, T. J.; Lauhon, L. J.; Hersam, M. C. Gate-Tunable Carbon Nanotube-MoS2 Heterojunction p-n Diode Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2013, 110, 18076-18080
20. Sangwan, V. K.; Arnold, H. N.; Jariwala, D.; Marks, T. J.; Lauhon, L. J.; Hersam, M. C. Low-Frequency Electronic Noise in Single-Layer MoS2 Transistors Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 4351-4355
21. Buscema, M.; Groenendijk, D. J.; Blanter, S. I.; Steele, G. A.; van der Zant, H. S. J.; Castellanos-Gomez, A. Fast and Broadband Photoresponse of Few-Layer Black Phosphorus Field-Effect Transistors Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 3347-3352
22. Engel, M.; Steiner, M.; Avouris, P. Black Phosphorus Photodetector for Multispectral, High-Resolution Imaging Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 6414-6417
23. Koenig, S. P.; Doganov, R. A.; Schmidt, H.; Neto, A. H. C.; Ozyilmaz, B. Electric Field Effect in Ultrathin Black Phosphorus Appl. Phys. Lett. 2014, 104, 103106
24. Liu, X.; Wood, J. D.; Chen, K. S.; Cho, E.; Hersam, M. C. In Situ Thermal Decomposition of Exfoliated Two-Dimensional Black Phosphorus J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2015, 6, 773-778
25. Chang, Y. H.; Zhang, W.; Zhu, Y.; Han, Y.; Pu, J.; Chang, J. K.; Hsu, W. T.; Huang, J. K.; Hsu, C. L.; Chiu, M. H. Monolayer MoSe2 Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition for Fast Photodetection ACS Nano 2014, 8, 8582-8590
26. Docherty, C. J.; Parkinson, P.; Joyce, H. J.; Chiu, M. H.; Chen, C. H.; Lee, M. Y.; Li, L. J.; Herz, L. M.; Johnston, M. B. Ultrafast Transient Terahertz Conductivity of Monolayer MoS2 and WSe2 Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition ACS Nano 2014, 8, 11147-11153
27. Liu, N.; Tian, H.; Schwartz, G.; Tok, J. B.; Ren, T. L.; Bao, Z. Large-Area, Transparent, and Flexible Infrared Photodetector Fabricated Using p-n Junctions Formed by n-Doping Chemical Vapor Deposition Grown Graphene Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 3702-3708
28. Su, G.; Hadjiev, V. G.; Loya, P. E.; Zhang, J.; Lei, S.; Maharjan, S.; Dong, P.; Ajayan, P. M.; Lou, J.; Peng, H. Chemical Vapor Deposition of Thin Crystals of Layered Semiconductor SnS2 for Fast Photodetection Application Nano Lett. 2015, 15, 506-513
29. Eda, G.; Yamaguchi, H.; Voiry, D.; Fujita, T.; Chen, M.; Chhowalla, M. Photoluminescence from Chemically Exfoliated MoS2 Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 5111-5116
30. Sun, X. M.; Luo, D. C.; Liu, J. F.; Evans, D. G. Monodisperse Chemically Modified Graphene Obtained by Density Gradient Ultracentrifugal Rate Separation ACS Nano 2010, 4, 3381-3389
31. Hernandez, Y.; Nicolosi, V.; Lotya, M.; Blighe, F. M.; Sun, Z.; De, S.; McGovern, I. T.; Holland, B.; Byrne, M.; Gun'Ko, Y. K. High-Yield Production of Graphene by Liquid-Phase Exfoliation of Graphite Nat. Nanotechnol. 2008, 3, 563-568
32. Coleman, J. N.; Lotya, M.; O'Neill, A.; Bergin, S. D.; King, P. J.; Khan, U.; Young, K.; Gaucher, A.; De, S.; Smith, R. J. Two-Dimensional Nanosheets Produced by Liquid Exfoliation of Layered Materials Science 2011, 331, 568-571
33. Paton, K. R.; Varrla, E.; Backes, C.; Smith, R. J.; Khan, U.; O'Neill, A.; Boland, C.; Lotya, M.; Istrate, O. M.; King, P. Scalable Production of Large Quantities of Defect-Free Few-Layer Graphene by Shear Exfoliation in Liquids Nat. Mater. 2014, 13, 624-630
34. Brent, J. R.; Savjani, N.; Lewis, E. A.; Haigh, S. J.; Lewis, D. J.; O'Brien, P. Production of Few-Layer Phosphorene by Liquid Exfoliation of Black Phosphorus Chem. Commun. 2014, 50, 13338-13341
35. Yasaei, P.; Kumar, B.; Foroozan, T.; Wang, C.; Asadi, M.; Tuschel, D.; Indacochea, J. E.; Klie, R. F.; Salehi-Khojin, A. High-Quality Black Phosphorus Atomic Layers by Liquid-Phase Exfoliation Adv. Mater. 2015, 10.1002/adma.201405150
36. Eda, G.; Fanchini, G.; Chhowalla, M. Large-Area Ultrathin Films of Reduced Graphene Oxide as a Transparent and Flexible Electronic Material Nat. Nanotechnol. 2008, 3, 270-274
37. Becerril, H. A.; Mao, J.; Liu, Z.; Stoltenberg, R. M.; Bao, Z.; Chen, Y. Evaluation of Solution-Processed Reduced Graphene Oxide Films as Transparent Conductors ACS Nano 2008, 2, 463-470
38. Yau, S. L.; Moffat, T. P.; Bard, A. J.; Zhang, Z. W.; Lerner, M. M. STM of the (010) Surface of Orthorhombic Phosphorus Chem. Phys. Lett. 1992, 198, 383-388
39. Liang, Y. T.; Hersam, M. C. Highly Concentrated Graphene Solutions via Polymer Enhanced Solvent Exfoliation and Iterative Solvent Exchange J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 17661-17663
40. Secor, E. B.; Lim, S.; Zhang, H.; Frisbie, C. D.; Francis, L. F.; Hersam, M. C. Gravure Printing of Graphene for Large-Area Flexible Electronics Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 4533
41. O'Neill, A.; Khan, U.; Nirmalraj, P. N.; Boland, J.; Coleman, J. N. Graphene Dispersion and Exfoliation in Low Boiling Point Solvents J. Phys. Chem. C 2011, 115, 5422-5428
42. Goodman, N. B.; Ley, L.; Bullett, D. W. Valence-Band Structures of Phosphorus Allotropes Phys. Rev. B 1983, 27, 7440-7450
43. Harada, Y.; Murano, K.; Shirotani, I.; Takahashi, T.; Maruyama, Y. Electronic-Structure of Black Phosphorus Studied by X-ray Photoelectron-Spectroscopy Solid State Commun. 1982, 44, 877-879
44. Brunner, J.; Thuler, M.; Veprek, S.; Wild, R. X-ray Photoelectron Study of Amorphous Phosphorus Prepared by Plasma Chemical Transport Comparison with Crystalline Polymorphs J. Phys. Chem. Solids 1979, 40, 967-971
45. Ziletti, A.; Carvalho, A.; Campbell, D. K.; Coker, D. F.; Castro Neto, A. H. Oxygen Defects in Phosphorene Phys. Rev. Lett. 2015, 114, 046801
46. Li, X.; Zhang, G.; Bai, X.; Sun, X.; Wang, X.; Wang, E.; Dai, H. Highly Conducting Graphene Sheets and Langmuir-Blodgett Films Nat. Nanotechnol. 2008, 3, 538-542